Skopska Crna Gora: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 42°11′24″N 21°26′24″E / 42.19000°N 21.44000°E / 42.19000; 21.44000
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During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lauer |first1=Reinhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsvmBQAAQBAJ&dq=skopska+crna+gora&pg=PA258 |title=Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa |last2=Majer |first2=Hans Georg |date=2013-12-12 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-026059-5 |language=de}}</ref> The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a [[Nahiyah|''nahiya'']] by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a ''[[Kaza]]'' and was named Karadak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexhat Cocaj |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bz1NpApIa1A6VkdaN1ZOb282UjQ/view?resourcekey=0-c3Tsp9j5wRUl2xRxxvA2VQ&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> In this period many [[Albanian tribes|Albanian Clans]] (''vllazni)'' settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the [[Berisha (tribe)|Berisha tribe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/berisha-djepi-iliro-arbnor-i-alpeve-shqiptare/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Gazeta Dita |language=en-US}}</ref> while descendants of the [[Krasniqi|Krasniqi tribe]] settled in the villages of [[Gošince]], [[Slupčane]], [[Alaševce]] and [[Runica]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLNOAQAAIAAJ |title=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka |year=1965 |volume=26 |page=199 |quote=Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.}}</ref> There are also members of the [[Mirdita]] and [[Sopa (tribe)|Sopi]] tribes which settled in the region.
During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lauer |first1=Reinhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsvmBQAAQBAJ&dq=skopska+crna+gora&pg=PA258 |title=Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa |last2=Majer |first2=Hans Georg |date=2013-12-12 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-026059-5 |language=de}}</ref> The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a [[Nahiyah|''nahiya'']] by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a ''[[Kaza]]'' and was named Karadak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexhat Cocaj |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bz1NpApIa1A6VkdaN1ZOb282UjQ/view?resourcekey=0-c3Tsp9j5wRUl2xRxxvA2VQ&usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> In this period many [[Albanian tribes|Albanian Clans]] (''vllazni)'' settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the [[Berisha (tribe)|Berisha tribe]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare |url=http://www.gazetadita.al/berisha-djepi-iliro-arbnor-i-alpeve-shqiptare/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Gazeta Dita |language=en-US}}</ref> while descendants of the [[Krasniqi|Krasniqi tribe]] settled in the villages of [[Gošince]], [[Slupčane]], [[Alaševce]] and [[Runica]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLNOAQAAIAAJ |title=Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka |year=1965 |volume=26 |page=199 |quote=Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.}}</ref> There are also members of the [[Mirdita]] and [[Sopa (tribe)|Sopi]] tribes which settled in the region.


The Ottoman [[defter]] recorded statistics for the Kaza of Karadak in 1831. There were 4,282 males, of which 2,722 were Muslims, 1452 Christians, and 108 [[Romani people|Roma]] gypsies. The general population is therefore estimated to have consisted of 8,564 people, including 5,444 Muslim Albanians, 2,904 Christians (mainly Catholic Albanians and Bulgarians) and 216 Roma gypsies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prifti |first1=Kristaq |title=The Population of the Kaza of Shkup according to the Ottoman Registration of the Year 1831 |journal=Studime Historike |date=2005 |issue=03-04 |page=36 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=147124}}</ref>
The Ottoman [[defter]] recorded statistics for the Kaza of Karadak in 1831. There were 4,282 males, of which 2,722 were Muslims, 1452 Christians, and 108 [[Romani people|Roma]] gypsies. The general population is therefore estimated to have consisted of 8,564 people, including 5,444 Muslim Albanians, 2,904 Christians (mainly Catholic Albanians and Bulgarians) and 216 Roma gypsies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prifti |first1=Kristaq |title=The Population of the Kaza of Shkup according to the Ottoman Registration of the Year 1831 |journal=Studime Historike |date=2005 |issue=3–04 |page=36 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=147124}}</ref>


Following [[Tanzimat]] reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and [[Šar Mountains|Šar]], led by [[Dervish Cara]], [[Uprising of Dervish Cara|revolted]] in [[Aračinovo]].<ref>La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 {{ISBN|3-03911-320-8}}, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-320-0}} p.174</ref> In January 1844 the rebels captured [[Gostivar]] and [[Tetovo]]. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of [[Skopje]], [[Kumanovo]], [[Preševo]], [[Bujanovac]], [[Vranje]] and [[Leskovac]].<ref name="Albanische Geschichte p. 168">Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 {{ISBN|3-486-58980-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58980-1}} p. 168</ref> A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created, but the revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.
Following [[Tanzimat]] reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and [[Šar Mountains|Šar]], led by [[Dervish Cara]], [[Uprising of Dervish Cara|revolted]] in [[Aračinovo]].<ref>La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 {{ISBN|3-03911-320-8}}, {{ISBN|978-3-03911-320-0}} p.174</ref> In January 1844 the rebels captured [[Gostivar]] and [[Tetovo]]. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of [[Skopje]], [[Kumanovo]], [[Preševo]], [[Bujanovac]], [[Vranje]] and [[Leskovac]].<ref name="Albanische Geschichte p. 168">Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 {{ISBN|3-486-58980-6}}, {{ISBN|978-3-486-58980-1}} p. 168</ref> A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created, but the revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.


During the mid-1800s, Catholic Albanians were [[Expulsion of Karadak|expelled]] by Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kott |first1=Marilyn |title=Catholic Kosovo: A Visitor's Guide to Her People, Churches, Historical Sites, and Her 1,900 Year Journey |date=2016 |isbn=9781483435213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeFVCgAAQBAJ&q=the+Martyrs+of+Karadak&pg=PT97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT |url=http://www.drita.info/2016/03/14/ne-stubllavaqe-gjurmeve-te-martireve-te-karadakut/ |website=www.drita.info |language=en |date=14 March 2016}}</ref>
During the mid-1800s, Catholic Albanians were [[Expulsion of Karadak|expelled]] by Ottoman authorities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kott |first1=Marilyn |title=Catholic Kosovo: A Visitor's Guide to Her People, Churches, Historical Sites, and Her 1,900 Year Journey |date=2016 |publisher=Lulu Publishing Services |isbn=9781483435213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeFVCgAAQBAJ&q=the+Martyrs+of+Karadak&pg=PT97 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT |url=http://www.drita.info/2016/03/14/ne-stubllavaqe-gjurmeve-te-martireve-te-karadakut/ |website=www.drita.info |language=en |date=14 March 2016}}</ref>


During the [[Albanian revolt of 1910]], Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of [[Idriz Seferi]] rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the [[Battle of Kaçanik Pass|Battle of Kaçanik]].<ref name="Elsie-403">Elsie 2012, p. 403</ref><ref name="Gawrych177">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=177.}}</ref> In 1912, the Albanians [[Albanian revolt of 1912|rebelled]] again and managed to capture [[Skopje]].<ref name="Pearsons-24">Pearsons 2004, p. 24</ref><ref name="Skendi436">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=436.}}</ref>
During the [[Albanian revolt of 1910]], Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of [[Idriz Seferi]] rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the [[Battle of Kaçanik Pass|Battle of Kaçanik]].<ref name="Elsie-403">Elsie 2012, p. 403</ref><ref name="Gawrych177">{{harvnb|Gawrych|2006|p=177.}}</ref> In 1912, the Albanians [[Albanian revolt of 1912|rebelled]] again and managed to capture [[Skopje]].<ref name="Pearsons-24">Pearsons 2004, p. 24</ref><ref name="Skendi436">{{harvnb|Skendi|1967|p=436.}}</ref>

Revision as of 15:42, 19 September 2023

"Crna Gora (mountain)" redirects here. For other uses, see Crna Gora (disambiguation).
Skopska Crna Gora
Macedonian and Serbian: Скопска Црна Гора, Skopska Crna Gora
Albanian: Mali i Zi i Shkupit / Malet e Karadakut
Turkish: Karadağ
Highest point
PeakRamno
Elevation1,651 m (5,417 ft)
Coordinates42°11′24″N 21°26′24″E / 42.19000°N 21.44000°E / 42.19000; 21.44000
Naming
Native nameСкопска Црна Гора (Macedonian)
Geography
Skopska Crna Gora is located in North Macedonia
Skopska Crna Gora
Skopska Crna Gora
Location of the mountain within North Macedonia
LocationNorth Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia
Skopska Crna Gora location

Skopska Crna Gora or Karadak Mountains (Macedonian and Serbian: Скопска Црна Гора, pronounced [skôpskaː tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra]; Albanian: Malësia e Karadakut), often called simply Crna Gora (Macedonian and Serbian: Црна Гора; Albanian: Mali i Zi), is a mountain range and ethnographic region in North Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia. The highest peak is Ramno 1,651 m (5,417 ft) in Macedonia.[1] The largest town on the mountain is Kučevište in North Macedonia.[1][2]

Name

Skopska Crna Gora is also known as Karadak (from earlier Turkish: Karadağ – "Black Mountain"; Macedonian and Serbian: Карадаг; Albanian: Karadak), which appeared after the Ottoman conquest of the region.[3]

Geography

Pogragja Castle (Gjilan), in the northernmost point of the Skopska Crna Gora region

Skopska Crna Gora extends from the Kaçanik Gorge to the west - to Preševska Moravica [sr] and the Gorge of Končulj in the east. In the north, it stretches from Binačka Morava to Aračinovo in the south. The relief structure is fragmented due to the rivers of the region which descend from high points and carry eroded material. Additionally, the geological composition of the region is complicated as there are new sediments in the west, Mesozoic layers in the middle and old Palaeozoic layers in the east. The most important rivers are Letnica, Golemareka, Karadak, Pasjani, Lashtica, and Llapushnica. 31% of the region consists of arable land, whereas 11% consists of pastures and meadows. Due to the lack of nutrition available, the keeping of livestock is limited. Skopska Crna Gora consists of high mountain peaks ranging from 700–1,650m. The mountains covers around 389 km2 (150 sq mi) and consist of around 50,000 inhabitants, with a density of about 120 per km.[4]

Municipalities that lie in the region include:

Kosovo:

Kaçanik, Viti, Elez Han, Gjilan, Ranilug, Parteš, Klokot

Serbia:

Bujanovac, Preševo

North Macedonia:

Čučer-Sandevo, Lipkovo, Aračinovo, Butel, Gazi Baba

History

Middle Ages

It is not known since when this area is called by its current name, however it was first mentioned in the 13th century when the Tsar Konstantin Tih left the villages in his endowment. The name was mentioned again in 1300, in the charter of King Milutin in the Church of Saint George in Skopje. After the Ottoman conquest of Skopje, the name was translated into Kara-Dag, which is used until this day.[3]

Ottoman Times

During the Ottoman period the region remained out of the reach of the regular Ottoman civil administration.[5] The Kosovar part of the region was turned into a nahiya by the Ottomans and was named Karatonlu, while the Macedonian part was turned into a Kaza and was named Karadak.[6] In this period many Albanian Clans (vllazni) settled in the region, thus around 8-10% of the Albanian population belonged to the Berisha tribe,[7] while descendants of the Krasniqi tribe settled in the villages of Gošince, Slupčane, Alaševce and Runica.[8] There are also members of the Mirdita and Sopi tribes which settled in the region.

The Ottoman defter recorded statistics for the Kaza of Karadak in 1831. There were 4,282 males, of which 2,722 were Muslims, 1452 Christians, and 108 Roma gypsies. The general population is therefore estimated to have consisted of 8,564 people, including 5,444 Muslim Albanians, 2,904 Christians (mainly Catholic Albanians and Bulgarians) and 216 Roma gypsies.[9]

Following Tanzimat reforms in 1839 and the sacking of local pashas, Albanians from Skopska Crna Gora and Šar, led by Dervish Cara, revolted in Aračinovo.[10] In January 1844 the rebels captured Gostivar and Tetovo. In February 1844 the rebels attacked and captured the whole region, including the towns of Skopje, Kumanovo, Preševo, Bujanovac, Vranje and Leskovac.[11] A National Council led by Dervish Cara was created, but the revolt was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, led by Hayredin Pasha in the summer of 1844.

During the mid-1800s, Catholic Albanians were expelled by Ottoman authorities.[12][13]

During the Albanian revolt of 1910, Albanian fighters from Skopska Crna Gora under the command of Idriz Seferi rebelled against the Ottomans and managed to defeat them in the Battle of Kaçanik.[14][15] In 1912, the Albanians rebelled again and managed to capture Skopje.[16][17]

Modern history

The region became part of the Kingdom of Serbia after the First Balkan War. Following this the region became a battleground between the Serbian forces supported by Chetniks and Albanian Kachaks under Idriz Seferi and Ajet Sopi Bllata as well as the Macedonian IMRO insurgents.[18][19] The region was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria during the First World War and became part of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after it ended.

During the Interwar period many Serb colonizers setteled in the region[20][21]

After the Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941 the region was given to the Kingdom of Bulgaria, which resulted in Albanian resistance led by Mulla Idriz Gjilani.[22][23] The Karadak Uprising was later mostly quelled by Bulgaria and the Yugoslav partisan forces after the Stratsin–Kumanovo and Kosovo Operation, but low intense fighting under the command of Hasan Ali Remniku continued until 1951.

During the Yugoslav Wars, Serb separatists supported by the FR Yugoslavia sought to create a Serbian breakaway State named "Karadak republic" in the region.[24]

From 1998 to 1999, during the Kosovo War the "Karadak Operational Zone" of the KLA (which also included large parts of the Anamorava Region) remained inactive, thus the region saw less fighting than other parts of Kosovo.[25] But from 1999 to 2001, during the Insurgency in the Presevo Valley and the Insurgency in Macedonia the Serbian and Macedonian parts of the region became major strongholds of the Albanian separatist organizations NLA and LAPMB.

Culture

The Albanians of Skopska Crna Gora have a dialect of their own, which in itself is a north-eastern extremity of central Gheg Albanian. The dialect borders on the verge of north-eastern Gheg Albanian.[26]

The Macedonian and Serbian populations of the region speak the Skopska Crna Gora dialect, a subdialect of Torlakian.

The oldest Albanian school in Kosovo, which was built in 1584, is located in the region, more specifically in Stubëll near Vitia.[27]

The oldest Mosque in the Balkans, built in 890 is located on the foothills of the Mountains, near the village Tabanovce.[28]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Мала енциклопедија Просвета [Little Encyclopedia of Prosveta] (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Prosveta. 1969. p. 589.
  2. ^ Elsie, Robert (2011). Historical dictionary of Kosovo (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
  3. ^ a b С. Томић, Скопска Црна Гора, Српски етнолошки зборник 3, Београд 1905, 409—417.
  4. ^ Ramadani, Nijazi (23 February 2014). Shtegtime ne histori (Monografia për kokajt 1842-2012). pp. 1–2.
  5. ^ Lauer, Reinhard; Majer, Hans Georg (2013-12-12). Osmanen und Islam in Südosteuropa (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-026059-5.
  6. ^ "Nexhat Cocaj". Google Docs. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  7. ^ "Berisha, djepi iliro-arbnor i Alpeve shqiptare". Gazeta Dita. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
  8. ^ Naučno društvo Bosne i Hercegovine: Odjeljenje istorisko-filoloških nauka. Vol. 26. 1965. p. 199. Arbanasa fisa Krasnića ima u selima: Gošnicu, Slupćanu, Alaševcu, Ruđincu.
  9. ^ Prifti, Kristaq (2005). "The Population of the Kaza of Shkup according to the Ottoman Registration of the Year 1831". Studime Historike (3–04): 36.
  10. ^ La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 ISBN 3-03911-320-8, ISBN 978-3-03911-320-0 p.174
  11. ^ Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 ISBN 3-486-58980-6, ISBN 978-3-486-58980-1 p. 168
  12. ^ Kott, Marilyn (2016). Catholic Kosovo: A Visitor's Guide to Her People, Churches, Historical Sites, and Her 1,900 Year Journey. Lulu Publishing Services. ISBN 9781483435213.
  13. ^ "NË STUBLLAVAQË GJURMËVE TË MARTIRËVE TË KARADAKUT". www.drita.info. 14 March 2016.
  14. ^ Elsie 2012, p. 403
  15. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 177.
  16. ^ Pearsons 2004, p. 24
  17. ^ Skendi 1967, p. 436.
  18. ^ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/sq/a/a9/Monografia-komplet-te-gjitha-kapitujt-nga-I--deri-IX.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  19. ^ Trotsky 1980, p. 117
  20. ^ Clark, Howard (2000). Civil resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780745315690.
  21. ^ Qirezi 2017, p. 54
  22. ^ Elsie, Robert (2013). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. Londër: I.B.Tauris. p. 172. ISBN 9781780764313.
  23. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010-11-15). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
  24. ^ Phillips, John (2004-01-01). Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10268-0.
  25. ^ Schnabel, Albrecht; Gunaratna, Rohan (2006). Understanding and Managing Insurgent Movements. Marshall Cavendish Academic. ISBN 978-981-210-429-8.
  26. ^ Hamiti, Asllan (2011). "THE SPECIALTY OF PHONETIC-PHONOLOGY IN THE SPOKEN OF KARADAK, SHKUP" (PDF). Journal of Institute Alb-Shkenca. 4: 672.
  27. ^ "Kjo është shkolla e parë shqipe në Kosovë". Albinfo. 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  28. ^ "Xhamia e Tabanovcit/ Xhamia më e vjetër në Ballkan e ndërtuar nga tregtarët Arab". mexhlis.com. 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2023-01-12.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skopska Crna Gora.
  • "Skopska Crna Gora", Srpski etnografski zbornik, VI, Belgrade, 1905
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