Čair Municipality and Robert of Jumièges: Difference between pages

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<small>'''''w w w . A n o n T a l k . c o m'''''</small>
{{Otheruses3|Cair}}
[[Image:Old street in Skopje.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A narrow street in Čair]]
{{Infobox Municipality in the Republic of Macedonia|
municipality_name=Čair municipality|
municipality_name_mkd=Општина Чаир<br>Komuna e Çairit|
population=64,773|
density=18,400|
status=|
area_code=|
mayor=|izet mexhiti
car_plates=|
website=cair.gov.mk/mk/index.php|
municipality_location=MKD_muni_nonn(Skopje_Chair).png|
coa_pic=|
coa_px=|
flag_pic=|
flag_px=|
municipality_center=Skopje|
postal_code=|
area=3.52|
}}


<small>'''''w w w . A n o n T a l k . c o m'''''</small>


{{Infobox Archbishop of Canterbury|
'''Čair''' ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]: Чаир, [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Çairi'') is one of the 10 [[municipality|municipalities]] that make up the city of [[Skopje]], the capital of the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Skopje's old town is located in Čair.
| Full name = Robert of Jumiéges|
| image = [[Image:Abbaye de Jumièges.jpg|center|200px]]
|caption= Modern ruins of the Abbey of Jumièges
| birth_name =
| began =unknown
| consecration = 1051
| term_end = 1052
| predecessor = [[Edsige]]
| successor = [[Stigand]]
| birth_date =
| death_date = 26 May 1055
| tomb = }}
'''Robert of Jumièges''' (sometimes '''Robert Chambert''' or '''Robert Champart''') (died 26 May 1052 or 1055, or between 1053 and 1055){{#tag:ref|In other words, his date of death is not sure.|group=notes}} was the first [[Normans|Norman]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref name=Barlow50>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 50</ref> He also served as [[prior]] of the [[Church of St. Ouen, Rouen|Abbey of St Ouen]] at [[Rouen]], [[abbot]] of [[Jumièges Abbey]], both [[Benedictine]] abbeys in France, and as [[Bishop of London]]. He was a good friend and advisor to the king of [[England]], [[Edward the Confessor]], who appointed him as [[Bishop of London]] in 1044, and then archbishop in 1051. His time as archbishop was short however, as his conflict with the powerful Earl [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Godwin of Wessex]] culminated in his exile and deposition in 1052. William the Conqueror gave Robert's treatment by the English as one of the justifications for his invasion of England.


[[William of Jumièges]], a Norman medieval chronicler,{{#tag:ref|William of Jumieges does not appear to be a relation to Robert. Both gained the surname by being monks at Jumieges.<ref name=DNB/><ref>van Houts, Elizabeth "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54418 William of Jumieges (subscription required)]" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>|group=notes}} claimed that Robert went to Normandy in 1051 or 1052 and told [[William I of England|Duke William]], the future William the Conqueror, that Edward wished William to be his heir. The archbishop died in exile at Jumièges sometime between 1052 and 1055. His building works at Jumièges helped influence English building through Edward the Confessor's church at Westminster.


==Background and early life==
==Geography==
A [[Normans|Norman]], Robert was [[prior]] of the church of St Ouen at [[Rouen]] before he became [[abbot]] of [[Jumièges Abbey]]<ref name=Douglas167>Douglas ''William the Conqueror'' p. 167-170</ref><ref name=Church44>Barlow ''The English Church 1000-1066'' p. 44</ref> in 1037.<ref name=DNB/> His alternate surname "Champart" or "Chambert" probably derived from [[champart]], a term for the part of a crop paid as rent to a landlord. His origin and family background are unknown, except that the preceding abbot at Jumieges was a relative. While abbot, Robert began construction of the abbey church, in the new Romanesque style.<ref name=DNB>Cowdrey "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23717 Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055) (subscription required)]" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>
Čair is located along the eastern bank of the [[Vardar River]], opposite the modern city center. It borders [[Centar municipality]] to the south-west, [[Karpoš municipality]] to the west, [[Butel municipality]] to the north, and [[Gazi Baba municipality]] to the east.


Robert became friendly with [[Edward the Confessor]] while Edward was living in exile in Normandy.<ref name=Barlow50/> Edward was a claimant to the English throne, the son of [[Ethelred the Unready]], king of England, who had been replaced by [[Canute the Great]] in 1016. Canute subsequently married Ethelred's widow [[Emma of Normandy]], Edward's mother, and had a son with her, Harthacanute. For their own safety, Edward and his brother [[Alfred Aetheling|Alfred]] were sent to Emma's relatives in Normandy.<ref name=Hindley306>Hindley ''A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons'' pp. 306-310</ref>{{#tag:ref|Both Alfred and Edward returned to England in 1036, but afterwards Alfred was murdered, apparently on Harold's orders.<ref>Hindley ''A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons'' pp. 316-317</ref>|group=notes}} After Canute's death in 1035, [[Harold Harefoot]], his elder son by his first wife, acceded to the English throne. Following Harald's death in 1040, Harthacanute succeeded him for a short time, but as neither Harald nor Harthacanute left offspring, the throne was offered to Edward on Harthacanute's death in 1042.<ref name=Hindley315>Hindley ''A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons'' pp. 315-318</ref>
==History==
Skopje's old town, or Stara Čaršija, had been the city's main center at least since the 12th century. The Turkish influence is dominant in the Stara Čaršija. When the Ottomans took over, they built many Islamic buildings here, such as [[Mustapha Pasha Mosque]]. The old town has not changed much over time; it is still filled with narrow cobblestone walkways and most of the Ottoman monuments are still standing.


==Bishop and Archbishop==
==Demographics==
[[Image:Interieur ruines jumieges.jpg|left|thumb|View of the interior ruins of Jumièges]]


Robert accompanied Edward the Confessor on Edward's recall to England in 1042<ref name=Barlow50/> to become king following Harthacanute's death.<ref name=DNB/> It was due to Edward that in August 1044 Robert was appointed [[bishop of London]],<ref name=Handbook230>Fryde, et. al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 230</ref> one of the first episcopal vacancies which occurred in Edward's reign.<ref name=Church46>Barlow ''The English Church 1000-1066'' pp. 46-50</ref> Robert remained close to the king and was the leader of the party opposed to [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Earl Godwin]].<ref name=DNB/> Godwin, for his part, was attempting to expand the influence of his family, which had already acquired much land. Godwin's daughter was Edward's queen, and two of his sons were elevated to earldoms.<ref name=Mason51>Mason ''House of Godwine'' pp. 51-53</ref> The ''Life of Saint Edward'', a [[Hagiography|hagiographical]] work on King Edward's life, claimed that Robert "was always the most powerful confidential adviser of the king".<ref name=VE>Quoted in Huscroft ''Ruling England'' p. 50</ref> Robert seems to have favoured closer relations with Normandy, and its duke.<ref name=Church46/> Edward himself had grown up in the duchy, and spent 25&nbsp;years in exile there before his return to England. The evidence shows that Edward brought many Normans with him to England, and seems to have spent much time in their company.<ref name=Potts33>Potts "Normandy" ''Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'' p. 33</ref>
According to the last National census from 2002 Čair has 64,773 inhabitants. {{ref|census}}


In October 1050,<ref name=Higham128>Higham ''Death of Anglo-Saxon England'' pp. 128-129</ref> Archbishop Eadsige of Canterbury died, following which the post remained vacant for five months.<ref name=DNB/> The [[cathedral chapter]] elected Æthelric, a kinsman of Godwin and a monk at Canterbury,<ref name=Barlow104>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 104</ref><ref name=Walker27>Walker ''Harold'' p. 27</ref> but were overruled when Edward appointed Robert Archbishop of Canterbury,<ref name=Handbook214>Fryde ''Handbook of British Chronlogy'' p. 214</ref> at a royal council held during [[Lent]] in 1051.<ref name=DNB/> Although the monks of Canterbury opposed, the king's appointment stood.<ref name=Church209>Barlow ''The English Church 1000-1066'' p. 209</ref> Robert went to Rome to receive his [[pallium]] and returned to England in June 1051.<ref name=Barlow106>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 106</ref> He was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 29 June 1051.<ref name=DNB/> Some Norman chroniclers state that he visited Normandy on this trip and informed Duke William, the future William the Conqueror, that William was King Edward's heir, Edward having no children.<ref name=Church46/> According to these chroniclers, the decision to make William the heir had been decided at the same Lentan royal council in 1051 that had declared Robert archbishop.<ref name=DNB/>
Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
*Albanians = 36,921
*Macedonians = 15,628
*Turks = 4,500
*Roma = 3,083
*Bosniaks = 2,950
*others.


After returning from Rome, Robert refused to consecrate [[Spearhafoc]], the [[Abingdon Abbey|Abbot of Abingdon]] and the king's goldsmith,<ref name=Ruling52>Huscroft ''Ruling England'' p. 52</ref> as his successor to the bishopric of London, claiming that [[Pope Leo IX]] had forbidden the consecration. Almost certainly the grounds were simony,<ref name=Walker29/> the purchase of ecclesiastical office,<ref>Coredon ''Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases'' p. 260</ref> as Leo had recently issued proclamations against that sin. In refusing to consecrate Spearhafoc, Robert was following his own interests against the wishes of both the king and Godwin.<ref name=Walker29>Walker ''Harold'' p. 29-30</ref> In the end Robert's favoured candidate, [[William the Norman]], was consecrated instead of Spearhafoc.<ref name=Ruling52/><ref name=DNB/> Robert also discovered that some lands belonging to Canterbury had fallen into Godwin's hands, but his effots to recover them through the shire courts were unsuccessful.<ref name=Walker29/> Canterbury had also lost control of some revenues from the shire of Kent to Godwin during Edsige's tenure as archbishop, which Robert also attempted to reclaim, but without much success.<ref name=Rex42>Red ''Harold II'' pp. 42-43</ref> These disputes over the estates and revenues of the archbishopric contributed to the friction between Robert and Godwin.<ref name=Rex42/><ref name=Campbell22>Campbell "A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England" ''Speculum'' p. 22</ref> Events came to a head at a council held at [[Gloucester]] in September 1051, when Robert accused Earl Godwin of plotting to kill King Edward.<ref name=Barlow111>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 111</ref>{{#tag:ref|Godwin was especially vulnerable to this charge, as he had been involved in the death of Edward's brother Alfred during Harthacanute's reign.<ref name=Godwins42>Barlow ''The Godwins'' p. 42</ref>|group=notes}} Godwin and his family were exiled and Robert probably claimed the office of sheriff of [[Kent]] on the strength of Archbishop [[Edsige]] having also held the office.<ref name=Barlow115>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 115</ref>

Although Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, there is little evidence that he was interested in the growing movement towards Church reform being promulgated by the papacy.<ref name=Rex46>Rex ''Harold II'' p. 46</ref> [[Pope Leo IX]] was beginning a reform movement later known as the [[Gregorian Reform]], initially focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting simony. In 1049 Leo IX publicly pronounced that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. It may have been partly to appease Leo that Edward appointed Robert instead of Æthelric, hoping to signal to the papacy that the English crown was not totally opposed to the growing reform movement.<ref name=Stafford89>Stafford ''Unification and Conquest'' pp. 89-92</ref> It was against this backdrop that Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, although there is no other evidence that Robert embraced the reform position, and his claim that the pope forbade the consecration probably had more to do with finding an easy excuse than any true desire for reform.<ref name=Rex46/> There are also some indications that Spearhafoc was allied to Godwin, and his appointment was meant as a quid pro quo for the non-appointment of Æthelric.<ref name=Higham128/><ref name=John177>John ''Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 177</ref> If true, Robert's refusal to consecrate Spearhafoc would have contributed to the growing rift between the archbishop and the earl.<ref name=Higham128/>

==Godwin in exile==
[[Image:William I, Lichfield Cathedral.jpg|thumbnail|right|thumb|Statue of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] at Lichfield, England]]
The ''Life of Saint Edward'' claims that while Godwin was in exile Robert tried to persuade King Edward to divorce [[Edith of Wessex|Queen Edith]], Godwin's daughter, but Edward refused and instead she was sent to a [[Abbey|nunnery]].<ref name=Barlow115/> However, the ''Life'' is a [[hagiography]], written to show Edward as a saint. Thus it stresses that Edward voluntarily remained [[Celibacy|celibate]], something unlikely to have actually been the case, and not corroborated by any other source. Modern historians have felt it more likely that Edward, at Robert's urging, wished to divorce Edith and remarry in order to have children to succeed him on the English throne,<ref name=Walker35>Walker ''Harold'' p. 35-36</ref> although it is possible that he merely wished to be rid of her, without necessarily wanting to divorce her.<ref name=DNB/>

During Godwin's exile, Robert is said to have been sent by the king on an errand to Duke [[William I of England|William of Normandy]].<ref name=Barlow107>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 107</ref> The reason for the embassy is somewhat uncertain. [[William of Jumièges]] says that Robert went to tell [[William I of England|Duke William]] that Edward wished William to be his heir. [[William of Poitiers]] gives the same reason, but also adds that Robert took with him as hostages Godwin's son [[Wulfnoth Godwinson|Wulfnoth]] and grandson Hakon (son of [[Sweyn Godwinson|Sweyn]]). Combined with silence of the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] on the visit, no certain statements can be made on whether or not Robert visited Normandy or why he did so.<ref name=Walker37>Walker ''Harold'' p. 37-38</ref> However, the whole history of the various missions that Robert is alleged to have made is confused, and further complicated by the post-Norman Conquest propaganda claims made by Norman chroniclers.<ref name=Bates73>Bates ''William the Conqueror'' p. 73</ref><ref name=Stafford89/>{{#tag:ref|The whole issue is discussed in John "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession" ''English Historical Review'', and Oleson "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne" ''English Historical Review'', both of which are listed in the further reading section.|group=notes}}

==Outlawing, death, and legacy==
After Godwin left England, he went to [[Flanders]], and gathered a fleet and mercenaries in order to force the king to allow his return. In the summer of 1052, Godwin returned to England and was met by his sons who invaded from Ireland. By September, they were advancing on London, where negotiations between the king and the earl were conducted with the help of [[Stigand]], the bishop of Winchester.<ref name=Mason69>Mason ''The House of Godwine'' pp. 69-75</ref> When it became apparent that Godwin would be returning, Robert quickly left England<ref name=Barlow124>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 124</ref> with Bishop [[Ulfus Normanus|Ulf of Dorcester]] and Bishop [[William the Norman|William of London]]. He likely took the aforementioned hostages, Wulfnoth and Hakon, with him, whether with the permission of King Edward or not.<ref name=Walker47>Walker ''Harold'' p. 47</ref>{{#tag:ref|Ulf never returned to England, but William was allowed to return eventually.<ref name=Rex12>Red ''Harold II'' p. 12</ref>|group=notes}} Robert was declared an outlaw and deposed from his archbishopric on 14&nbsp;September 1052, mainly because the returning Godwin felt that Robert, along with a number of other Normans, had been the driving force behind his exile.<ref name=Handbook214/><ref name=Barlow124/>{{#tag:ref|Edith, after her father's restoration to power, was returned to court and reinstated as queen.<ref name=Mason75>Mason ''The House of Godwine'' p. 75</ref>|group=notes}} Robert did journey to Rome to complain to the pope about his exile,<ref name=Barlow126>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 126</ref> where Leo IX and successive popes condemned [[Stigand]],<ref name=Walker50>Walker ''Harold'' p. 50-51</ref> who was appointed by Edward to Canterbury.<ref name=Stafford94>Stafford ''Unification and Conquest'' p. 94</ref> Robert's personal property was divided between Earl Godwin, Harold Godwinson, and the queen, who had returned to court.<ref name=ASE568>Stenton ''Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 568</ref>

Robert died at Jumièges either between 1053 and 1055,<ref name=Walker37/> or on 26&nbsp;May in either 1052 or 1055.<ref name=DNB/> Robert's treatment was used by [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] as one of the justifications for his invasion of England, the other being that Edward had named William his heir. Ian Walker, author of the most recent scholarly biography of [[Harold Godwinson]], suggests that it was Robert, while in exile after the return of Godwin, who testified that King Edward had nominated Duke William to be Edward's heir.<ref name=Walker50/> However, this view is contradicted by David Douglas, a historian and biographer of William the Conqueror, whose view is that Robert merely relayed Edward's decision, probably while Robert was on his way to Rome to receive his pallium.<ref name=Douglas167/> Several medieval chroniclers, including the author of the ''Life of Saint Edward'', felt that the blame for Edward and Godwin's conflict in 1051–1052 lay squarely with Robert;<ref name=Emma>Stafford ''Queen Emma and Queen Edith'' p. 11</ref> modern historians tend to see Robert as an ambitious man, with little political skill.<ref name=DNB/>

While abbot, Robert began the construction of a new abbey church at Jumièges, in the new [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style which was then becoming popular.<ref name=Mason83/>{{#tag:ref|The abbey church was only finished in 1067.<ref name=Higham148>Higham ''Death of Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 148</ref>|group=notes}} Although the choir has been torn down, the nave and transepts have survived.<ref name=Plant219>Plant "Ecclesiastical Architecture" ''Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'' pp. 219-222</ref> It has been argued by several historians, including [[Frank Barlow (historian)|Frank Barlow]] and [[Emma Mason]] that Robert brought the new style to England, and that it influenced Edward the Confessor's rebuilding of the church at [[Westminster Abbey]] in a style previously unknown in England.<ref name=Mason83>Mason ''The House of Godwine'' p. 83</ref><ref name=Church51>Barlow ''The English Church 1000-1066'' p. 51 footnote 2</ref> However, it is also possible that Westminster inspired the building at Jumièges, as the arcade there closely resembles Westminster's arcade, both of them in a style that never became common in Normandy.<ref name=Breese212>Breese "Early Normandy and the emergence of Norman Romanesque architecture" ''Journal of Medieval History'' p. 212</ref> Another legacy was a gift to his old monastery of an illuminated manuscript missal during his tenure as Bishop of London. The missal, which became known as ''The Missal of Robert of Jumièges'', still exists today.<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Church85fn>Barlow ''The English Church 1000-1066'' p. 85 and footnote 3</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is known now as ''Rouen, Bibliothèque Municipale, Manuscript Y.6''<ref name=DNB/>|group=notes}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
<references group=notes/>


==Footnotes==
# {{ref|census}} [http://msed.stat.gov.mk/msed.nsf/cd549cc3f96284dbc1256f2b0026e546/5db5887c1be3440ac1256f3900547f34/$FILE/I1%20Population%2015%20C2002%20123.pdf Macedonian census data of 2002]]
{{reflist|2}}


==See also==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Barlow, Frank |authorlink=Frank Barlow (historian) |title=Edward the Confessor |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=0-520-01671-8 |oclc=106149 }}
* {{cite book |author=Barlow, Frank |authorlink=Frank Barlow (historian) |title=The English Church 1000-1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=0-582-49049-9 |edition=Second Edition |oclc=4514947}}
* {{cite book |author=Bates, David |authorlink=David Bates (historian) |title=William the Conqueror |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud, UK |year=2001 |isbn=0-7524-1980-3 |oclc=45828105 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Breese, Lauren Wood |title=Early Normandy and the emergence of Norman Romanesque architecture |journal=[[Journal of Medieval History]] |year=1988 |volume=14|pages=203–216 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(88)90003-6}}
* {{cite journal |author=Campbell, Miles W. |title=A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England |journal=[[Speculum]]|volume=46|issue=1|month=January|year=1971|pages=21–31 |doi=10.2307/2855086}}
* {{cite book |title= A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases |last=Coredon |first= Christopher |year= 2007 |edition= Reprint |publisher=D. S. Brewer |location=Woodbridge |isbn=978-1-74384-138-8 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | author=Cowdrey, H. E. J. |title= [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23717 Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055) (subscription required)] |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004|accessdate= 2007-11-10}}
* {{cite book |title= William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England |last= Douglas|first=David C. |year=1964 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley }}
* {{cite book |author=Fryde, E. B. |coauthors=Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology|edition=Third Edition, revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56350-X |oclc=183920684 }}
* {{cite book |author=Higham, Nick |title=The Death of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud |year=2000 |isbn=0-7509-2469-1 |oclc=59562739 |unused_data=|ocl}}
* {{cite book |title=A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation |last= Hindley|first=Geoffrey |year= 2006|publisher= Carroll & Graf Publishers |location=New York |isbn=978-0-78671-738-5 |oclc=70637347 }}
* {{cite book |author=Huscroft, Richard |title=Ruling England 1042-1217 |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-84882-2 |oclc=223968971 }}
* {{cite book |author=John, Eric |title=Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester |year=1996 |isbn=0-7190-5053-7 |oclc=185769738 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mason, Emma |title=House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty |publisher=Hambledon & London |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=1-85285-389-1 |oclc=156751437 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Plant, Richard |title=Ecclesiastical Architecture c.1050 to c.1200 |encyclopedia = A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, UK | editor=Christopher Harper-Bill and Elizabeth van Houts |pages=pp. 215-253 |year=2002 |isbn=978-184383-341-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Potts, Cassandra |title=Normandy, 911-1144 |encyclopedia = A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, UK | editor=Christopher Harper-Bill and Elizabeth van Houts |pages=pp. 19-42 |year=2002 |isbn=978-184383-341-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Rex, Peter |title=Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud, UK |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7394-7185-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Stafford, Pauline |authorlink=Pauline Stafford |title=Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-century England |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, MA |year=1997 |isbn=0-631-22738-5 |oclc=234097462 }}
* {{cite book |author=Stafford, Pauline|authorlink=Pauline Stafford |title= Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries |publisher=Edward Arnold |location=London |year=1989 |isbn=0-7131-6532-4 |oclc=185748564 }}
* {{cite book |title= Anglo-Saxon England |last=Stenton |first=F. M. |authorlink= Frank Stenton |year= 1971|publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |edition=Third Edition |isbn=978-0-19-280139-5 |oclc= 185499725 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=van Houts, Elizabeth |title=Jumièges, William of (fl. 1026–1070) (subscription required)| encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54418 |accessdate=2008-09-30}}
* {{cite book |author=Walker, Ian |title=Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King |publisher=Wrens Park |location=Gloucestershire |year=2000|isbn=0-905-778-464 |oclc=43654096 }}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
* [[Greater Skopje]]

* [[Republic of Macedonia]]
* {{cite encyclopedia | author=Gem, R. D. H. |title=The Romanesque rebuilding of Westminster Abbey |encyclopedia= Anglo-Norman Studies |volume= 3 |year=1980 |pages=pp. 33–60}}
* [[Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia]]
* {{cite journal |last=John |first=Eric |year=1979 |title=Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession |journal= [[The English Historical Review]]|volume=96 |issue=371 |pages=241–267 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266(197904)94%3A371%3C241%3AETCATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R |format= fee required |doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXI.241 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Oleson, T. J. |title=Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne to Duke William of Normandy |journal = [[The English Historical Review]] |volume=72 |issue=283 |month=April |year=1957 |pages= 221–228 |doi=10.1093/ehr/LXXII.CCLXXXIII.221 }}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.britannia.com/bios/abofc/rjumieges.html Robert of Jumièges at Britannia Biographies]
* [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=10517 Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England: Robert]


{{s-start}}
* [http://www.makedonija.name/municipalities.php Municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia]
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Elfward]] }}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Bishop of London]] | years=1044&ndash;1051}}
{{s-aft| after=[[Spearhafoc]] }}
{{s-bef | before=[[Edsige]] }}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Archbishop of Canterbury]] | years=1051&ndash;1052}}
{{s-aft| after=[[Stigand]] }}
{{end}}


{{Bishops of London}}
{{Skopje}}
{{Archbishops of Canterbury}}
{{Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia}}


{{Persondata
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cair municipality}}
|NAME=Robert of Jumièges
[[Category:Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia]]
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Robert Chambert
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Abbot of Jumièges; Bishop of London; Archbishop of Canterbury
|DATE OF BIRTH=
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH= 26 May 1052 or 1055
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
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[[Category:Archbishops of Canterbury]]
[[Category:1070 deaths|Robert of Jumieges]]
[[Category:Early 11th century archbishops]]


[[de:Robert von Jumièges]]
[[bg:Чаир (община)]]
[[fr:Robert de Jumièges]]
[[mk:Општина Чаир]]
[[ru:Роберт Жюмьежский]]
[[nl:Čair]]
[[sq:Komuna e Çairit]]
[[tg:Вилояти Чаир]]

Revision as of 19:02, 10 October 2008

w w w . A n o n T a l k . c o m

w w w . A n o n T a l k . c o m

Robert of Jumièges
Modern ruins of the Abbey of Jumièges
Installedunknown
Term ended1052
PredecessorEdsige
SuccessorStigand
Orders
Consecration1051
Personal details
Died26 May 1055

Robert of Jumièges (sometimes Robert Chambert or Robert Champart) (died 26 May 1052 or 1055, or between 1053 and 1055)[notes 1] was the first Norman Archbishop of Canterbury.[1] He also served as prior of the Abbey of St Ouen at Rouen, abbot of Jumièges Abbey, both Benedictine abbeys in France, and as Bishop of London. He was a good friend and advisor to the king of England, Edward the Confessor, who appointed him as Bishop of London in 1044, and then archbishop in 1051. His time as archbishop was short however, as his conflict with the powerful Earl Godwin of Wessex culminated in his exile and deposition in 1052. William the Conqueror gave Robert's treatment by the English as one of the justifications for his invasion of England.

William of Jumièges, a Norman medieval chronicler,[notes 2] claimed that Robert went to Normandy in 1051 or 1052 and told Duke William, the future William the Conqueror, that Edward wished William to be his heir. The archbishop died in exile at Jumièges sometime between 1052 and 1055. His building works at Jumièges helped influence English building through Edward the Confessor's church at Westminster.

Background and early life

A Norman, Robert was prior of the church of St Ouen at Rouen before he became abbot of Jumièges Abbey[4][5] in 1037.[2] His alternate surname "Champart" or "Chambert" probably derived from champart, a term for the part of a crop paid as rent to a landlord. His origin and family background are unknown, except that the preceding abbot at Jumieges was a relative. While abbot, Robert began construction of the abbey church, in the new Romanesque style.[2]

Robert became friendly with Edward the Confessor while Edward was living in exile in Normandy.[1] Edward was a claimant to the English throne, the son of Ethelred the Unready, king of England, who had been replaced by Canute the Great in 1016. Canute subsequently married Ethelred's widow Emma of Normandy, Edward's mother, and had a son with her, Harthacanute. For their own safety, Edward and his brother Alfred were sent to Emma's relatives in Normandy.[6][notes 3] After Canute's death in 1035, Harold Harefoot, his elder son by his first wife, acceded to the English throne. Following Harald's death in 1040, Harthacanute succeeded him for a short time, but as neither Harald nor Harthacanute left offspring, the throne was offered to Edward on Harthacanute's death in 1042.[8]

Bishop and Archbishop

View of the interior ruins of Jumièges

Robert accompanied Edward the Confessor on Edward's recall to England in 1042[1] to become king following Harthacanute's death.[2] It was due to Edward that in August 1044 Robert was appointed bishop of London,[9] one of the first episcopal vacancies which occurred in Edward's reign.[10] Robert remained close to the king and was the leader of the party opposed to Earl Godwin.[2] Godwin, for his part, was attempting to expand the influence of his family, which had already acquired much land. Godwin's daughter was Edward's queen, and two of his sons were elevated to earldoms.[11] The Life of Saint Edward, a hagiographical work on King Edward's life, claimed that Robert "was always the most powerful confidential adviser of the king".[12] Robert seems to have favoured closer relations with Normandy, and its duke.[10] Edward himself had grown up in the duchy, and spent 25 years in exile there before his return to England. The evidence shows that Edward brought many Normans with him to England, and seems to have spent much time in their company.[13]

In October 1050,[14] Archbishop Eadsige of Canterbury died, following which the post remained vacant for five months.[2] The cathedral chapter elected Æthelric, a kinsman of Godwin and a monk at Canterbury,[15][16] but were overruled when Edward appointed Robert Archbishop of Canterbury,[17] at a royal council held during Lent in 1051.[2] Although the monks of Canterbury opposed, the king's appointment stood.[18] Robert went to Rome to receive his pallium and returned to England in June 1051.[19] He was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 29 June 1051.[2] Some Norman chroniclers state that he visited Normandy on this trip and informed Duke William, the future William the Conqueror, that William was King Edward's heir, Edward having no children.[10] According to these chroniclers, the decision to make William the heir had been decided at the same Lentan royal council in 1051 that had declared Robert archbishop.[2]

After returning from Rome, Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, the Abbot of Abingdon and the king's goldsmith,[20] as his successor to the bishopric of London, claiming that Pope Leo IX had forbidden the consecration. Almost certainly the grounds were simony,[21] the purchase of ecclesiastical office,[22] as Leo had recently issued proclamations against that sin. In refusing to consecrate Spearhafoc, Robert was following his own interests against the wishes of both the king and Godwin.[21] In the end Robert's favoured candidate, William the Norman, was consecrated instead of Spearhafoc.[20][2] Robert also discovered that some lands belonging to Canterbury had fallen into Godwin's hands, but his effots to recover them through the shire courts were unsuccessful.[21] Canterbury had also lost control of some revenues from the shire of Kent to Godwin during Edsige's tenure as archbishop, which Robert also attempted to reclaim, but without much success.[23] These disputes over the estates and revenues of the archbishopric contributed to the friction between Robert and Godwin.[23][24] Events came to a head at a council held at Gloucester in September 1051, when Robert accused Earl Godwin of plotting to kill King Edward.[25][notes 4] Godwin and his family were exiled and Robert probably claimed the office of sheriff of Kent on the strength of Archbishop Edsige having also held the office.[27]

Although Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, there is little evidence that he was interested in the growing movement towards Church reform being promulgated by the papacy.[28] Pope Leo IX was beginning a reform movement later known as the Gregorian Reform, initially focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting simony. In 1049 Leo IX publicly pronounced that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. It may have been partly to appease Leo that Edward appointed Robert instead of Æthelric, hoping to signal to the papacy that the English crown was not totally opposed to the growing reform movement.[29] It was against this backdrop that Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, although there is no other evidence that Robert embraced the reform position, and his claim that the pope forbade the consecration probably had more to do with finding an easy excuse than any true desire for reform.[28] There are also some indications that Spearhafoc was allied to Godwin, and his appointment was meant as a quid pro quo for the non-appointment of Æthelric.[14][30] If true, Robert's refusal to consecrate Spearhafoc would have contributed to the growing rift between the archbishop and the earl.[14]

Godwin in exile

Statue of William the Conqueror at Lichfield, England

The Life of Saint Edward claims that while Godwin was in exile Robert tried to persuade King Edward to divorce Queen Edith, Godwin's daughter, but Edward refused and instead she was sent to a nunnery.[27] However, the Life is a hagiography, written to show Edward as a saint. Thus it stresses that Edward voluntarily remained celibate, something unlikely to have actually been the case, and not corroborated by any other source. Modern historians have felt it more likely that Edward, at Robert's urging, wished to divorce Edith and remarry in order to have children to succeed him on the English throne,[31] although it is possible that he merely wished to be rid of her, without necessarily wanting to divorce her.[2]

During Godwin's exile, Robert is said to have been sent by the king on an errand to Duke William of Normandy.[32] The reason for the embassy is somewhat uncertain. William of Jumièges says that Robert went to tell Duke William that Edward wished William to be his heir. William of Poitiers gives the same reason, but also adds that Robert took with him as hostages Godwin's son Wulfnoth and grandson Hakon (son of Sweyn). Combined with silence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on the visit, no certain statements can be made on whether or not Robert visited Normandy or why he did so.[33] However, the whole history of the various missions that Robert is alleged to have made is confused, and further complicated by the post-Norman Conquest propaganda claims made by Norman chroniclers.[34][29][notes 5]

Outlawing, death, and legacy

After Godwin left England, he went to Flanders, and gathered a fleet and mercenaries in order to force the king to allow his return. In the summer of 1052, Godwin returned to England and was met by his sons who invaded from Ireland. By September, they were advancing on London, where negotiations between the king and the earl were conducted with the help of Stigand, the bishop of Winchester.[35] When it became apparent that Godwin would be returning, Robert quickly left England[36] with Bishop Ulf of Dorcester and Bishop William of London. He likely took the aforementioned hostages, Wulfnoth and Hakon, with him, whether with the permission of King Edward or not.[37][notes 6] Robert was declared an outlaw and deposed from his archbishopric on 14 September 1052, mainly because the returning Godwin felt that Robert, along with a number of other Normans, had been the driving force behind his exile.[17][36][notes 7] Robert did journey to Rome to complain to the pope about his exile,[40] where Leo IX and successive popes condemned Stigand,[41] who was appointed by Edward to Canterbury.[42] Robert's personal property was divided between Earl Godwin, Harold Godwinson, and the queen, who had returned to court.[43]

Robert died at Jumièges either between 1053 and 1055,[33] or on 26 May in either 1052 or 1055.[2] Robert's treatment was used by William the Conqueror as one of the justifications for his invasion of England, the other being that Edward had named William his heir. Ian Walker, author of the most recent scholarly biography of Harold Godwinson, suggests that it was Robert, while in exile after the return of Godwin, who testified that King Edward had nominated Duke William to be Edward's heir.[41] However, this view is contradicted by David Douglas, a historian and biographer of William the Conqueror, whose view is that Robert merely relayed Edward's decision, probably while Robert was on his way to Rome to receive his pallium.[4] Several medieval chroniclers, including the author of the Life of Saint Edward, felt that the blame for Edward and Godwin's conflict in 1051–1052 lay squarely with Robert;[44] modern historians tend to see Robert as an ambitious man, with little political skill.[2]

While abbot, Robert began the construction of a new abbey church at Jumièges, in the new Romanesque style which was then becoming popular.[45][notes 8] Although the choir has been torn down, the nave and transepts have survived.[47] It has been argued by several historians, including Frank Barlow and Emma Mason that Robert brought the new style to England, and that it influenced Edward the Confessor's rebuilding of the church at Westminster Abbey in a style previously unknown in England.[45][48] However, it is also possible that Westminster inspired the building at Jumièges, as the arcade there closely resembles Westminster's arcade, both of them in a style that never became common in Normandy.[49] Another legacy was a gift to his old monastery of an illuminated manuscript missal during his tenure as Bishop of London. The missal, which became known as The Missal of Robert of Jumièges, still exists today.[2][50][notes 9]

Notes

  1. ^ In other words, his date of death is not sure.
  2. ^ William of Jumieges does not appear to be a relation to Robert. Both gained the surname by being monks at Jumieges.[2][3]
  3. ^ Both Alfred and Edward returned to England in 1036, but afterwards Alfred was murdered, apparently on Harold's orders.[7]
  4. ^ Godwin was especially vulnerable to this charge, as he had been involved in the death of Edward's brother Alfred during Harthacanute's reign.[26]
  5. ^ The whole issue is discussed in John "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession" English Historical Review, and Oleson "Edward the Confessor's Promise of the Throne" English Historical Review, both of which are listed in the further reading section.
  6. ^ Ulf never returned to England, but William was allowed to return eventually.[38]
  7. ^ Edith, after her father's restoration to power, was returned to court and reinstated as queen.[39]
  8. ^ The abbey church was only finished in 1067.[46]
  9. ^ It is known now as Rouen, Bibliothèque Municipale, Manuscript Y.6[2]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 50
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cowdrey "Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055) (subscription required)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  3. ^ van Houts, Elizabeth "William of Jumieges (subscription required)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  4. ^ a b Douglas William the Conqueror p. 167-170
  5. ^ Barlow The English Church 1000-1066 p. 44
  6. ^ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 306-310
  7. ^ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 316-317
  8. ^ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 315-318
  9. ^ Fryde, et. al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 230
  10. ^ a b c Barlow The English Church 1000-1066 pp. 46-50
  11. ^ Mason House of Godwine pp. 51-53
  12. ^ Quoted in Huscroft Ruling England p. 50
  13. ^ Potts "Normandy" Companion to the Anglo-Norman World p. 33
  14. ^ a b c Higham Death of Anglo-Saxon England pp. 128-129
  15. ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 104
  16. ^ Walker Harold p. 27
  17. ^ a b Fryde Handbook of British Chronlogy p. 214
  18. ^ Barlow The English Church 1000-1066 p. 209
  19. ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 106
  20. ^ a b Huscroft Ruling England p. 52
  21. ^ a b c Walker Harold p. 29-30
  22. ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases p. 260
  23. ^ a b Red Harold II pp. 42-43
  24. ^ Campbell "A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England" Speculum p. 22
  25. ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 111
  26. ^ Barlow The Godwins p. 42
  27. ^ a b Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 115
  28. ^ a b Rex Harold II p. 46
  29. ^ a b Stafford Unification and Conquest pp. 89-92
  30. ^ John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England p. 177
  31. ^ Walker Harold p. 35-36
  32. ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 107
  33. ^ a b Walker Harold p. 37-38
  34. ^ Bates William the Conqueror p. 73
  35. ^ Mason The House of Godwine pp. 69-75
  36. ^ a b Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 124
  37. ^ Walker Harold p. 47
  38. ^ Red Harold II p. 12
  39. ^ Mason The House of Godwine p. 75
  40. ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 126
  41. ^ a b Walker Harold p. 50-51
  42. ^ Stafford Unification and Conquest p. 94
  43. ^ Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 568
  44. ^ Stafford Queen Emma and Queen Edith p. 11
  45. ^ a b Mason The House of Godwine p. 83
  46. ^ Higham Death of Anglo-Saxon England p. 148
  47. ^ Plant "Ecclesiastical Architecture" Companion to the Anglo-Norman World pp. 219-222
  48. ^ Barlow The English Church 1000-1066 p. 51 footnote 2
  49. ^ Breese "Early Normandy and the emergence of Norman Romanesque architecture" Journal of Medieval History p. 212
  50. ^ Barlow The English Church 1000-1066 p. 85 and footnote 3

References

  • Barlow, Frank (1970). Edward the Confessor. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01671-8. OCLC 106149.
  • Barlow, Frank (1979). The English Church 1000-1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church (Second Edition ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49049-9. OCLC 4514947. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Bates, David (2001). William the Conqueror. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1980-3. OCLC 45828105.
  • Breese, Lauren Wood (1988). "Early Normandy and the emergence of Norman Romanesque architecture". Journal of Medieval History. 14: 203–216. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90003-6.
  • Campbell, Miles W. (1971). "A Pre-Conquest Norman Occupation of England". Speculum. 46 (1): 21–31. doi:10.2307/2855086. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Coredon, Christopher (2007). A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases (Reprint ed.). Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. ISBN 978-1-74384-138-8. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Cowdrey, H. E. J. (2004). "Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055) (subscription required)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  • Douglas, David C. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Fryde, E. B. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. OCLC 183920684. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Higham, Nick (2000). The Death of Anglo-Saxon England. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-2469-1. OCLC 59562739. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (help); Text "ocl" ignored (help)
  • Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-78671-738-5. OCLC 70637347.
  • Huscroft, Richard (2005). Ruling England 1042-1217. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-84882-2. OCLC 223968971.
  • John, Eric (1996). Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5053-7. OCLC 185769738.
  • Mason, Emma (2004). House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty. London: Hambledon & London. ISBN 1-85285-389-1. OCLC 156751437.
  • Plant, Richard (2002). "Ecclesiastical Architecture c.1050 to c.1200". In Christopher Harper-Bill and Elizabeth van Houts (ed.). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. pp. 215-253. ISBN 978-184383-341-3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Potts, Cassandra (2002). "Normandy, 911-1144". In Christopher Harper-Bill and Elizabeth van Houts (ed.). A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. pp. 19-42. ISBN 978-184383-341-3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Rex, Peter (2005). Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King. Stroud, UK: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7394-7185-2.
  • Stafford, Pauline (1997). Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-century England. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-22738-5. OCLC 234097462.
  • Stafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4. OCLC 185748564.
  • Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third Edition ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5. OCLC 185499725. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • van Houts, Elizabeth (2004). "Jumièges, William of (fl. 1026–1070) (subscription required)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
  • Walker, Ian (2000). Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King. Gloucestershire: Wrens Park. ISBN 0-905-778-464. OCLC 43654096.

Further reading

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of London
1044–1051 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archbishop of Canterbury
1051–1052 		Succeeded by

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