Independent government
Under non-party government , also party free government , English non government party , is understood in democratic systems, a government whose prime minister no party is partly also the entire government team (Cabinet) . Likewise, these can also be governments whose members consist of civil servants ( civil servants government ) and / or persons with special experience in their field ( expert government ).
Function of a government without party politics
The Prime Minister may from the civil service come (caretaker government) , but also a diplomat , jurist , but also about person then the economy, technology and science, technocracy called to be. Such governments are typical for times of domestic political tensions or transitional phases of constitutional law.
These are mostly "unity governments " ( consensus governments , non-partisan governments) or transitional governments . Such a government will be formed about when after a democratic election stalemate arises and the parties agree on a neutral candidate, or otherwise does not form a government comes about, for example, after multiple failed government negotiations , and the Head of State determines a representative of the election winner. Even if party political disputes lead to domestic political crises, non-party governments are installed. Something similar can be found in times of a state becoming a state, when party affairs are still being put on the back burner of the common consolidation of the state.
Conversely, at the beginning of parliamentarism, the opposite is also found: a monarch disregards bourgeois concerns and puts together a government he trusts from civil servants ( statism ) . Special cases of the non-party governments are also the military governments , which are also constituted outside of the democratic distribution of power.
The model of non-party government was also considered by various political theorists as a state model , according to Bolingbroke's idea of the Country Party , a nationwide party, in the 18th century.
Examples of non-partisan governments
- In the midst of the Mani Pulite scandal , Italy was hit by a serious state crisis and the established parties largely fell apart. In 1993, President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro appointed the then governor of the Italian central bank, Carlo Ciampi , to the post of prime minister and entrusted him with forming a government. The cabinet was primarily composed of specialists. Ciampi, however, resigned a year later after Silvio Berlusconi had won the early elections. In Italy such governments are called governo tecnico ('technical government') : the Lamberto Dini cabinets from 1996 (after Berlusconi's first case) and Mario Monti from 2011 are of this type.
- The Czech Republic has experienced non-party governments several times: after Václav Klaus resigned , the governor of the Czech State Bank, Josef Tošovský , headed a transitional government from January to July 1998. Jan Fischer , head of the Czech Statistical Office, headed a non-partisan government from May 2009 to July 2010 after the Topolánek II government was overthrown . After Prime Minister Petr Nečas resigned on June 17, 2013, President Miloš Zeman also appointed a non-party government under Jiří Rusnok .
- During the Greek financial crisis in 2011, Loukas Papadimos , the former Vice-President of the European Central Bank, was appointed an independent head of government of a transitional government after the resignation of Giorgos Andrea Papandreou in November 2011, which held office until the early elections in 2012 . The cabinet should maintain the debt relief measures apart from the election campaign.
- In the early phase of the First Republic of Austria , Johann Schober , head of the Vienna Federal Police Directorate, established a government of officials in 1921–1922 and 1922 . A third federal government, Schober, was in office from 1929–1930 , already on the way to the turmoil of civil war, the fighting between the Schutzbund and Heimwehr and Austrofascism .
- In the Weimar Republic , after Joseph Wirth's resignation , Wilhelm Cuno , director of HAPAG, formed a “cabinet of business” supported by a parliamentary minority from 1922 to 1923.
- In 1945, after the end of the war and before the first democratic elections, provisional governments were in office in Austria at federal and state level, partly in the sense of a concentration government with all parties (SPÖ, ÖVP, KPÖ), partly as government officials ( see Eigl , administrative lawyer , in Upper Austria).
- In the Hungarian crisis in 1905 , Franz Josef I set up a government under General Géza Fejérváry after the electoral defeat of the liberal and monarchy-loyal forces . Denounced by the opposition as a “gendarme government”, there were riots and strikes until, under the instigation of Interior Minister Jósef Kristóffy , a democratically legitimized consensus government was found in April 1906 with the liberal Sándor Wekerle , who had already been Prime Minister from 1892–1895. Subsequently, Max Wladimir von Beck , lawyer and political advisor, also formed an informal cabinet of German, Czech and Polish MPs in the Austrian part of the country , apart from the election results, which he called the "permanent compensation conference". In 1906 the general right to vote (but only for men) was introduced throughout Austria-Hungary.
- 2019 in Austria with the federal government Bierlein set up a caretaker government after the National Council of the Federal Government Short I as a result of Ibiza scandal , the very suspicion had. Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen then commissioned the President of the Constitutional Court, Brigitte Bierlein, to form a government made up of top officials who would manage the official business until a new government was formed after the early elections to the National Council .
See also
literature
historical:
- Eugen Richter : self-administration and government of civil servants. A lecture on the errors and shortcomings of the more recent Prussian administrative laws, 1878. (Reprint publisher: EOD Network, 2012, ISBN 978-3-226-00941-5 ).
- Walther Schotte: The non-party government. In: Reich and State. No. 11, 1932; also In: The Ring. 4th year, August 19, 1932.
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. en: Consensus democracy in the English language Wikipedia
-
^ HN Fieldhouse: Bolingbroke and the idea of non-party government. LXXXV. In: History. Vol. 23,> No. 89, June 1938, pp. 41-56, doi: 10.1111 / j.1468-229X.1938.tb00148.x ;
cf. also en: Country Party (Britain)