Skopska Crna Gora: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 42°11′24″N 21°26′24″E / 42.19000°N 21.44000°E / 42.19000; 21.44000
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{{short description|Mountain range in southeastern Europe}}
{{Short description|Mountain range in southeastern Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Distinguish|Montenegro}}
{{redirect|Crna Gora (mountain)|other uses|Crna Gora (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox mountain
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Skopska Crna Gora
| name = Skopska Crna Gora
| other_name = [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet| Serbian Cyrillic]]: Скопска Црна Гора, ''Skopska Crna Gora''<br />{{lang-sq|Mali i Zi i Shkupit / Malet e Karadakut}}<br />{{lang-tr|Karadağ|italics=no}}
| other_name = [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and {{lang-sr|Скопска Црна Гора}}, ''Skopska Crna Gora''<br />{{lang-sq|Mali i Zi i Shkupit / Malet e Karadakut}}<br />{{lang-tr|Karadağ|italics=no}}
| photo = Skopska Crna Gora-MKD.JPG
| photo = Skopska Crna Gora-MKD.JPG
| photo_caption =
| photo_caption =
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}}
}}
[[File:Karadaku.png|thumb|Skopska Crna Gora location]]
[[File:Karadaku.png|thumb|Skopska Crna Gora location]]
'''Skopska Crna Gora''' ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet| Serbian Cyrillic]]: Скопска Црна Гора, {{IPA-sh|skôpskaː tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra|pron}}; [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Malësia e Karadakut''), often called simply '''Crna Gora''' (Macedonian and Serbian Cyrillic: Црна Гора; Albanian: ''Mali i Zi''), is a mountain range and ethnographic region in [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} and [[Serbia]]. The highest peak is Ramno {{convert|1651|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Macedonia.<ref name="prosveta">{{cite book | title=Мала енциклопедија Просвета | publisher=Prosveta | year=1969 | location=Belgrade | pages=589|trans-title=Little Encyclopedia of Prosveta|language=Serbo-Croatian}}</ref> The largest town on the mountain is [[Kučevište]] in North Macedonia.<ref name="prosveta" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elsie |first1=Robert |title=Historical dictionary of Kosovo |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1 |page=152 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&dq=karadak&pg=PA152}}</ref>
'''Skopska Crna Gora''' or '''Karadak Mountains''' ([[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and {{lang-sr|Скопска Црна Гора}}, {{IPA-sh|skôpskaː tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra|pron}}; {{lang-sq|Malësia e Karadakut}}), often called simply '''Crna Gora''' (Macedonian and {{lang-sr|Црна Гора|link=no}}; {{lang-sq|Mali i Zi|link=no}}), is a mountain range and ethnographic region in [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]] and [[Serbia]]. The highest peak is Ramno {{convert|1651|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Macedonia.<ref name="prosveta">{{cite book | title=Мала енциклопедија Просвета | publisher=Prosveta | year=1969 | location=Belgrade | pages=589|trans-title=Little Encyclopedia of Prosveta|language=Serbo-Croatian}}</ref> The largest town on the mountain is [[Kučevište]] in North Macedonia.<ref name="prosveta" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elsie |first1=Robert |title=Historical dictionary of Kosovo |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1 |page=152 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&dq=karadak&pg=PA152}}</ref>


== Name ==
== Name ==
Skopska Crna Gora is also known as Karadak (from earlier {{lang-tr|Karadağ}} – "Black Mountain", Macedonian and Serbian: Карадаk, Albanian: ''Karadak''), which appeared after the Ottoman conquest of the region.<ref name=":0">С. Томић, Скопска Црна Гора, Српски етнолошки зборник 3, Београд 1905, 409—417.</ref>
Skopska Crna Gora is also known as '''Karadak''' (from earlier {{lang-tr|Karadağ}} – "Black Mountain"; [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and {{lang-sr|Карадаг}}; {{lang-sq|Karadak}}), which appeared after the Ottoman conquest of the region.<ref name=":0">С. Томић, Скопска Црна Гора, Српски етнолошки зборник 3, Београд 1905, 409—417.</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:Kalaja e Pogragjës.JPG|thumb|[[Pogragja Castle]] ([[Gjilan]]), in the northernmost point of the Skopska Crna Gora region]]
[[File:Kalaja e Pogragjës.JPG|thumb|[[Pogragja Castle]] ([[Gjilan]]), in the northernmost point of the Skopska Crna Gora region]]
Skopska Crna Gora extends from the [[Kaçanik Gorge]] to the west - to {{ill|Preševska Moravica|sr|Preševska Moravica}} and the [[Končulj|Gorge of Končulj]] in the east. In the north, it stretches from [[Binačka Morava]] to [[Aračinovo Municipality|Aračinovo]] in the south. The relief structure is fragmented due to the rivers of the region which descend from high points and carry eroded material. Additionally, the geological composition of the region is complicated as there are new sediments in the west, [[Mesozoic]] layers in the middle and old [[Palaeozoic]] layers in the east. The most important rivers are Letnica, Golemareka, Karadak, Pasjani, Lashtica, and Llapushnica. 31% of the region consists of arable land, whereas 11% consists of pastures and meadows. Due to the lack of nutrition available, the keeping of livestock is limited. Skopska Crna Gora consists of high mountain peaks ranging from 700-1,650m. The mountains covers around {{cvt|389|km2|0}} and consist of around 50,000 inhabitants, with a density of about 120 per km.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramadani |first1=Nijazi |title=Shtegtime ne histori (Monografia për kokajt 1842-2012) |date=23 February 2014 |pages=1–2}}</ref>
Skopska Crna Gora extends from the [[Kaçanik Gorge]] to the west - to {{ill|Preševska Moravica|sr|Preševska Moravica}} and the [[Končulj|Gorge of Končulj]] in the east. In the north, it stretches from [[Binačka Morava]] to [[Aračinovo Municipality|Aračinovo]] in the south. The relief structure is fragmented due to the rivers of the region which descend from high points and carry eroded material. Additionally, the geological composition of the region is complicated as there are new sediments in the west, [[Mesozoic]] layers in the middle and old [[Palaeozoic]] layers in the east. The most important rivers are Letnica, Golemareka, Karadak, Pasjani, Lashtica, and Llapushnica. 31% of the region consists of arable land, whereas 11% consists of pastures and meadows. Due to the lack of nutrition available, the keeping of livestock is limited. Skopska Crna Gora consists of high mountain peaks ranging from 700–1,650m. The mountains covers around {{cvt|389|km2|0}} and consist of around 50,000 inhabitants, with a density of about 120 per km.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramadani |first1=Nijazi |title=Shtegtime ne histori (Monografia për kokajt 1842-2012) |date=23 February 2014 |pages=1–2}}</ref>


Municipalities that lie in the region include:
Municipalities that lie in the region include:


'''Kosovo{{ref label|status|a|}}:'''
'''Kosovo:'''


[[Kaçanik]], [[Viti, Kosovo|Viti]], [[Hani i Elezit|Elez Han]], [[Gjilan]], [[Ranilug]], [[Parteš]], [[Klokot]]
[[Kaçanik]], [[Viti, Kosovo|Viti]], [[Hani i Elezit|Elez Han]], [[Gjilan]], [[Ranilug]], [[Parteš]], [[Klokot]]
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During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lauer |first1=Reinhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsvmBQAAQBAJ&dq=skopska+crna+gora&pg=PA258 |title=Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa |last2=Majer |first2=Hans Georg |date=2013-12-12 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-026059-5 |language=de}}</ref> The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a [[Nahiyah|''nahiya'']] by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a ''[[Kaza]]'' and was named Karadak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexhat Cocaj |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bz1NpApIa1A6VkdaN1ZOb282UjQ/view?resourcekey=0-c3Tsp9j5wRUl2xRxxvA2VQ&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> In this period many [[Albanian tribes|Albanian Clans]] (''vllazni)'' settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the [[Berisha (tribe)|Berisha tribe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/berisha-djepi-iliro-arbnor-i-alpeve-shqiptare/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Gazeta Dita |language=en-US}}</ref> while descendants of the [[Krasniqi|Krasniqi tribe]] settled in the villages of [[Gošince]], [[Slupčane]], [[Alaševce]] and [[Runica]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLNOAQAAIAAJ |title=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka |year=1965 |volume=26 |page=199 |quote=Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.}}</ref> There are also members of the [[Mirdita]] and [[Sopa (tribe)|Sopi]] tribes which settled in the region.
During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lauer |first1=Reinhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsvmBQAAQBAJ&dq=skopska+crna+gora&pg=PA258 |title=Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa |last2=Majer |first2=Hans Georg |date=2013-12-12 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-026059-5 |language=de}}</ref> The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a [[Nahiyah|''nahiya'']] by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a ''[[Kaza]]'' and was named Karadak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexhat Cocaj |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bz1NpApIa1A6VkdaN1ZOb282UjQ/view?resourcekey=0-c3Tsp9j5wRUl2xRxxvA2VQ&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> In this period many [[Albanian tribes|Albanian Clans]] (''vllazni)'' settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the [[Berisha (tribe)|Berisha tribe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/berisha-djepi-iliro-arbnor-i-alpeve-shqiptare/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Gazeta Dita |language=en-US}}</ref> while descendants of the [[Krasniqi|Krasniqi tribe]] settled in the villages of [[Gošince]], [[Slupčane]], [[Alaševce]] and [[Runica]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLNOAQAAIAAJ |title=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka |year=1965 |volume=26 |page=199 |quote=Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.}}</ref> There are also members of the [[Mirdita]] and [[Sopa (tribe)|Sopi]] tribes which settled in the region.


The Ottoman [[defter]] recorded statistics for the Kaza of Karadak in 1831. There were 4,282 males, of which 2,722 were Muslims, 1452 Christians, and 108 [[Romani people|Roma]] gypsies. The general population is therefore estimated to have consisted of 8,564 people, including 5,444 Muslim Albanians, 2,904 Christians (mainly Albanians and Bulgarians) and 216 Roma gypsies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prifti |first1=Kristaq |title=The Population of the Kaza of Shkup according to the Ottoman Registration of the Year 1831 |journal=Studime Historike |date=2005 |issue=3–04 |page=36 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=147124}}</ref>
⚫
Following [[Tanzimat]] reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and [[Šar Mountains|Šar]], led by [[Dervish Cara]], [[Uprising of Dervish Cara|revolted]] in [[Aračinovo]].<ref>La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 {{ISBN|3-03911-320-8}}, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-320-0}} p.174</ref> In January 1844 the rebels captured [[Gostivar]] and [[Tetovo]]. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of [[Skopje]], [[Kumanovo]], [[Preševo]], [[Bujanovac]], [[Vranje]] and [[Leskovac]].<ref name="Albanische Geschichte p. 168">Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 {{ISBN|3-486-58980-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58980-1}} p. 168</ref> A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created The revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.


⚫
Following [[Tanzimat]] reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and [[Šar Mountains|Šar]], led by [[Dervish Cara]], [[Uprising of Dervish Cara|revolted]] in [[Aračinovo]].<ref>La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 {{ISBN|3-03911-320-8}}, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-320-0}} p.174</ref> In January 1844 the rebels captured [[Gostivar]] and [[Tetovo]]. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of [[Skopje]], [[Kumanovo]], [[Preševo]], [[Bujanovac]], [[Vranje]] and [[Leskovac]].<ref name="Albanische Geschichte p. 168">Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 {{ISBN|3-486-58980-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58980-1}} p. 168</ref> A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created, but the revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.
⚫
During the mid 1800's, Catholic Albanians were [[Expulsion of Karadak|expelled]] by Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kott |first1=Marilyn |title=Catholic Kosovo: A Visitor's Guide to Her People, Churches, Historical Sites, and Her 1,900 Year Journey |date=2016 |isbn=9781483435213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeFVCgAAQBAJ&q=the+Martyrs+of+Karadak&pg=PT97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT |url=http://www.drita.info/2016/03/14/ne-stubllavaqe-gjurmeve-te-martireve-te-karadakut/ |website=www.drita.info |language=en |date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

⚫
During the mid-1800s, Catholic Albanians were [[Expulsion of Karadak|expelled]] by Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT |url=http://www.drita.info/2016/03/14/ne-stubllavaqe-gjurmeve-te-martireve-te-karadakut/ |website=www.drita.info |language=en |date=14 March 2016}}</ref>


During the [[Albanian revolt of 1910]], Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of [[Idriz Seferi]] rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the [[Battle of Kaçanik Pass|Battle of Kaçanik]].<ref name="Elsie-403">Elsie 2012, p. 403</ref><ref name="Gawrych177">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=177.}}</ref> In 1912, the Albanians [[Albanian revolt of 1912|rebelled]] again and managed to capture [[Skopje]].<ref name="Pearsons-24">Pearsons 2004, p. 24</ref><ref name="Skendi436">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=436.}}</ref>
During the [[Albanian revolt of 1910]], Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of [[Idriz Seferi]] rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the [[Battle of Kaçanik Pass|Battle of Kaçanik]].<ref name="Elsie-403">Elsie 2012, p. 403</ref><ref name="Gawrych177">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=177.}}</ref> In 1912, the Albanians [[Albanian revolt of 1912|rebelled]] again and managed to capture [[Skopje]].<ref name="Pearsons-24">Pearsons 2004, p. 24</ref><ref name="Skendi436">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=436.}}</ref>

Fighters from Skopska Crna Gora played a vital role during the struggle for Albanian independence.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDC5AAAAIAAJ&q=Karadak |title=The Kosova Issue--a Historic and Current Problem: Symposium Held in Tirana on April 15-16, 1993 |date=1996 |publisher=Eurorilindja |language=en}}</ref>


=== Modern history ===
=== Modern history ===
The region became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] after the [[First Balkan War]]. Following this the region became a battleground between the Serbian forces supported by [[Chetniks]] and [[Kachaks|Albanian Kachaks]] under [[Idriz Seferi]] and [[Ajet Sopi Bllata]] as well as the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Macedonian IMRO insurgents]].<ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/sq/a/a9/Monografia-komplet-te-gjitha-kapitujt-nga-I--deri-IX.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2022}}</ref><ref name="Trotsky-117">Trotsky 1980, p. 117</ref> The region was [[Bulgaria during World War I|occupied]] by the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] during the [[World War I|First World War]] and became part of the newly established [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] after it ended.
The region became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] after the [[First Balkan War]]. Following this the region became a battleground between the Serbian forces supported by [[Chetniks]] and [[Kachaks|Albanian Kachaks]] under [[Idriz Seferi]] and [[Ajet Sopi Bllata]] as well as the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Macedonian IMRO insurgents]].<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/sq/a/a9/Monografia-komplet-te-gjitha-kapitujt-nga-I--deri-IX.pdf Monografia] wikimedia.org</ref><ref name="Trotsky-117">Trotsky 1980, p. 117</ref> The region was [[Bulgaria during World War I|occupied]] by the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] during the [[World War I|First World War]] and became part of the newly established [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] after it ended.


During the [[Interwar period]] many Serb colonizers setteled in the region<ref name="Clark10">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&pg=PA10 |title=Civil resistance in Kosovo |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780745315690 |pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Qirezi54">{{harvnb|Qirezi|2017|p=54}}</ref>
During the [[Interwar period]] many Serb colonizers setteled in the region<ref name="Clark10">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&pg=PA10 |title=Civil resistance in Kosovo |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780745315690 |pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Qirezi54">{{harvnb|Qirezi|2017|p=54}}</ref>
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After the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941 the region was given to the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]], which resulted in [[Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941-1951)|Albanian resistance]] led by [[Mulla Idriz Gjilani]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&dq=Idriz+Gjilani&pg=PA172|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|last=Elsie|first=Robert|publisher=I.B.Tauris|language=en|year=2013|isbn=9781780764313|location=Londër|pages=172}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&dq=mulla+idriz+gjilani&pg=PA115 |title=Historical Dictionary of Kosovo |date=2010-11-15 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)|Karadak Uprising]] was later mostly quelled by [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav partisan forces]] after the [[Stratsin–Kumanovo operation|Stratsin–Kumanovo]] and [[Kosovo Operation (1944)|Kosovo Operation]], but low intense fighting under the command of Hasan Ali Remniku continued until 1951.
After the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941 the region was given to the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]], which resulted in [[Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941-1951)|Albanian resistance]] led by [[Mulla Idriz Gjilani]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&dq=Idriz+Gjilani&pg=PA172|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|last=Elsie|first=Robert|publisher=I.B.Tauris|language=en|year=2013|isbn=9781780764313|location=Londër|pages=172}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC&dq=mulla+idriz+gjilani&pg=PA115 |title=Historical Dictionary of Kosovo |date=2010-11-15 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Karadak-Gollak Uprising (1941–1951)|Karadak Uprising]] was later mostly quelled by [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and the [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav partisan forces]] after the [[Stratsin–Kumanovo operation|Stratsin–Kumanovo]] and [[Kosovo Operation (1944)|Kosovo Operation]], but low intense fighting under the command of Hasan Ali Remniku continued until 1951.


During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Serb seperatists supported by the [[Serbia and Montenegro|FR Yugoslavia]] sought to create a Serbian breakaway State named "Karadak republic" in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6zjXcqpla0C&dq=karadag+republic&pg=PA52 |title=Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10268-0 |language=en}}</ref>
During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], Serb separatists supported by the [[Serbia and Montenegro|FR Yugoslavia]] sought to create a Serbian breakaway State named "Karadak republic" in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6zjXcqpla0C&dq=karadag+republic&pg=PA52 |title=Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10268-0 |language=en}}</ref>


From 1998 to 1999, during the [[Kosovo War]] the "Karadak Operational Zone" of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] (which also included large parts of the [[Kosovo Pomoravlje|Anamorava]] Region) remained inactive, thus the region saw less fighting than other parts of Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schnabel |first1=Albrecht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq4AAAAIAAJ |title=Understanding and Managing Insurgent Movements |last2=Gunaratna |first2=Rohan |date=2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Academic |isbn=978-981-210-429-8 |language=en}}</ref> But from 1999 to 2001, during the [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|Insurgency in the Presevo Valley]] and the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|Insurgency in Macedonia]] the Serbian and Macedonian parts of the region became major strongholds of the Albanian separatist organizations [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]] and [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|LAPMB]] and a stronghold of [[Albanian nationalism]], thus the region saw many armed conflicts against the security forces of [[FR Yugoslavia]] and the [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]] such as [[Battle of Dobrosin|Dobrosin 1]], [[Attacks near Dobrosin|Dobrosin 2]], [[Battle of Oraovica|Oraovica]], [[Ambush near Tanuševci|Tanuševci 1]], [[Tanuševci operation|Tanuševci 2]], [[Ljuboten ambush|Ljuboten]], [[Aračinovo crisis|Aračinovo]], [[Vaksince offensive|Vaksince 1]], [[Operation Vaksince|Vaksince 2]], [[Operation MH-1]], [[Operation MH-2]]. Low intensity skirmishes continued in these parts of the region such as the [[Gošince attack]] and [[2015 Kumanovo clashes|Kumanovo attack]] in 2015.
From 1998 to 1999, during the [[Kosovo War]] the "Karadak Operational Zone" of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] (which also included large parts of the [[Kosovo Pomoravlje|Anamorava]] Region) remained inactive, thus the region saw less fighting than other parts of Kosovo.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schnabel |first1=Albrecht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq4AAAAIAAJ |title=Understanding and Managing Insurgent Movements |last2=Gunaratna |first2=Rohan |date=2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Academic |isbn=978-981-210-429-8 |language=en}}</ref> But from 1999 to 2001, during the [[Insurgency in the Preševo Valley|Insurgency in the Presevo Valley]] and the [[2001 insurgency in Macedonia|Insurgency in Macedonia]] the Serbian and Macedonian parts of the region became major strongholds of the Albanian separatist organizations [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]] and [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|LAPMB]].


==Culture==
==Culture==
The [[Albanians]] of Karadak have a dialect of their own, which in itself is a north-eastern extremity of central [[Gheg Albanian]]. The dialect borders on the verge of north-eastern Gheg Albanian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamiti |first1=Asllan |title=THE SPECIALTY OF PHONETIC-PHONOLOGY IN THE SPOKEN OF KARADAK, SHKUP |journal=Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca |date=2011 |volume=4 |page=672 |url=http://alpa.mali-it.eu/pub/aktet/v4/aktetv4nr4.pdf}}</ref>
The [[Albanians]] of Skopska Crna Gora have a dialect of their own, which in itself is a north-eastern extremity of central [[Gheg Albanian]]. The dialect borders on the verge of north-eastern Gheg Albanian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamiti |first1=Asllan |title=THE SPECIALTY OF PHONETIC-PHONOLOGY IN THE SPOKEN OF KARADAK, SHKUP |journal=Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca |date=2011 |volume=4 |page=672 |url=http://alpa.mali-it.eu/pub/aktet/v4/aktetv4nr4.pdf}}</ref>

⚫
The [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian population]] of the region speaks the [[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]] of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]].

The oldest Albanian school in Kosovo, which was build in 1584, is located in the region, more specifically in [[Stublla e Epërme|Stubëll]] near [[Viti, Kosovo|Vitia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Kjo është shkolla e parë shqipe në Kosovë |url=https://www.albinfo.ch/kjo-eshte-shkolla-e-pare-shqipe-ne-kosove/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Albinfo}}</ref>


⚫
The [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] and [[Serbs|Serbian]] populations of the region speak the [[Skopska Crna Gora dialect]], a subdialect of [[Torlakian dialects|Torlakian]].
The oldest Mosque in the Balkans, build in 890 is located on the foothills of the Mountains, near the village [[Tabanovce]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-04 |title=Xhamia e Tabanovcit/ Xhamia më e vjetër në Ballkan e ndërtuar nga tregtarët Arab |url=https://mexhlis.com/2020/12/04/xhamia-e-tabanovcit-xhamia-me-e-vjeter-ne-ballkan-e-ndertuar-nga-tregtaret-arab/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=mexhlis.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 93: Line 90:
*[[Agim Ramadani]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Agim Ramadani]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Njazi Azemi]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UÇPMB]]
*[[Njazi Azemi]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UÇPMB]]
*[[Arben Ramadani]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UÇPMB]]
*[[Ismet Jashari]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Ismet Jashari]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Xhezair Shaqiri]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Xhezair Shaqiri]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Beqir Sadiku]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] and [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Nazmi Sulejmani]], Albanian commander of the [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Kadri Breza]], Albanian freedom fighter
*[[Kadri Breza]], Albanian freedom fighter
*[[Rashit Mustafa]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Rashit Mustafa]], Albanian commander of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Jonuz Zejnullahu]], Albanian [[Imam]] and soldier of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] known for blowing himself up during the [[Battle of Koshare]]
*[[Jonuz Zejnullahu]], Albanian [[Imam]] and soldier of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] known for blowing himself up during the [[Battle of Koshare]]
*[[Jusuf Baftjari]], Albanian [[Mullah]] and [[Balli Kombëtar|Ballist]] commander
*[[Jakup Asipi]], Albanian [[Mullah]] and commander of the [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Jakup Asipi]], Albanian [[Mullah]] and commander of the [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Lutfi Haziri]], Political Leader of the "ZO Karadak" of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Lutfi Haziri]], Political Leader of the "ZO Karadak" of the [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]]
*[[Sulë Hotla]], Albanian [[Balli Kombëtar|Ballist]] commander
*[[Sulë Hotla]], Albanian [[Balli Kombëtar|Ballist]] commander
*[[Avdil Jakupi]], Albanian commander of the [[Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac|UÇPMB]] and [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)|NLA]]
*[[Xhemail Rexhepi]], Albanian commander of the NLA in Macedonia 2001
*[[Lavdrim Muhaxheri]], Albanian ISIL commander
*[[Lavdrim Muhaxheri]], Albanian ISIL commander
*[[Toma Raspasani]], Albanian Catholic [[Vicar|priest]] and freedom fighter
*[[Toma Raspasani]], Albanian Catholic [[Vicar|priest]] and freedom fighter
*[[Arif Hiqmeti]] Commander during the [[Peasant Revolt in Albania|Islamic Revolt in Albania]]
*[[Arif Hiqmeti]] Commander during the [[Peasant Revolt in Albania|Islamic Revolt in Albania]]
*Halit Ibrahim Popofci, Albanian rebel who killed [[Grigoriy Shcherbina]]
*[[Johan Tarčulovski]], soldier and politician
*[[Johan Tarčulovski]], soldier and politician
*[[Triumf Riza]], Albanian policeman
*[[Triumf Riza]], Albanian policeman
*[[Daut Dauti]], Albanian lawyer and journalist
*[[Shemsi Beqiri]], Albanian [[Kickboxing|kickboxer]] and World champion
*[[Shemsi Beqiri]], Albanian [[Kickboxing|kickboxer]] and World champion
*[[Petar Mandzhukov]], revolutionary and anarchist
*[[Petar Mandzhukov]], revolutionary and anarchist
Line 113: Line 116:
*[[Marko Sopi]], Albanian Catholic [[prelate]]
*[[Marko Sopi]], Albanian Catholic [[prelate]]
*[[Ali Aliu]], Albanian activist
*[[Ali Aliu]], Albanian activist
*[[Limon Staneci]], Albanian politician and journalist
*[[Limon Staneci]], Albanian politician, journalist and Military leader of [[Balli Kombëtar]]
*[[Xherdan Shaqiri]], Swiss footballer of Albanian origin
*[[Xherdan Shaqiri]], Swiss footballer of Albanian origin
*[[Nijazi Ramadani]], Albanian poet
*[[Nijazi Ramadani]], Albanian poet
*[[Shaban Sejdiu]], Macedonian-Albanian wrestler
*[[Shaban Sejdiu]], Macedonian-Albanian wrestler
*[[Shqiprim Arifi]], Mayor of Preševo{{div col end}}
*[[Shqiprim Arifi]], Mayor of Preševo
*[[:sq:Beqir Musliu|Beqir Musliu]], Albanian poet{{div col end}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 124: Line 128:
*[[Gollak]]
*[[Gollak]]


==References and notes==
==References==
{{reflist}}
;Notes
{{note|status|a}}{{Kosovo-note}}
;References
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 21:54, 10 April 2024

"Crna Gora (mountain)" redirects here. For other uses, see Crna Gora (disambiguation).
Skopska Crna Gora
Macedonian and Serbian: Скопска Црна Гора, Skopska Crna Gora
Albanian: Mali i Zi i Shkupit / Malet e Karadakut
Turkish: Karadağ
Highest point
PeakRamno
Elevation1,651 m (5,417 ft)
Coordinates42°11′24″N 21°26′24″E / 42.19000°N 21.44000°E / 42.19000; 21.44000
Naming
Native nameСкопска Црна Гора (Macedonian)
Geography
Skopska Crna Gora is located in North Macedonia
Skopska Crna Gora
Skopska Crna Gora
Location of the mountain within North Macedonia
LocationNorth Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia
Skopska Crna Gora location

Skopska Crna Gora or Karadak Mountains (Macedonian and Serbian: Скопска Црна Гора, pronounced [skôpskaː tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra]; Albanian: Malësia e Karadakut), often called simply Crna Gora (Macedonian and Serbian: Црна Гора; Albanian: Mali i Zi), is a mountain range and ethnographic region in North Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia. The highest peak is Ramno 1,651 m (5,417 ft) in Macedonia.[1] The largest town on the mountain is Kučevište in North Macedonia.[1][2]

Name[edit]

Skopska Crna Gora is also known as Karadak (from earlier Turkish: Karadağ – "Black Mountain"; Macedonian and Serbian: Карадаг; Albanian: Karadak), which appeared after the Ottoman conquest of the region.[3]

Geography[edit]

Pogragja Castle (Gjilan), in the northernmost point of the Skopska Crna Gora region

Skopska Crna Gora extends from the Kaçanik Gorge to the west - to Preševska Moravica [sr] and the Gorge of Končulj in the east. In the north, it stretches from Binačka Morava to Aračinovo in the south. The relief structure is fragmented due to the rivers of the region which descend from high points and carry eroded material. Additionally, the geological composition of the region is complicated as there are new sediments in the west, Mesozoic layers in the middle and old Palaeozoic layers in the east. The most important rivers are Letnica, Golemareka, Karadak, Pasjani, Lashtica, and Llapushnica. 31% of the region consists of arable land, whereas 11% consists of pastures and meadows. Due to the lack of nutrition available, the keeping of livestock is limited. Skopska Crna Gora consists of high mountain peaks ranging from 700–1,650m. The mountains covers around 389 km2 (150 sq mi) and consist of around 50,000 inhabitants, with a density of about 120 per km.[4]

Municipalities that lie in the region include:

Kosovo:

Kaçanik, Viti, Elez Han, Gjilan, Ranilug, Parteš, Klokot

Serbia:

Bujanovac, Preševo

North Macedonia:

Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Butel, Gazi Baba

History[edit]

Middle Ages[edit]

It is not known since when this area is called by its current name, however it was first mentioned in the 13th century when the Tsar Konstantin Tih left the villages in his endowment. The name was mentioned again in 1300, in the charter of King Milutin in the Church of Saint George in Skopje. After the Ottoman conquest of Skopje, the name was translated into Kara-Dag, which is used until this day.[3]

Ottoman Times[edit]

During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.[5] The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a nahiya by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a Kaza and was named Karadak.[6] In this period many Albanian Clans (vllazni) settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the Berisha tribe,[7] while descendants of the Krasniqi tribe settled in the villages of Gošince, Slupčane, Alaševce and Runica.[8] There are also members of the Mirdita and Sopi tribes which settled in the region.

The Ottoman defter recorded statistics for the Kaza of Karadak in 1831. There were 4,282 males, of which 2,722 were Muslims, 1452 Christians, and 108 Roma gypsies. The general population is therefore estimated to have consisted of 8,564 people, including 5,444 Muslim Albanians, 2,904 Christians (mainly Albanians and Bulgarians) and 216 Roma gypsies.[9]

Following Tanzimat reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and Šar, led by Dervish Cara, revolted in Aračinovo.[10] In January 1844 the rebels captured Gostivar and Tetovo. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of Skopje, Kumanovo, Preševo, Bujanovac, Vranje and Leskovac.[11] A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created, but the revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.

During the mid-1800s, Catholic Albanians were expelled by Ottoman authorities.[12]

During the Albanian revolt of 1910, Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of Idriz Seferi rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the Battle of Kaçanik.[13][14] In 1912, the Albanians rebelled again and managed to capture Skopje.[15][16]

Modern history[edit]

The region became part of the Kingdom of Serbia after the First Balkan War. Following this the region became a battleground between the Serbian forces supported by Chetniks and Albanian Kachaks under Idriz Seferi and Ajet Sopi Bllata as well as the Macedonian IMRO insurgents.[17][18] The region was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the First World War and became part of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after it ended.

During the Interwar period many Serb colonizers setteled in the region[19][20]

After the Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 the region was given to the Kingdom of Bulgaria, which resulted in Albanian resistance led by Mulla Idriz Gjilani.[21][22] The Karadak Uprising was later mostly quelled by Bulgaria and the Yugoslav partisan forces after the Stratsin–Kumanovo and Kosovo Operation, but low intense fighting under the command of Hasan Ali Remniku continued until 1951.

During the Yugoslav Wars, Serb separatists supported by the FR Yugoslavia sought to create a Serbian breakaway State named "Karadak republic" in the region.[23]

From 1998 to 1999, during the Kosovo War the "Karadak Operational Zone" of the KLA (which also included large parts of the Anamorava Region) remained inactive, thus the region saw less fighting than other parts of Kosovo.[24] But from 1999 to 2001, during the Insurgency in the Presevo Valley and the Insurgency in Macedonia the Serbian and Macedonian parts of the region became major strongholds of the Albanian separatist organizations NLA and LAPMB.

Culture[edit]

The Albanians of Skopska Crna Gora have a dialect of their own, which in itself is a north-eastern extremity of central Gheg Albanian. The dialect borders on the verge of north-eastern Gheg Albanian.[25]

The Macedonian and Serbian populations of the region speak the Skopska Crna Gora dialect, a subdialect of Torlakian.

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Мала енциклопедија Просвета [Little Encyclopedia of Prosveta] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Prosveta. 1969. p. 589.
  2. ^ Elsie, Robert (2011). Historical dictionary of Kosovo (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
  3. ^ a b С. Томић, Скопска Црна Гора, Српски етнолошки зборник 3, Београд 1905, 409—417.
  4. ^ Ramadani, Nijazi (23 February 2014). Shtegtime ne histori (Monografia për kokajt 1842-2012). pp. 1–2.
  5. ^ Lauer, Reinhard; Majer, Hans Georg (12 December 2013). Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-026059-5.
  6. ^ "Nexhat Cocaj". Google Docs. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare". Gazeta Dita. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  8. ^ Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka. Vol. 26. 1965. p. 199. Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.
  9. ^ Prifti, Kristaq (2005). "The Population of the Kaza of Shkup according to the Ottoman Registration of the Year 1831". Studime Historike (3–04): 36.
  10. ^ La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 ISBN 3-03911-320-8, ISBN 978-3-03911-320-0 p.174
  11. ^ Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 ISBN 3-486-58980-6, ISBN 978-3-486-58980-1 p. 168
  12. ^ "NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT". www.drita.info. 14 March 2016.
  13. ^ Elsie 2012, p. 403
  14. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 177.
  15. ^ Pearsons 2004, p. 24
  16. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 436.
  17. ^ Monografia wikimedia.org
  18. ^ Trotsky 1980, p. 117
  19. ^ Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780745315690.
  20. ^ Qirezi 2017, p. 54
  21. ^ Elsie, Robert (2013). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. Londër: I.B.Tauris. p. 172. ISBN 9781780764313.
  22. ^ Elsie, Robert (15 November 2010). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
  23. ^ Phillips, John (1 January 2004). Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10268-0.
  24. ^ Schnabel, Albrecht; Gunaratna, Rohan (2006). Understanding and Managing Insurgent Movements. Marshall Cavendish Academic. ISBN 978-981-210-429-8.
  25. ^ Hamiti, Asllan (2011). "THE SPECIALTY OF PHONETIC-PHONOLOGY IN THE SPOKEN OF KARADAK, SHKUP" (PDF). Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca. 4: 672.

Sources[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skopska Crna Gora.
  • "Skopska Crna Gora", Srpski etnografski zbornik, VI, Belgrade, 1905
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