Anthoathecata: Difference between revisions

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m Loopy30 moved page Anthomedusae to Anthoathecata over redirect: change from synonym to WoRMS standard
change Anthomedusa to Anthoathecata throughout
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| image = Haeckel Anthomedusae.jpg
| image = Haeckel Anthomedusae.jpg
| image_caption = Anatomical details of [[Pandeidae]] ([[Filifera]]).<br/>Lower left, top right: ''[[Neoturris pileata]]''. Lower right: ''[[Stomotoca pterophylla]]''.<br/>From ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]''<br/>by [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1904)
| image_caption = Anatomical details of [[Pandeidae]] ([[Filifera]]).<br/>Lower left, top right: ''[[Neoturris pileata]]''. Lower right: ''[[Stomotoca pterophylla]]''.<br/>From ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]''<br/>by [[Ernst Haeckel]] (1904)
| taxon = Anthomedusae
| taxon = Anthoathecata
| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborders]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Suborders]]
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
[[Aplanulata]]<br/>
* [[Aplanulata]]
[[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]<br />
* [[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]
[[Filifera]]<br/>
* [[Filifera]]
and see [[#Infraorders and families|text]]
and see [[#Infraorders and families|text]]
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
* Anthomedusa <small>Haeckel, 1879</small>
* Anthomedusa <small>Haeckel, 1879</small>
* Anthoathecata <small>Cornelius, 1992</small>
* Anthomedusae <small>Cornelius, 1992</small>
* Anthoathecatae <small>Cornelius, 1992 (emendation)</small>
* Anthoathecatae <small>Cornelius, 1992 (emendation)</small>
* Athecata <small>Hincks, 1868</small>
* Athecata <small>Hincks, 1868</small>
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}}
}}


'''Anthomedusae''' or '''Anthomedusa''', the '''athecate hydroids''', are an [[order (biology)|order]] of the [[Hydrozoa]], a [[class (biology)|class]] of marine [[invertebrate]]s belonging to the [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] [[Cnidaria]]. A profusion of alternate [[scientific name]]s exists for this long-known, heavily discussed, and spectacular group. It has also been called '''Gymnoblastea''' and (with or without an emended ending ''-ae'') '''Anthoathecata''', '''Athecata''', '''Hydromedusa''', and '''Stylasterina'''. There are about 1,200 [[species]] worldwide.<ref name = schuchert2014>Schuchert, P. (2014). Anthoathecata. Accessed through: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database at http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=13551 on 2014-10-31</ref>
'''Anthoathecata''', or the '''athecate hydroids''', are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[hydrozoans]] belonging to the [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] [[Cnidaria]]. A profusion of alternate [[scientific name]]s exists for this long-known, heavily discussed, and spectacular group. It has also been called '''Gymnoblastea''' and (with or without an emended ending ''-ae''), '''Anthomedusa,''' '''Athecata''', '''Hydromedusa''', and '''Stylasterina'''. There are about 1,200 [[species]] worldwide.<ref name = schuchert2014>Schuchert, P. (2014). Anthoathecata. Accessed through: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database at http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=13551 on 2014-10-31</ref>


These hydrozoans always have a [[polyp]] stage. Their [[hydranth]]s grow either solitary or in colonies. There is no firm [[perisarc]] around the polyp body. The [[medusa (biology)|medusa]]e, or [[jellyfish]], are solitary animals, with tentacles arising from the bell margin, lacking [[statocyst]]s but possessing [[radial canal]]s. Their [[gonad]]s are on the manubrium ("handle").<ref name = "B2006">Bouillon, J.; Gravili, C.; Pagès, F.; Gili, J.-M.; Boero, F. (2006). An introduction to Hydrozoa. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France. {{ISBN|2-85653-580-1}}. 591pp. + 1 cd-rom</ref>
These hydrozoans always have a [[polyp]] stage. Their [[hydranth]]s grow either solitary or in colonies. There is no firm [[perisarc]] around the polyp body. The [[medusa (biology)|medusa]]e, or [[jellyfish]], are solitary animals, with tentacles arising from the bell margin, lacking [[statocyst]]s but possessing [[radial canal]]s. Their [[gonad]]s are on the manubrium ("handle").<ref name = "B2006">Bouillon, J.; Gravili, C.; Pagès, F.; Gili, J.-M.; Boero, F. (2006). An introduction to Hydrozoa. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France. {{ISBN|2-85653-580-1}}. 591pp. + 1 cd-rom</ref>
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==Systematics<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/ Schuchert (2014), World Hydrozoa database.]</ref>==
==Systematics<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/ Schuchert (2014), World Hydrozoa database.]</ref>==
[[File:Stylaster californicus 2.jpg|thumb|left|It is not clear whether ''[[Stylaster californicus]]'' belongs in the [[Filifera]].<br/>Upper left: [[blue top snail]] (''Calliostoma ligatum'').]]
[[File:Stylaster californicus 2.jpg|thumb|left|It is not clear whether ''[[Stylaster californicus]]'' belongs in the [[Filifera]].<br/>Upper left: [[blue top snail]] (''Calliostoma ligatum'').]]
Their close relationship to the [[Leptomedusae]] has been long known, but it was formerly believed that these two were also close to the [[Limnomedusae]]. However, their closest relatives are the highly advanced [[Siphonophorae]], whereas the Limnomedusae are a rather primitive group, not very closely related to these three [[Leptolinae]], and might belong to the [[Trachylinae]] [[Class (biology)|subclass]].
The close relationship of the orders Anthoathecata and [[Leptomedusae]] has been long known, but formerly it was also believed that these two were close to the order [[Limnomedusae]]. However, their closest relatives are the highly advanced [[Siphonophorae]], whereas the Limnomedusae are a rather primitive group, and not very closely related to these three [[Leptolinae]], and might instead belong to the [[Class (biology)|subclass]] [[Trachylinae]].


Some uncertainty existed regarding the internal taxonomy. The most simple scheme, used until recently by most authors since it was proposed in 1913, divided the order into a smaller suborder ([[Filifera]]) and a larger one ([[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]), but several unusual Anthomedusae did not fit into this arrangement, and a considerable number did so awkwardly. The [[Porpitidae]], for example, are highly aberrant group, and were at one time even considered a separate order "Chondrophora". However, they are currently considered to be derived from [[Zancleida]]. In the early 21st century, the well-known ''[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]]'' and its relatives &ndash; and most of the supposed filiferan infraorders [[Tubulariida]] and [[Moerisiida]] &ndash; were determined to be a very ancient lineage, recognized as suborder [[Aplanulata]].<ref>Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. and Schierwater, B. (2005), Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34: 91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00172.x</ref> Although not all Anthomedusae have been firmly placed in the [[phylogeny]], most are fairly certainly assigned at least to one of the major subdivisions. As a notable exception, a [[prehistoric]] family, the [[Heterastridiidae]], is still highly disputed regarding its relationships to the extant taxa, as are a small number of very aberrant and/or little-known species such as the aptly named ''[[Saccohydra problematica]]''.
Some uncertainty existed regarding the taxonomy of the order Anthoathecata. The most simple scheme, used until recently by most authors since it was proposed in 1913, divided the order into a smaller suborder ([[Filifera]]) and a second larger one ([[Capitata (Hydrozoa)|Capitata]]), but several unusual Anthoathecatae did not fit into this arrangement, and a considerable number did so awkwardly. The [[Porpitidae]], for example, are highly aberrant group, and were at one time even considered a separate order "Chondrophora". However, they are currently considered to be derived from [[Zancleida]]. In the early 21st century, the well-known ''[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]]'' and its relatives &ndash; and most of the supposed filiferan infraorders [[Tubulariida]] and [[Moerisiida]] &ndash; were determined to be a very ancient lineage, recognized as suborder [[Aplanulata]].<ref>Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. and Schierwater, B. (2005), Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34: 91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00172.x</ref> Although not all Anthoathecatae have been firmly placed in the [[phylogeny]], most are fairly certainly assigned at least to one of the major subdivisions. As a notable exception, a [[prehistoric]] family, the [[Heterastridiidae]], is still highly disputed regarding its relationships to the extant taxa, as are a small number of very aberrant and/or little-known species such as the aptly named ''[[Saccohydra problematica]]''.


The family [[Clathrozoellidae]] is placed with the Filifera here; in others it is placed in the Leptomedusae and sometimes even synonymized with their family [[Clathrozoidae]]. By contrast, the supposed filiferan genus ''Anthohydra'' is in fact the leptomedusan ''[[Eugymnanthea]]''; similarly, "''[[Gammaria]]''" is also a leptomedusan and properly spelled ''[[Grammaria]]''.
The family [[Clathrozoellidae]] is placed with the Filifera here; in others it is placed in the Leptomedusae and sometimes even synonymized with their family [[Clathrozoidae]]. By contrast, the supposed filiferan genus ''Anthohydra'' is in fact the leptomedusan ''[[Eugymnanthea]]''; similarly, "''[[Gammaria]]''" is also a leptomedusan and properly spelled ''[[Grammaria]]''.
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{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
{{col-1-of-2}}
'''''[[Basal (evolution)|Basal]] and ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Anthomedusae'''
'''[[Basal (evolution)|Basal]] and ''[[incertae sedis]]'' Anthoathecata'''
* Genus ''[[Bibrachium]]'' <small>Stechow, 1919</small>
* Genus ''[[Bibrachium]]'' <small>Stechow, 1919</small>
* Genus ''"[[Microstoma (Hydrozoa)|Microstoma]]"'' <small>Lesson, 1830 (''[[nomen dubium]]; non'' G.Cuvier, 1816: [[Slender argentine|preoccupied]])</small>
* Genus ''"[[Microstoma (Hydrozoa)|Microstoma]]"'' <small>Lesson, 1830 (''[[nomen dubium]]; non'' G.Cuvier, 1816: [[Slender argentine|preoccupied]])</small>

Revision as of 22:10, 15 March 2018

Athecate hydroids
Anatomical details of Pandeidae (Filifera).
Lower left, top right: Neoturris pileata. Lower right: Stomotoca pterophylla.
From Kunstformen der Natur
by Ernst Haeckel (1904)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Subclass: Hydroidolina
Order: Anthoathecata
Haeckel, 1879
Suborders

and see text

Synonyms
  • Anthomedusa Haeckel, 1879
  • Anthomedusae Cornelius, 1992
  • Anthoathecatae Cornelius, 1992 (emendation)
  • Athecata Hincks, 1868
  • Athecatae Hincks, 1868 (emendation)
  • Gymnoblastea Allman, 1871
  • Hydromedusa
  • Hydromedusae
  • Stylasterina Hickson and England, 1905
  • Stylasterinae Hickson and England, 1905 (emendation)

Anthoathecata, or the athecate hydroids, are an order of hydrozoans belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. A profusion of alternate scientific names exists for this long-known, heavily discussed, and spectacular group. It has also been called Gymnoblastea and (with or without an emended ending -ae), Anthomedusa, Athecata, Hydromedusa, and Stylasterina. There are about 1,200 species worldwide.[1]

These hydrozoans always have a polyp stage. Their hydranths grow either solitary or in colonies. There is no firm perisarc around the polyp body. The medusae, or jellyfish, are solitary animals, with tentacles arising from the bell margin, lacking statocysts but possessing radial canals. Their gonads are on the manubrium ("handle").[2]

Except in Eudendriidae and Laingiidae, prey can be captured by discharging harpoon-like structures (desmonemes) from chambers (cnidae) in specialized cells (nematocysts) on the tentacles. In hydrozoans, these are nearly always adhesive and entrapping, rather than puncturing and poisoned as in other jellys.[2]

Systematics[3]

It is not clear whether Stylaster californicus belongs in the Filifera.
Upper left: blue top snail (Calliostoma ligatum).

The close relationship of the orders Anthoathecata and Leptomedusae has been long known, but formerly it was also believed that these two were close to the order Limnomedusae. However, their closest relatives are the highly advanced Siphonophorae, whereas the Limnomedusae are a rather primitive group, and not very closely related to these three Leptolinae, and might instead belong to the subclass Trachylinae.

Some uncertainty existed regarding the taxonomy of the order Anthoathecata. The most simple scheme, used until recently by most authors since it was proposed in 1913, divided the order into a smaller suborder (Filifera) and a second larger one (Capitata), but several unusual Anthoathecatae did not fit into this arrangement, and a considerable number did so awkwardly. The Porpitidae, for example, are highly aberrant group, and were at one time even considered a separate order "Chondrophora". However, they are currently considered to be derived from Zancleida. In the early 21st century, the well-known Hydra and its relatives – and most of the supposed filiferan infraorders Tubulariida and Moerisiida – were determined to be a very ancient lineage, recognized as suborder Aplanulata.[4] Although not all Anthoathecatae have been firmly placed in the phylogeny, most are fairly certainly assigned at least to one of the major subdivisions. As a notable exception, a prehistoric family, the Heterastridiidae, is still highly disputed regarding its relationships to the extant taxa, as are a small number of very aberrant and/or little-known species such as the aptly named Saccohydra problematica.

The family Clathrozoellidae is placed with the Filifera here; in others it is placed in the Leptomedusae and sometimes even synonymized with their family Clathrozoidae. By contrast, the supposed filiferan genus Anthohydra is in fact the leptomedusan Eugymnanthea; similarly, "Gammaria" is also a leptomedusan and properly spelled Grammaria.

The supposed athecate family Monobrachiidae is apparently a close relative of the Olindiasidae, and belongs in the Limnomedusae. Halammohydridae and Otohydridae, sometimes placed here, appear to be trachyline hydrozoans of the order Actinulidae.

Infraorders and families

Hydractinia epiconcha belongs to the Margelina in the suborder Filifera.
The well-known freshwater polyp Hydra viridissima, formerly placed in the Capitata, belongs to the Aplanulata.
Polyorchis karafutoensis, a true member of the Capitata, on a 1995 stamp from Azerbaijan.

References

  1. ^ Schuchert, P. (2014). Anthoathecata. Accessed through: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database at http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=13551 on 2014-10-31
  2. ^ a b Bouillon, J.; Gravili, C.; Pagès, F.; Gili, J.-M.; Boero, F. (2006). An introduction to Hydrozoa. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France. ISBN 2-85653-580-1. 591pp. + 1 cd-rom
  3. ^ Schuchert (2014), World Hydrozoa database.
  4. ^ Collins, A. G., Winkelmann, S., Hadrys, H. and Schierwater, B. (2005), Phylogeny of Capitata and Corynidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in light of mitochondrial 16S rDNA data. Zoologica Scripta, 34: 91–99. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00172.x
  5. ^ New name is required for the remaining Tubulariida, because Tubulariidae has been moved to Aplanulata.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthomedusae.
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