Rosids: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Large clade of flowering plants}} |
{{short description|Large clade of flowering plants}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = {{Geological Range| |
| fossil_range = {{Geological Range|99.6|0|earliest = 125|[[Aptian]] or [[Albian]]–Recent}} |
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| image = Rosids-montage.jpg |
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| image = Euphorbia heterophylla (Painted Euphorbia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9720.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = Various modern rosid species |
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| taxon = Rosids |
| taxon = Rosids |
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| authority = |
| authority = |
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| subdivision_ranks = Orders |
| subdivision_ranks = Orders |
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| subdivision_ref = {{r|APG4}} |
| subdivision_ref = {{r|APG4}} |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = * [[Vitales]] |
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* [[Vitales]] |
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* [[Eurosids]] |
* [[Eurosids]] |
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*: [[Fabids]] |
*: [[Fabids]] |
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*:: [[Brassicales]] |
*:: [[Brassicales]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''rosids''' are members of a large [[clade]] ([[monophyly|monophyletic]] group) of [[flowering plant]]s, containing about 70,000 [[species]],{{r|wang2009}} more than a quarter of all angiosperms.{{r|scotland2003}} |
The '''rosids''' are members of a large [[clade]] ([[monophyly|monophyletic]] group) of [[flowering plant]]s, containing about 70,000 [[species]],{{r|wang2009}} more than a quarter of all [[angiosperms]].{{r|scotland2003}} |
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The clade is divided into 16 to 20 [[Order (biology)|orders]], depending upon [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and [[Biological classification|classification]]. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 [[Family (biology)|families]].{{r|soltis2005}} |
The clade is divided into 16 to 20 [[Order (biology)|orders]], depending upon [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and [[Biological classification|classification]]. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 [[Family (biology)|families]].{{r|soltis2005}} |
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Fossil rosids are known from the [[Cretaceous]] period. [[Molecular clock]] estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the [[Aptian]] or [[Albian]] stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago.{{r|davies2004}}{{r|magallon2009}} |
Fossil rosids are known from the [[Cretaceous]] period. [[Molecular clock]] estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the [[Aptian]] or [[Albian]] stages of the [[Cretaceous]], between 125 and 99.6 million years ago.{{r|davies2004}}{{r|magallon2009}} |
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Today's broadleaved forests are dominated by rosid species, which in turn help with diversification in many other living lineages. Additionally, rosid herbs and shrubs are a significant part of arctic/alpine and temperate floras. The clade also includes some aquatic, desert and parasitic plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Folk |first1=Ryan A. |last2=Sun |first2=Miao |last3=Soltis |first3=Pamela S. |last4=Smith |first4=Stephen A. |last5=Soltis |first5=Douglas E. |last6=Guralnick |first6=Robert P. |date=March 2018 |title=Challenges of comprehensive taxon sampling in comparative biology: Wrestling with rosids |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=433–445 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1059 |pmid=29665035 |issn=0002-9122|doi-access=free |hdl=2027.42/143800 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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== Name == |
== Name == |
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The name is based upon the name "[[Rosidae]]", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, [[Armen Takhtajan]] showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a [[Taxon|group]] of plants published in 1830 by [[Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling]].{{r|reveal2008}} The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|delimited]] by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular [[taxonomic rank]] like the names authorized by the [[ICBN]]. The rosids are [[monophyletic]] based upon evidence found by [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis. |
The name is based upon the name "[[Rosidae]]", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, [[Armen Takhtajan]] showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a [[Taxon|group]] of plants published in 1830 by [[Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling]].{{r|reveal2008}} The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|delimited]] by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular [[taxonomic rank]] like the names authorized by the [[ICBN]]. The rosids are [[monophyletic]] based upon evidence found by [[molecular phylogenetic]] analysis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
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Three different [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|definitions]] of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders [[Saxifragales]] and [[Vitales]] in the rosids.{{r|burleigh2009}} Others excluded both of these orders.{{r|apweb}} The circumscription used in this article is that of the [[APG IV]] classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales. |
Three different [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|definitions]] of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders [[Saxifragales]] and [[Vitales]] in the rosids.{{r|burleigh2009}} Others excluded both of these orders.{{r|apweb}} The circumscription used in this article is that of the [[APG IV]] classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales. |
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== Relationships == |
== Relationships == |
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The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade.{{r|wang2009}}{{r|apweb}} This is one of three groups that |
The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade.{{r|wang2009}}{{r|apweb}} This is one of three groups that comprise the [[Pentapetalae]] ([[core eudicots]] minus [[Gunnerales]]),{{r|cantino2007}} the others being [[Dilleniales]] and the [[superasterids]] ([[Berberidopsidales]], [[Caryophyllales]], [[Santalales]], and [[asterids]]).{{r|apweb}} |
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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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=== Orders === |
=== Orders === |
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The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are |
The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are eight orders in fabids and eight orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized.{{r|apweb}} These are Vitales,{{r|reveal1995}} Zygophyllales,{{r|chalk1983}} Crossosomatales,{{r|crossoinkub2007}} Picramniales,{{r|hutchinson1973}} and Huerteales.{{r|worberg2009}} |
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== Phylogeny == |
== Phylogeny == |
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The [[phylogeny]] of rosids shown below is adapted from the |
The [[phylogeny]] of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.{{r|apweb}} |
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{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |
{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |
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|label1= |
|label1=rosids |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Vitales]] |
|1=[[Vitales]] |
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<ref name="APG4">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
<ref name="APG4">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="burleigh2009">{{citation | |
<ref name="burleigh2009">{{citation |first1=J. Gordon |last1=Burleigh |first2=Khidir W. |last2=Hilu |first3=Douglas E. |last3=Soltis | year = 2009 | title = Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 |others = File 7 |issue=1 |url= | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-61 | pmc = 2674047 | pages = 61 | pmid = 19292928 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9...61B |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation | |
<ref name="cantino2007">{{citation |first1=Philip D. |last1=Cantino |first2=James A. |last2=Doyle |first3=Sean W. |last3=Graham |first4=Walter S. |last4=Judd |first5=Richard G. |last5=Olmstead |first6=Douglas E. |last6=Soltis |first7=Pamela S. |last7=Soltis |first8=Michael J. |last8=Donoghue | year = 2007 | title = Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 822–846 | url = http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf | doi = 10.2307/25065865 |jstor=25065865 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="chalk1983">{{citation |last=Chalk |first=L. |year=1983 |chapter=Wood structure |pages=1-51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe] |editor-last=Metcalfe |editor-first=C.R. |editor2-last=Chalk |editor2-first=L. |series=Anatomy of the Dicotyledons |edition=2nd |volume=II |title=Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-854559-0}}</ref> |
<ref name="chalk1983">{{citation |last=Chalk |first=L. |year=1983 |chapter=Wood structure |pages=1-51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe] |editor-last=Metcalfe |editor-first=C.R. |editor2-last=Chalk |editor2-first=L. |series=Anatomy of the Dicotyledons |edition=2nd |volume=II |title=Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-854559-0}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="crossoinkub2007">{{citation |chapter = Introduction to Crossosomatales |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1 }}</ref> |
<ref name="crossoinkub2007">{{citation |chapter = Introduction to Crossosomatales |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="davies2004">{{citation | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0308127100 | |
<ref name="davies2004">{{citation | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0308127100 |last1=Davies |first1=T.J. |last2=Barraclough |first2=T.G. |author3-link=Mark Wayne Chase |last3=Chase |first3=M.W. |last4=Soltis |first4=P.S.|author4-link=Pamela S. Soltis |last5=Soltis |first5=D.E. |author6-link=Vincent Savolainen|last6=Savolainen |first6=V. | year = 2004 | title = Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 101 | issue = 7 | pages = 1904–9 | pmid = 14766971 | pmc = 357025 | bibcode=2004PNAS..101.1904D|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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<ref name="hutchinson1973">{{citation |first=John |last=Hutchinson |title=The Families of Flowering Plants |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |year=1979 | |
<ref name="hutchinson1973">{{citation |first=John |last=Hutchinson |title=The Families of Flowering Plants |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=3rd |year=1979 |orig-year=1973 |isbn=9783874291606 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="magallon2009">{{citation | |
<ref name="magallon2009">{{citation |first1=Susana |last1=Magallón |first2=Amanda |last2=Castillo | year = 2009 | title = Angiosperm diversification through time | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 349–365 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800060 | pmid = 21628193 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="reveal1995">{{citation |first=James L. |last=Reveal |year=1995 |title=Newly required suprageneric names in vascular plants |journal=Phytologia | volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=68–76 See p. 72 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34206}}</ref> |
<ref name="reveal1995">{{citation |first=James L. |last=Reveal |year=1995 |title=Newly required suprageneric names in vascular plants |journal=Phytologia | volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=68–76 See p. 72 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/34206}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="reveal2008">{{citation |first=James L. |last=Reveal | date = 2008 | contribution = A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants | title = Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome | url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal | contribution-url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html }}</ref> |
<ref name="reveal2008">{{citation |first=James L. |last=Reveal | date = 2008 | contribution = A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants | title = Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome | url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal | contribution-url = http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/supgennames.html }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="scotland2003">{{citation | |
<ref name="scotland2003">{{citation |first1=Robert W. |last1=Scotland |first2=Alexandra H. |last2=Wortley | year = 2003 | title = How many species of seed plants are there? | journal = Taxon | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 101–4 | doi = 10.2307/3647306 | jstor = 3647306 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="soltis2005">{{citation | |
<ref name="soltis2005">{{citation |first1=Douglas E. |last1=Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |author3=Peter K. Endress |author4=Mark W. Chase |author-link4=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | location = Sunderland, Massachusetts, US | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="wang2009">{{citation | |
<ref name="wang2009">{{citation |first1=Hengchang |last1=Wang |first2=Michael J. |last2=Moore |first3=Pamela S. |last3=Soltis |author3-link=Pamela S. Soltis |first4=Charles D. |last4=Bell |first5=Samuel F. |last5=Brockington |first6=Roolse |last6=Alexandre |first7=Charles C. |last7=Davis |first8=Maribeth |last8=Latvis |first9=Steven R. |last9=Manchester |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis |author10-link=Douglas E. Soltis | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–8 | date = 10 March 2009| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.3853W |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
||
<ref name="worberg2009">{{citation | |
<ref name="worberg2009">{{citation |first1=Andreas |last1=Worberg |first2=Mac H. |last2=Alford |first3=Dietmar |last3=Quandt |first4=Thomas |last4=Borsch | year = 2009 | title = Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia | journal = Taxon | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 468–478 |doi=10.1002/tax.582012}}</ref> |
||
<ref name="apweb">{{citation |first=Peter F. |last=Stevens | date = 2001| url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html | title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website }}</ref> |
<ref name="apweb">{{citation |first=Peter F. |last=Stevens | date = 2001| url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html | title = Angiosperm Phylogeny Website }}</ref> |
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|doi=10.1007/s003440000027 |
|doi=10.1007/s003440000027 |
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|pmid=11038226 |
|pmid=11038226 |
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|s2cid= 12887261 |
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|hdl=11336/71779 |
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|hdl-access=free |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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*{{Commons category |
*{{Commons category-inline}} |
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{{Angiosperm orders}} |
{{Angiosperm orders}} |
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[[Category:Rosids| ]] |
[[Category:Rosids| ]] |
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[[Category:Superrosids]] |
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[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]] |
[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]] |
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[[Category:Plant unranked clades]] |
Latest revision as of 13:27, 6 April 2024
Rosids Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Various modern rosid species | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Superrosids |
Clade: | Rosids |
Orders[1] | |
The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species,[2] more than a quarter of all angiosperms.[3]
The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families.[4]
Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago.[5][6]
Today's broadleaved forests are dominated by rosid species, which in turn help with diversification in many other living lineages. Additionally, rosid herbs and shrubs are a significant part of arctic/alpine and temperate floras. The clade also includes some aquatic, desert and parasitic plants.[7]
Name[edit]
The name is based upon the name "Rosidae", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, Armen Takhtajan showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a group of plants published in 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling.[8] The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously delimited by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN. The rosids are monophyletic based upon evidence found by molecular phylogenetic analysis.[citation needed]
Three different definitions of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders Saxifragales and Vitales in the rosids.[9] Others excluded both of these orders.[10] The circumscription used in this article is that of the APG IV classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales.
Relationships[edit]
The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade.[2][10] This is one of three groups that comprise the Pentapetalae (core eudicots minus Gunnerales),[11] the others being Dilleniales and the superasterids (Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, Santalales, and asterids).[10]
Classification[edit]
The rosids consist of two groups: the order Vitales and the eurosids (true rosids). The eurosids, in turn, are divided into two groups: fabids (Fabidae, eurosids I) and malvids (Malvidae, eurosids II).[10]
Orders[edit]
The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are eight orders in fabids and eight orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized.[10] These are Vitales,[12] Zygophyllales,[13] Crossosomatales,[14] Picramniales,[15] and Huerteales.[16]
Phylogeny[edit]
The phylogeny of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[10]
The nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants (which have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils). Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however.[17]
References[edit]
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ^ a b Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D.; Brockington, Samuel F.; Alexandre, Roolse; Davis, Charles C.; Latvis, Maribeth; Manchester, Steven R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (10 March 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–8, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC 2644257, PMID 19223592
- ^ Scotland, Robert W.; Wortley, Alexandra H. (2003), "How many species of seed plants are there?", Taxon, 52 (1): 101–4, doi:10.2307/3647306, JSTOR 3647306
- ^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Peter K. Endress; Mark W. Chase (2005), Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms, Sunderland, Massachusetts, US: Sinauer, ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9
- ^ Davies, T.J.; Barraclough, T.G.; Chase, M.W.; Soltis, P.S.; Soltis, D.E.; Savolainen, V. (2004), "Darwin's abominable mystery: Insights from a supertree of the angiosperms", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101 (7): 1904–9, Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1904D, doi:10.1073/pnas.0308127100, PMC 357025, PMID 14766971
- ^ Magallón, Susana; Castillo, Amanda (2009), "Angiosperm diversification through time", American Journal of Botany, 96 (1): 349–365, doi:10.3732/ajb.0800060, PMID 21628193
- ^ Folk, Ryan A.; Sun, Miao; Soltis, Pamela S.; Smith, Stephen A.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Guralnick, Robert P. (March 2018). "Challenges of comprehensive taxon sampling in comparative biology: Wrestling with rosids". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 433–445. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1059. hdl:2027.42/143800. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 29665035.
- ^ Reveal, James L. (2008), "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants", Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome
- ^ Burleigh, J. Gordon; Hilu, Khidir W.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2009), "Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9 (1), File 7: 61, Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9...61B, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-61, PMC 2674047, PMID 19292928
- ^ a b c d e f Stevens, Peter F. (2001), Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
- ^ Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta" (PDF), Taxon, 56 (3): 822–846, doi:10.2307/25065865, JSTOR 25065865
- ^ Reveal, James L. (1995), "Newly required suprageneric names in vascular plants", Phytologia, 79 (2): 68–76 See p. 72
- ^ Chalk, L. (1983), "Wood structure", in Metcalfe, C.R.; Chalk, L. (eds.), Wood Structure and Conclusion of the General Introduction, Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, vol. II (2nd ed.), Clarendon Press, pp. 1-51 [1-2 by C. R. Melcalfe], ISBN 978-0-19-854559-0
- ^ Kubitzki, Klaus, ed. (2007), "Introduction to Crossosomatales", Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. IX, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-32219-1
- ^ Hutchinson, John (1979) [1973], The Families of Flowering Plants (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 9783874291606
- ^ Worberg, Andreas; Alford, Mac H.; Quandt, Dietmar; Borsch, Thomas (2009), "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia", Taxon, 58 (2): 468–478, doi:10.1002/tax.582012
- ^ Wall, L. (2000), "The actinorhizal symbiosis", Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation, 19 (2): 167–182, doi:10.1007/s003440000027, hdl:11336/71779, PMID 11038226, S2CID 12887261
External links[edit]
- Media related to Rosids at Wikimedia Commons