Parliamentary elections in East Timor 2012

Voter information

In the parliamentary elections in East Timor in 2012 on July 7, 2012, the composition of the third national parliament of East Timor ( Parlamento Nacional de Timor-Leste ) was decided. 21 parties and electoral lists competed.

Course of the elections

District	Aileu	Ainaro	Baucau	Bobonaro	Cova Lima	Dili	Ermera	Lautém	Liquiçá	Manatuto	Manufahi	Oe-Cusse Ambeno	Viqueque	total
Number of voters in the districts
number	25,627	33,854	75,070	57,131	35,494	130.193	65,592	38,224	40.113	26,918	30,760	39,848	46,800	645.624

Each of the 645,624 eligible voters has one vote that they can give to a party list. You are entitled to vote from the age of 17. Several parties can also form a coalition with a common list. There is a three percent hurdle, which would mean around 18,000 votes with a 100% turnout. The election takes place with closed lists . According to the share of the total votes, the parties and coalitions receive seats in parliament, which are filled according to the order on the electoral list. Only registered parties and electoral alliances are allowed to put up lists of candidates, but persons on the list do not have to belong to the party, which means that independent candidates could also enter parliament. At least a quarter of the people on any list must be women. A total of 90 people must be on a party list, the last 25 candidates are substitutes for any MPs who may leave.

EU election observation mission in East Timor 2012

The seats are allocated to the lists according to the D'Hondt procedure , with the last seat, in the case of several equal maximum numbers, being allocated to the party with the fewest votes.

Registered parties receive state financial support from the CNE National Electoral Commission , which is based on the percentage of seats won by the party in the national parliament . In 2011, the total amount of funding for all parties in Parliament was three million US dollars for the first time, instead of one million US dollars a year previously. Parties not represented in parliament but registered for the 2012 general election will receive US $ 30,000 from the CNE, and party coalitions US $ 45,000.

The ballot papers were printed in Kupang, Indonesia, in West Timor and brought to East Timor by land. The reception at the border was celebrated in a big way. Voting took place in 880 voting stations and 640 voting centers. The polling stations were open between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m.

The European Union sent 70 election observers and analysts to East Timor. Five MPs come from New Zealand as observers. There are also representatives from other countries and many non-governmental organizations . A total of 586 foreign and 2,618 national election observers were registered. There were also 106 foreign and 112 local journalists.

Political situation

Result of the parliamentary elections in East Timor 2007

Parliament after the 2007 elections. A PUN member has since left the party and is now independent

After the serious unrest in 2006 , the Australian- led International Stabilization Force (ISF) and the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) restored peace and order in the country. The rebel leader Alfredo Reinado was killed in an attempted assassination on February 11, 2008 on President José Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão . The rebel movement then collapsed. Those of its members convicted of involvement in the attack were pardoned by President Ramos-Horta in 2010. In March 2011, the East Timorese National Police (PNTL) took full responsibility for security in the country again. ISF and UNMIT plan to withdraw in 2012 after the presidential and parliamentary elections have been held.

The country had largely stabilized, but there were always sporadic clashes between various martial arts groups and youth gangs in which houses were burned down, most recently in Comoro and in 2011 in Zumalai and Luro . In addition, the veterans organization CPD-RDTL caused unrest through ongoing protests. The local elections on October 9, 2009 went without major incidents.

The FRETILIN , the largest party in the country in opposition to the five-party ruling coalition Aliança da Maioria parlamentar (AMP) , the National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT) , Partido Democrático (PD) , Timorese Social Democratic Association (ASDT) , Partido Social Democrata (PSD) and UNDERTIM . Since FRETILIN, as the largest faction in parliament, was not involved in the government, it accused the government of being unconstitutional throughout the entire legislative period. In addition, there were suspicions of corruption among several members of the government, which could not be confirmed in any case. On June 8, however, Justice Minister Lúcia Lobato (PSD) was sentenced to five years in prison for mismanagement in the administration of funds.

Several parties had to deal with splits and internal factional struggles. Its reform wing had split off from FRETILIN under Vice Prime Minister José Luís Guterres as Frenti-Mudança . In KOTA there was infighting, UNDERTIM was divided internally and from the Partido Unidade Nacional (PUN) entered a deputy and now sitting as an independent deputy in parliament. The ASDT MPs fell out with their base. While the party signed a declaration of alliance with FRETILIN, the parliamentarians of the ASDT threatened that they would continue to work with Prime Minister Gusmão if the party left the ruling coalition. The previous ASDT president Francisco Xavier do Amaral had health problems and was threatened by Tourism Minister Gil da Costa Alves , who was elected Executive President in August 2011. His election was cashed in again by the East Timorese Supreme Court. On March 5, 2012, Amaral died of cancer in Dili. The dispute simmered between the Alves faction, which is close to the coalition partner CNRT, and the former Amaral supporters around João Correia , whose faction supported José Ramos-Horta in the presidential elections on March 17, 2012 and wants to make him honorary chairman of the ASDT.

Ramos-Horta at an ASDT election campaign event

Voter information

In the PD there was a dispute over the formation of a government. MPs from the western part of the country ( Loro Munu ) saw regional proportional representation not guaranteed and PD politicians from the east ( Loro Sae ) given preferential treatment in forming a cabinet. The dispute was settled with the appointment of Adriano do Nascimento as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The PD MP Lucas da Costa , who came from the west, ran for this in the 2012 presidential elections, in which his party leader Fernando de Araújo, who came from the east, also ran . Araújo ended up fourth with 17.30% while Costa got just 0.83% of the vote. Both were eliminated in the first round of the presidential elections, as was the incumbent President Ramos-Horta with 17.48%. After the presidential election, Ramos-Horta, who, in contrast to the previous time, had not received any support from the CNRT, announced that he would work with the PD in the parliamentary elections. Later he also expressed his support for the ASDT. Adding the votes of La Sama and Ramos-Horta in the presidential elections together, one could count on 35% of the votes in the parliamentary elections for the PD, which would make it the strongest force in the new parliament, ahead of FRETILIN and CNRT. However, this was not certain, as La Sama had received more votes in the last election than his party later. It was also unclear whether the PD would again form a coalition with the CNRT or, in contrast to their previous negative attitude, with FRETILIN. In the case of a coalition government with PD participation, there was speculation about a Prime Minister Ramos-Hort. At the end of the election campaign, however, Ramos-Horta ruled out any political office. His political career was over, he said.

According to the East Timorese constitution , even if coalition negotiations fail, a minority government under the strongest party would be possible if the president were tasked with forming a government. But experts warn that in this case critics of the parliamentary system could intervene in the military .

There have been frequent disputes between Xanana Gusmão and leading members of the PSD in recent years, with the result that party chairman Zacarias da Costa even threatened to resign as foreign minister via SMS in 2010. For his part, Gusmão berated and exposed the foreign minister at a televised meeting of the Council of Ministers. After the election, analysts were therefore able to imagine an alliance between PSD and FRETILIN. The Frenti-Mudança were expected to form a coalition with the CNRT if necessary. Another potential coalition partner of the CNRT could be the new Partido do Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN) , whose party leader Fernando Dias Gusmão comes from the PSD. The former PSD general secretary was defeated in the 2008 election of party chairman Zacarias da Costa and then founded the PDN.

In the last election in 2007 , seven parties failed because of the three percent hurdle. Six of them joined forces after the election to form the Liga Democrática Progressiva (LDP) for a better public image . However, the result of this collaboration could hardly be registered. This time, too, it was expected that the numerous new foundations would mostly not get a seat in parliament. The best chances were given to Frenti-Mudança, PDN and the Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan (KHUNTO) . The KHUNTO had close connections to a martial arts group and its stronghold in Ainaro .

Despite the lack of surveys, analysts assumed that either FRETILIN or CNRT would lead a governing coalition after the election, even if both parties had set themselves the goal of an absolute majority. The PD or PSD were expected to provide the majority, but they had clearly lost strength since the last elections.

Parties and lists of candidates

Logo of the National Electoral Commission CNE

On May 12, the order of the parties and lists of candidates on the ballot was drawn by the CNE. The nationalist, pro-Indonesian Partido Nasionalista Timorense (PNT) and the traditionally monarchist Partido do Povo de Timor (PPT) did not submit their lists of candidates to the authorities by the May 11 deadline, which is why they were not allowed to vote . Even the big parties FRETILIN, CNRT and PD and five other parties did not submit their lists until the last day. The PSD put Lúcia Lobato at number 2 on its list before her conviction, which brought the party public criticism from its former chairman Mário Viegas Carrascalão . Due to his state of health, he no longer stood for election.

The internal split in the ASDT meant that the party even submitted two electoral lists to the CNE. One from Tourism Minister Alves and one from João Correia. The Tribunal de Recurso de Timor-Leste ( German Court of Appeal of East Timor ) decided that only the Correiras list met the necessary regulations for approval by a party congress. As a result, not a single member of the previous MPs and government members of the ASDT can be found on the list.

The dispute was more complicated in UNDERTIM, of which two electoral lists were also submitted by various party wings. The CNE issued another ultimatum, but the groups around party leader Cornelio Gama and General Secretary Reis Kadalak could not agree on a common list, which led to the exclusion of UNDERTIM from the elections on June 1st. However, this was again withdrawn by the appellate court on June 4th after the two UNDERTIM wings were able to agree on a common list. A prominent UNDERTIM candidate is Angelita Pires , former presidential candidate and lover of the dead rebel leader Alfredo Reinado .

Election campaign

Call for elections by the STAE

In June 2011, CNRT supporters burned FRETILIN flags. The party leaders therefore met immediately and the CNRT leadership condemned the provocations. In general, the leaders of both parties are trying not to let the mood in the country escalate. For example, FRETILIN boss Francisco Lu-Olo Guterres visited the CNRT party congress and demonstratively hugged Xanana Gusmão. They wished each other all the best.

On May 12th, UNDERTIM politician Reis Kadalak threatened to burn down their office after a CNE training event. He accused the CNE of manipulating the budget that was made available to the parties for the election campaign.

On May 18, the Global Organization of parliamentarian against corruption (GOPAC) raised allegations against the campaign funding of the CNRT. Companies that have paid the party several hundred thousand US dollars are said to have received lucrative contracts from the government. Party leader and Prime Minister Gusmão rejected the allegations. It is a normal party financing as it is handled worldwide. In addition, so far, you have only received donations, but not money. If the donations come in the name of companies and not people, they will not be accepted according to the law. The allegations are also controversial because they were made by Fernanda Borges , the party leader of the PUN and are viewed as an election campaign. The public prosecutor and the Anti-Corruption Commission ( CAC ) are examining the circumstances.

According to the electoral law, the official campaign began on June 5th and ran through July 4th. On July 6, the day before election day, the government released state employees. Administration, offices and public schools remain closed. This is to give employees and officials the opportunity to travel to their hometown to cast their votes. The main topics in the election campaign were the fight against corruption, the development of the infrastructure and economy, the administration of the oil fund, which now contains 10 billion US dollars, and the safeguarding of peace and stability in the country.

Child on a moped at a KHUNTO event in Dili

The election campaign phase was largely peaceful. On June 23, two men were arrested by the police who threw stones at the cars of a FRETILIN election campaign group. According to the police, the perpetrators were not supporters of another party, but rather members of a group that is known to cause trouble. As of July 3, only 14 written complaints about violations during the election campaign had been submitted to the CNE, most of them about the destruction of campaign material, such as party flags . Three complaints were forwarded to law enforcement agencies. The most serious incident was an arson attack on the CNRT office in Ossu (Viqueque municipality). The CNE has repeatedly criticized the unauthorized use of children at election campaign events. Shortly before the end of the regular election campaign, PD party leader Fernando de Aráujo warned during a campaign appearance in Baucau that some of the big parties could try to buy votes for $ 20 to $ 50. PUN boss Fernanda Borges also accused the big parties of buying many votes in the country. The CNRT in particular would have thrown a lot of money, the origin of which is not clear. The head of the EU observer mission Nuno Melo also reported cases of vote buying.

FRETILIN General Secretary Marí Alkatiri distributing flowers on July 4th

The FRETILIN announced that as a sign of peace, instead of a demonstration, the closing event would be held in Dili to distribute flowers to the population on the last day of the election campaign. During the election campaign, she promised every unemployed Timorese at least 150 hours of paid work on government projects (unemployment is between 50 and 60%) and financial support for women in training. The PD promised, given its mainly young electorate, scholarships for students, while the CNRT relied on its charismatic leader Gusmão and on his services in the struggle for freedom and in recent years as prime minister. In addition, reference was made to the government's existing development plans.

Frenti-Mudança renounced major events. Instead, they paid $ 100 to $ 200 to small groups to promote the party in their hometowns. In this way, the relatively small party was also able to reach remote regions of the country.

Result

The Australia Timor-Leste Friendship Network confirmed East Timor free and fair elections. There were only minor, technical problems. The American International Republican Institute also attested that East Timor was a peaceful election, which remained without major incidents and generally complied with international standards. Only minor irregularities were registered, but these should not have had any impact on the election result. For example, it was not checked in every polling station before they were cast whether the voter already had an ink-colored finger that would indicate that a vote had already taken place. In some polling stations there was irritation regarding the installation of voting booths and sporadically registered election observers, voters who had not yet reached the minimum age of 17. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also congratulated East Timor on the peaceful course of the elections. Praise also came from the European Union and the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries. The organization of the elections by the CNE and STAE was rated as clean with only minor technical problems. The Friendship Observer Mission (FOM), which consisted of various East Timorese and foreign members, listed several problems and violations in its report. In addition to the Frenti-Mudança campaign with the paid election workers, the lack of checking for colored fingers of voters (the sign that they had already voted) and the appearance of men in traditional dress at election campaign events using traditional weapons such as spears and suriks led. Although FOM recognizes that these are part of the country's folklore, they see a fundamental problem with the appearance of armed men in the election campaign. The Chefe de Suco von Lelaufe announced at an election rally in Lifau that he wanted to force all parties in his Suco to remove all banners and party flags that are not from the CNRT. In the two polling stations in Lelaufe, the CNRT finally received 32.63% and 44.20%.

The non-governmental organization Fundasaun Mahein recommended that the new government lay down clear rules on party funding and party donations based on experience from the elections.

Sample of the voting slip Election result Gains and losses Results in the districts	Party (in order on the ballot paper)	political orientation	Share of votes in 2007	Seats in Parliament 2007–2012	Number of votes 2012 (preliminary result)	Voting share 2012 (preliminary result)	Seats in Parliament 2012-2017
Result
	União Democrática Timorense UDT	right conservative	0.90%	-	5,332	1.13%	-
	Partidu Republikanu PR	Middle, social democratic	1.06%	-	4,270	0.91%	-
	Partido do Desenvolvimento Nacional PDN	conservative, split from PSD	-	-	9,386	1.99%	-
	Aliança Democrática Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain KOTA and Partido Trabalhista Timorense PTT	KOTA: traditional, monarchist PTT: socialist	3.20%	2	2,622	0.56%	-
	Partido Unidade Nacional PUN	Middle, Christian Democratic	4.55%	3 (one MP resigned from the party)	3.191	0.68%	-
	Partido Democrático PD	middle right	11.30%	8th	48,581	10.31%	8th
	Partido Timorense Democrático PTD	?	-	-	2,561	0.54%	-
	Partido Social Democrata PSD	conservative	shared list with ASDT: 15.73%	6th	10.158	2.15%	-
	Frenti-Mudança FM	social democratic, split from FRETILIN	-	-	14,648	3.11%	2
	Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan KHUNTO	?	-	-	13,998	2.97%	-
	Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense CNRT	conservative	24.10%	18th	172.831	36.66%	30th
	Frente Revolucionária do Timor-Leste Independente FRETILIN	Left	29.02%	21st	140.786	29.87%	25th
	Partido do Desenvolvimento Popular PDP	?	-	-	1,904	0.40%	-
	Coligação Bloco Proclamador from Partido Milénio Democrático PMD and Partido Republika Nacional Timor Leste PARENTIL	PMD: Spin-off of PSD PARENTIL: conservative	0.69% (PMD)	-	3.125	0.66%	-
	Associação Social-Democrata de Timor ASDT	conservative	shared list with PSD: 15.73%	5	8,487	1.80%	-
	Partido Socialista de Timor PST	Marxist-Leninist	0.96%	0	11,379	2.41%	-
	Partido Democrata Cristão PDC	Christian	1.03%	-	887	0.19%	-
	Partidu Democrática Liberal PDL	right-wing liberal	-	-	2,222	0.47%	-
	Associação Popular Monarquia Timorense APMT	monarchist, split from KOTA	-	-	3,968	0.84%	-
	União Nacional Democrática de Resistência Timorense UNDERTIM	?	3.19%	2	7,041	1.49%	-
	Coligação PLPA / PDRT Partidu Liberta Povu Aileba PLPA and Partido Democrática Republica de Timor PDRT	PLPA: Spin-off from ASDT	1.86% (PDRT)	-	4.012	0.85%	-

Polling station in Estado (Ermera)

“I voted!” Inked finger

According to the preliminary results, the CNRT is in the lead with 36.66% (30 seats), followed by FRETILIN with 29.87% (25 seats). The PD achieved 10.31% (8 seats) and the Frenti-Mudança 3.11% (2 seats). The turnout was 74.78%. The other parties and alliances failed at the three percent hurdle, including the KHUNTO just under 2.97%. The official final result was published on July 13th by the CNE. It confirmed the previously assumed allocation of seats.

PD Vice Secretary General Samuel Mendonça announced on July 10, 2012 that the PD would go into opposition if independents were to join the cabinet. That would not meet the PD criteria. Nevertheless, there were also independent members in the new East Timorese cabinet . CNRT General Secretary Dionísio Babo announced that after the party congress on July 15, FRETILIN and PD would be invited to coalition talks. Until then, the informal discussions would continue. The non-governmental organization La'o Hamutuk spoke out against the idea of a government of national unity consisting of CNRT and FRETILIN. It would speak against the needs of a pluralistic state. In contrast, the veterans organization CPD-RDTL called for an agreement between CNRT and FRETILIN. Their leaders both come from the common front of the independence movement and could therefore form a common government. The Timorese should not imitate the international concept of the opposition, said the CPD-RDTL spokesman. On July 15, the CNRT announced that it would form a coalition with the PD and Frenti-Mudança. The FRETILIN MP and former Prime Minister Estanislau da Silva was relaxed about the decision of the CNRT party congress. The new parliament met for the first time on July 30, 2012.

Riots

Distribution of seats in parliament after the election

Strongest party in the respective districts and the parties with the three highest shares of the vote

On the nights of July 15-17, violent riots broke out in Dili's Comoro district and other outskirts. Armindo Pereira Alves , a student from Uato-Lari and FRETILIN supporter, was shot dead by a police officer in Hera . The officer was then temporarily suspended. When Alves' body was brought back to his homeland, the police station in Uato-Lari was attacked. Four police (PNTL) and UN police cars were destroyed. Uato-Lari has long been regarded as a region of unrest, in which violent clashes regularly occur.

15 other people, including four police officers, were injured in the riots in Dili. 60 cars and seven houses were destroyed. Police arrested 16 people when they damaged the Annur Mosque , East Timor's largest mosque . State police chief Longuinhos Monteiro denied a political motivation behind the violence and FRETILIN rejected any responsibility for the outbreak of violence. FRETILIN General Secretary Marí Alkatiri however blamed members of the CNRT. In a discussion that was broadcast live on television, you had expressed your disapproval of FRETILIN and provoked the unrest. Alkatiri stated, however, that the CNRT had the right to form a coalition without FRETILIN and that they still wanted to work with the government. CNRT General Secretary Babo apologized for the harsh words of his party colleagues. The head of the Australian election observer, Damien Kingsbury , also blamed the disappointment of FRETILIN supporters for the unrest, who believed in the success of the campaign to return to government. The police brought the situation back under their control by morning. The UNMIT not evaluated the outbreak of violence as a major incident ( major security incident ).

literature

International Crisis Group: Timor-Leste's Elections. Leaving Behind a Violent Past? Update Briefing, Asia Briefing N ° 134, Dili / Jakarta / Brussels, February 21, 2012 (PDF; 1.4 MB)
Damien Kingsbury: Assessing the numbers in Timor-Leste's elections , The Dili insider, March 30, 2012
Janina Pawelz, Henri Myrttinen: Elections in Timor-Leste. Trial by fire for security and consolidation. GIGA Focus Asia No. 7/2012.
Jan Woischnik, Philipp Müller: East Timor 2012. Elections in the tenth year of independence. KAS International Information No. 9/2012, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

Web links

Commons : East Timor Parliament Elections 2012 - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

STAE: Rezultadu Provizorio Eleisaun Member of Parliament 2012 ( Memento from December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
Electoral lists for the 2012 parliamentary elections
Questions from the human rights organization La'o Hamutuk to the parties about their goals and their answers (tetum)
Emily Toome: Procedures, perspectives, politics and peace: The 2012 national elections in Timor-Leste (2016)

Individual evidence

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↑ Reports of the EU and CPLP election observer missions

^ Damien Kingsbury: Democratic Consolidation in Timor-Leste , July 10, 2012 , accessed July 14, 2012

↑ STAE: Provisional results of Election Centers (PDF; 2.6 MB). (PDF) (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 4, 2016 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.stae.tl

^ Fundasaun Mahein: Money Joins The Dance: Celebration of Democracy in Timor-Leste , July 9, 2012 , accessed on July 11, 2012

↑ CNE: election campaign calendar of the parties ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Portuguese), list of participating parties on p. 2@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cne.tl

↑ ^a ^b ^c STAE: Rezultadu Provizorio Eleisaun Member of Parliament 2012 ( Memento from December 5, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on July 8, 2012