All party government
In a democracy, an all-party government or a concentration government is understood to be a government in which (almost) all parties and groups represented in parliament are involved. All-party governments are often formed in times of crisis, mostly during an emergency , in order to end a crisis together or not to disadvantage certain population groups (often minorities). Other terms used are government of national unity / unity government or government of national rescue .
Examples
Germany
In Baden-Württemberg from 1956 to 1960 all parties in the state parliament were represented in the Müller and Kiesinger cabinets , so that there was no parliamentary opposition in Stuttgart during this period .
Likewise, in Berlin in the Reuter magistrate from 1948 to 1951, in the Reuter Senate from 1951 to 1953 and in the second Brandt Senate from 1958 to 1963, all parties represented in the city council or in the House of Representatives were involved in government.
In Rhineland-Palatinate , Peter Altmeier ruled from 1947 to 1951 with an all-party government.
After the turn in the GDR was established in November 1989 the Modrow government with representatives of all block parties and mass organizations of the (still unfree selected) People's Chamber formed. From February 1990 she also included representatives of opposition parties and groups of the Central Round Table . This led the business until the formation of the government after the first free Volkskammer election .
Finland
The liberal Prime Minister Risto Ryti accepted the conservative rallying party into government two weeks after the end of the winter war of 1939/40 . Only the nationalists of the Patriotic People's Movement and the small farmers, who together held ten of the 200 seats in parliament, did not belong to the government. Ryti's successor, Jukka Rangell , continued the coalition between January 1941 and March 1943 with the involvement of the Patriotic People's Movement. This was followed by the governments of Edwin Linkomies , Anders Hackzell and Urho Castréns until November 1944 , whereby the Patriotic People's Movement no longer belonged to these governments. The greatest peculiarity of all five governments was the first cooperation between social democrats and conservatives, which only took place again briefly in 1958/59 and then again in 1987.
France
During the First World War, Prime Minister Aristide Briand formed a government of national unity (Gouvernement d'Union Nationale). Briand succeeded René Viviani in 1915 and remained Prime Minister until his resignation in March 1917. His successor was Alexandre Ribot (see also list of heads of government in France ).
After the resignation of Édouard Daladier (1934) Gaston Doumergue formed a government of national unity (French Union Nationale ). It was not supported by the communists and socialists . It ruled until the parliamentary elections in May 1936. Then the Front populaire (translated: Popular Front ) was formed from socialists, communists and radical socialists , with the socialist Léon Blum becoming prime minister in 1936/37 and 1938.
Greece
In 1974, after the end of the military dictatorship, Konstantin Karamanlis formed an all-party government. For more information, see History of Greece # Democratic Greece .
Israel
After the outbreak of the Six Day War , a government of national unity was formed in Israel under Levi Eschkol .
Since the elections in Israel in 1984 did not bring a clear winner, the parties agreed on a government of national unity, first with Shimon Peres as Prime Minister of the 21st government . Halfway through the 11th legislative period , Yitzchak Shamir took over the post of Prime Minister of the 22nd Cabinet . The rotation of the head of government went down in history as the Israeli model .
Yemen
In Yemen in early 2012 was a government of national unity after the fall of Ali Abdullah Saleh formed.
Kenya
In Kenya there was a government of national unity between Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga from 2008 to 2013 .
Austria
Allparteienregierungen there was for example in Austria in German Austria from 1918 to 1919 under Karl Renner and "concentration government" in the Second Republic of Austria from 1945 to 1947 consisting of SPÖ , ÖVP and KPO .
In the Austrian federal states of Upper Austria and Lower Austria , this principle still applies in a weakened form: The parties represented in the state parliament are automatically entitled to a seat in government if they have reached a certain strength in the state elections (see also proportional representation ).
East Timor
The government that emerged from the parliamentary elections in East Timor in 2012 consisted of the largest party, the Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense CNRT and the smaller parties Partido Democrático PD and Frenti-Mudança FM . The FRETILIN , the second largest force in the national parliament , was the only opposition. In 2015, however, Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão resigned prematurely in order to pave the way for the next generation. At his instigation, the CNRT proposed the FRETILIN member Rui Maria de Araújo as the new Prime Minister . He was sworn in on February 16. His government included members of all four parties, as well as non-party members (as was customary before). Commentators saw in the all-party coalition a way to maintain national unity without the binding force of the freedom hero Xanana Gusmão, who continued to support the government as minister.
Palestinian Territories
In 2007, after a government reshuffle, a government of the Palestinian Authority was formed, which consisted of members from Hamas , Fatah and members of other parties, as well as independents . Due to the cooperation of the two large, rival factions Hamas and Fatah, this government was also called the government of national unity. In the same year, President Mahmud Abbas dissolved the government and swore in an emergency cabinet .
For 2012, an agreement was reached again to form a unity government.
Sweden
In the Swedish history there were two times to form an all-party government. This first happened in 1905 when the union with Norway was dissolved and Norway gained independence. An all-party government was also formed during the Second World War , albeit with the exclusion of the Left Party .
Switzerland
In the Swiss concordance democracy , all-party government has been the norm since 1959, although only the four largest parties in the National Council are involved here. This constellation is known as the magic formula .
Zimbabwe
After prolonged public criticism of the election Robert Mugabe was established in early 2009 in Zimbabwe , a government of national unity formed and the opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai , the Office of Government transmitted.
South Africa
After the end of apartheid, the ANC won the first democratic elections in South Africa on April 27, 1994 with an absolute majority. On May 9, Mandela was elected the country's first black president by the new parliament. He led a government that included ministers from the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party . These represented the second and third largest parties represented in parliament. With the exception of a few smaller parties, almost all parties were involved in government.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom there was an all-party government under the liberal David Lloyd George during World War I , along with the Conservatives. They also existed at the time of World War II, after the " National Government " cabinets .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.bpb.de: “All-party government” , accessed on February 24, 2012.
- ↑ Factional and Government Make-Up of the Sixth Knesset. In: Factional and Government Make-Up. Knesset , accessed December 13, 2015 .
- ^ The Main Events and Issues During the Eleventh Knesset. In: History of the Knesset. Knesset , accessed December 27, 2015 .
- ↑ Michael Leach: Generational change in Timor-Leste , Inside Story, February 18, 2015 , accessed on February 18, 2015.
- ↑ Middle East: Abbas should lead a unity government of the Palestinians. In: Spiegel Online . February 6, 2012, accessed January 5, 2017 .
- ↑ For details and evidence see Nelson Mandela # Release and the end of apartheid