Manufahi
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Munisípiu Manufahi (tetum) Município de Manufahi (port.) |
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| Data | ||
| Capital | Seed | |
| surface | 1,332.50 km² (6.) | |
| Population (2015) | 53,691 (11.) | |
| Population density | 40.29 inh / km² (11.) | |
| Number of households (2015) | 9,023 (11.) | |
| ISO 3166-2: | TL-MF | |
| Administrative offices | Residents | surface |
| Alas | 7,884 | 406.44 km² |
| Fatuberlio | 7,416 | 374.98 km² |
| Seed | 30,673 | 353.14 km² |
| Turiscai | 7,718 | 197.94 km² |
| map | ||
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Manufahi is a municipality in East Timor . The capital is Same .
Surname
In the Portuguese colonial times, the district was named after the capital, Same .
The current parish name is derived from Maun Fahe , tetum for "divided brothers". The name comes from a legend that tells of the battle between two related tribes. The name was adopted for the then district during the Indonesian occupation. However, it was misspelled so that the meaning of the name in Tetum is now "pig chicken". There are efforts to correct the church name accordingly.
geography
Manufahi is located on the south coast of East Timor on the Timor Sea and since the territorial reform in 2015 has an area of 1332.50 km² (before: 1326.60 km²). It borders the municipality of Manatuto to the east, Ainaro to the west and Aileu to the north .
Manufahi is divided into the four administrative offices Alas , Fatuberlio , Same and Turiscai . During the Indonesian occupation, the then sub- district Hato-Udo was separated and Ainaro was connected, for which Turiscai switched from Ainaro to Manufahi. The sucos Letefoho and Babulo are classified as urban.
The north is mountainous country, in which there are also caves. The highest mountain in the municipality is the Cabalaki with 2459 m (other source: 2020 m ). In the south there is a coastal plain in which several rivers carry water all year round. The Caraulun ( Caraulun ) flows into the Betano region along the western border of the municipality . The Sui , which runs through most of the west of Manufahi , also flows into it . The southern Lacló flows through the administrative office of Alas. The administrative office Fatuberlio with the plain of Kicras ( Quirás ) is irrigated by the Clerec ( Clére, Cler ) and the Sáhen ( also Sahe or Sahen ). The Clerec divides on the last kilometers of its run. One arm flows into the Lacló, while another on its way into the sea flows through a large lagoon, the Lagoa Mapliu . In the confluence of Lacló and Clerec there are a number of other lagoons. The Sáhen also forms the eastern border with Manatuto. In 1994 61,797 hectares of the community were still covered with forest. To the west of the capital Same is the Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão National Park , which extends to the neighboring municipality of Ainaro.
Between June and October the climate is hot and dry. Droughts can then lead to food shortages among the population. From November to March, the northeast monsoon brings rain. The annual rainfall is between 2500 and 3000 mm. The southern plains are regularly flooded by the rivers.
Places in the municipality of Manufahi
Manufahi's road network and topography
Climate diagram of Betano
Climate diagram of Same
Residents
In 2015 there were 53,691 inhabitants in Manufahi; In 2011 there were 51,090 inhabitants. The population density is 40.29 inhabitants / km². The average age is 18.2 years (2010). Between 1990 and 2004 the number of inhabitants grew by 1.96% annually. In 2004, each woman in Same had an average of 7.27 children, the number rose to over 7.84 children in Alas and 8.43 in Fatuberlio, up to 9.50 children per woman in Turiscai (national average 6.99). In 2002, child mortality in Turiscai was 70 deaths per 1000 live births (1996: 105), in Alas 88 (107), in Same 92 (141) and in Fatuberlio 115 (104). The national average was 98. Fatuberlio is one of 14 administrative offices in which child mortality increased contrary to the national trend.
The residents speak several different national languages as their mother tongue. 34.3% speak Mambai (largest language group in the Same and Turiscai administrative offices); 51.3% speak Tetum, about half each of them Tetum Prasa and Tetum Terik (administrative offices of Alas and Fatuberlio). 6.6% speak Lacalei , 0.6% Idaté and 1.2% Isní , which has its center east of Turiscai. These three dialects belong to the Idalaka language. 1.5% speak Bunak in the Same administrative office. If the second languages are also taken into account, in 2015 94.9% spoke Tetum, 34.6% Bahasa Indonesia, 30.8% Portuguese and 13.2% English .
In 2004, 96.3% of the population were Catholics , 3.3% Protestants and 0.3% Muslims . Only 14 people were still followers of the traditional, animistic religion of Timor . The 2015 census recorded 96.32% Catholics, 3.35% Protestants and 0.21% Muslims. Seven people described themselves as followers of the traditional religion, twelve as Buddhists, four as Hindus and 41 named others.
In 2015, 40.4% of residents aged three or over attended school. 31.3% had left school. 26.5% have never attended school, which is roughly the national average. 4.7% of Manufahi's residents only attended pre-school, just under a third only attended primary school. Just under a third of the population has completed secondary schools. A diploma or a completed degree can show 3.5%, which corresponds to half of the national average. The illiteracy rate in 2015 was 12.9% (women: 11.8%; men: 13.9%). In 2004 it was still 51.9%.
On February 23, 2017, the Instituto Politécnico de Betano - Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão was opened in Betano , the first university in South East Timor.
Student in Same
Instituto Politécnico de Betano - Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão
| Education | Graduation | ||||||||||
| at school | Finished school | never in a school | Preschool | primary school | Pre- secondary |
Secondary | Diploma / University of Applied Sciences |
university | No graduation | ||
| Women | 40.1% | 29.0% | 29.1% | 4.5% | 29.3% | 16.1% | 14.9% | 0.5% | 2.3% | 0.6% | |
| Men | 40.6% | 33.5% | 24.1% | 4.8% | 33.3% | 14.8% | 15.3% | 0.7% | 3.5% | 0.8% | |
| total | 40.4% | 31.3% | 26.5% | 4.7% | 31.4% | 15.4% | 15.1% | 0.6% | 2.9% | 0.7% | |
history
At the end of the 19th century, the Manufahi empire had about 42,000 inhabitants, just a little less than today's Manufahi municipality. The main town was already at that time Same. The population lived from growing grain and fruit, horses and sheep were also raised and coffee and tobacco were grown. The region was known for outstanding leather, gold and silver work. Also Bubussuso was one of the traditional kingdoms Timor, by a Liurai were ruled. It appears as Bibissuço on a list of Afonso de Castro , a former governor of Portuguese Timor who listed 47 empires in 1868.
In 1860, Portuguese Timor was divided into military commandant offices by the colonial power. The realms of Dotik , Alas , Manufahi, Raemean , Suai and Camenaça belonged to the military command of Alas .
Boaventura , the Liurai of Manufahi, and his father Dom Duarte led several major revolts against the then Portuguese colonial power after Portugal started an offensive against the empire in August 1895. With a pack of blood Manufahi allied himself with several empires against the colonial power. Until 1896 it was able to assert itself in the Manufahi war against the Portuguese.
In 1900, a peace agreement was reached, due to which Dom Duarte had to cede as Liurai in favor of his son Boaventura. Before that, the Portuguese had tried unsuccessfully for two weeks in November to defeat the Manufahi warriors entrenched on Mount Leolaco (Suco Dai-Sua ). In 1907 Manufahi rose again and finally for the last time in 1911. Boaventura united several Timorese empires to form the largest resistance movement that the Portuguese encountered during the colonial period in Timor . The Manufahi rebellion was not put down until 1912 with loyal Timorese and Portuguese-African troops from Mozambique and sometimes even from Angola . Before that, around 3,000 men, women and children of the rebels had been massacred by the Portuguese on Mount Leolaco. East Timorese sources estimate that between 15,000 and 25,000 people were killed in the last revolt alone, and many thousands more were captured and incarcerated. Boaventura died shortly afterwards in captivity on the island of Atauro . Today he is revered as a national hero in East Timor and especially in Manufahi.
In 1939 the first church in Manufahi was consecrated. At that time only 470 Christians were registered there.
During the Second World War , Portuguese Timor was occupied by the Japanese and the site of the Battle of Timor , in which Australian commandos and part of the population fought against the occupiers using guerrilla tactics . In July 1942 there was an uprising against the Portuguese in Turiscai, which is attributed to Japanese influence. The administrative post was looted. The rebellion was put down by 700 Moradores from Laclo , Laleia and Laclubar . On December 12, 1942, Australian soldiers burned down several huts in Maubissi owned by pro-Japanese Timorese so that they could not serve as a base for the Japanese. The Australian supplies ran through the port of Betano . The Australian destroyer HMAS Voyager was lost here.
On August 27, 1975, during the civil war against the FRETILIN , fighters of the UDT killed eleven of their supporters on the beach of Meti Oan near Wedauberek (Alas administrative office). The FRETILIN supporters were captured on August 11th, some belonged to the FRETILIN youth organization UNETIM. When it was learned that FRETILIN fighters were approaching, the prisoners from Same were taken to the Meti Oan and killed there. One of the victims was Domingos Lobato, President of UNETIM and brother of Nicolau and Rogério Lobato .
In 1976, Manufahi was a retreat for the FALINTIL , who fought against the Indonesian invaders. Here they founded several bases de apoio , resistance bases that offered refuge for refugees. The bases were later destroyed by the Indonesians.
The inhabitants of the Sucos Caicassa , Bubussuso and Fahinehan surrendered to the invaders in 1978 after the base de apoio Centro Sul had been destroyed. First they were assembled in the coastal region of Manufahi, then in Fahinehan under the control of the Indonesian Airborne Infantry Battalion 100 . Many of the civilians perished from lack of food and medicine. The internees were only allowed to look for food in the vicinity when accompanied by soldiers. They were not allowed to move more than a kilometer from the camp. Two men were shot for crossing the border. Residents of the three sucos were also interned in Turiscai . There were also resettlement camps in numerous other places in Manufahi at the end of 1979.
In 1981 the inhabitants of Bubussuso and Fahinehan were forcibly relocated to Oeto (Suco Dotik , Alas) by the Indonesian occupiers because they were suspected of continuing to supply the FALINTIL with food. The fields were burned down by the Indonesian soldiers so that they could not use the resistance movement. The new place Weberec was founded for the resettled people . The residents of Caicassa were interned in a resettlement camp in Welaluhu . Since the people from the north of Fatuberlio were only used to their fertile fields as mountain dwellers, they had difficulties in the hot, swampy plains, which led to many deaths from hunger and malaria. They were resettled in the traditional areas by 1983.
On August 20, 1982, FALINTIL fighters attacked the Indonesian Hansip (civil defense) in Rotuto in what was then the sub-district of Same. This was part of the Cabalaki uprising , in which several Indonesian bases in the region were attacked at the same time. The Indonesians immediately sent troops to the region. Houses were burned down, schools closed, and women and children were forced to keep watch in military posts. There were also forced relocations, pillage, looting and rape. FALINTIL fighters and much of the population fled the area.
On November 9, 1998, FALINTIL forces under the command of Jaime Ribeiro attacked the Koramil headquarters in Alas , contrary to the instructions of FALINTIL boss Xanana Gusmão , who called for restraint in military action during this period of negotiations . Three Indonesian soldiers were killed and 13 captured. Eleven soldiers were later released. Nine FALINTIL fighters were also killed. The Indonesian army soon responded with reprisals. Between November 10 and 16, 1998, the Indonesian armed forces carried out a military operation in the Alas sub-district. On November 13, the Indonesian military attacked the Suco Taitudac and arrested Vicente Xavier, the village chief and four other people. They were taken to Barique and executed there. The commander of the Indonesian troops in East Timor said the village chief was the leading figure behind the FALINTIL action. On November 15th the village of Turin and again Taitudac were attacked by the Indonesian military. Vicente Xavier's two nieces, both teenagers, were arrested and held in solitary confinement at the military headquarters of the then district in Same. Eleven other people were arrested on November 16 by Kopassus in the Sucos Taitudac and Betano. Houses were also burned down in Aituha. Many residents of the attacked villages fled into the woods or sought refuge in Catholic meetinghouses. Those who stayed behind had to struggle with food and water shortages because the Indonesians had destroyed the aqueduct. In total, around 50 residents of the sub-district were executed and 30 others were arrested.
In 1999 the city of Same was almost completely destroyed by pro-Indonesian militias during the Indonesian Operation Donner in the vicinity of the independence referendum in East Timor . In 2001, the Friends of Same friendship group was founded in Boroondara ( state Victoria / Australia) to support aid projects in the region.
In 2007 the rebel Alfredo Reinado and his men hid in the region . In early March 2007, he was able to evade access by Australian ISF troops in the capital, Same. Reinado tried to benefit from the Boaventura myth until his death and to equate with it.
At the end of 2012, over 1,000 supporters of the CPD-RDTL organization under the leadership of General Coordinator Aitahan Matak occupied a large area in Welaluhu, near Weberec , which belongs to the local village community. The administrator of the then sub-district Fatuberlio, Tobias Hornay, spoke of 7,000 members of the CPD-RDTL, the organization itself of as many as 11,000. The centenary of the Manufahi rebellion under Boaventura was chosen as the occasion. Because they wore machetes and uniforms, the local population felt threatened by them and asked them to leave. Aitahan Matak denied a criminal act. They want to operate in a cooperative agriculture to make East Timor independent of imports. There are also no illegal collections of money. You only accept donations to finance the project. The CPD-RDTL also denied that it stole and slaughtered local livestock. The local population complained that their fields had been occupied by the CPD-RDTL, while the organization spoke of unused land that had previously been used by the Indonesians for their resettlement program and therefore now belonged to the state. In mid-March 2013, the remaining 800 CPD-RDTL members were brought back to their home regions by the Welaluhu police . The fields were given to local authorities.
In 2014, the districts across East Timor were transformed into "parishes" and the sub-districts into "administrative offices".
politics
District President (Bupati) 
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| Alexandrino Borromeo ( UDT ) | May 1976–1985 |
| Tomás Correira (UDT) | 1985-1989 |
| Nazário Andrade (UDT) | 1989-1999 |
Administrador 
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| Filomeno Tilman | 2001-2015 |
| Carlito Pinheiro de Araújo | September 25, 2015 - September 30, 2018 |
| Arantes Isac Sarmento | since 2018 |
The municipality's administrator is appointed by the state government in Dili. Since 2001 this has been Filomeno Tilman. On September 25, 2015, Carlito Pinheiro de Araújo was appointed as the new administrator. He died in an accident on September 30, 2018. The previous deputy Arantes Isac Sarmento became the new administrator .
In the elections to the constituent assembly , which later became the national parliament, FRETILIN in Manufahi won 54.56% of the vote, so that it received the direct mandate at that time. In the 2007 parliamentary elections , the Coligação ASDT / PSD succeeded in becoming the strongest force in Manufahi with 26.79% of the vote. In the parliamentary elections in 2012 , FRETILIN was the strongest party with 31.86%, just ahead of the Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense (CNRT) with 31.37%. In 2017 , the CNRT again led with 28.4%, ahead of FRETILIN with 24.5%. In the early elections in 2018 , the Aliança para Mudança e Progresso (AMP) , to which the CNRT now belonged, received 50.7% of the vote.
In the first round of the 2007 presidential elections , Francisco Xavier do Amaral from the Associação Social-Democrata de Timor (ASDT) in Manufahi received 38.7% of the votes, but was eliminated as third-place nationwide. In the second round, the non-party José Ramos-Horta won with 84.6%. 2012 won Francisco Guterres from FRETILIN in Manufahi with 28%, but was in the runoff from the election winner Taur Matan Ruak lapped with 54.18%. In the 2017 presidential election , Francisco Guterres won the most votes, both in Manufahi and across the country.
Symbols
Manufahi carries an orange flag with the coat of arms of the municipality. In design, it is similar to the provincial flag of East Timor, occupied by Indonesia .
economy
According to the 2010 census, 40% of all residents who are ten years or older work (national average: 42%). 4% are unemployed (5%). 71.5% of households practice arable farming, 85.7% cattle breeding (as of 2010). Wet rice is grown in the coastal plain. In other parts of the world, dry rice (total rice provision 2008: 4740 t), maize (6129 t), cassava (3752 t) and beans (total vegetables: 416 t) are grown. Coffee grows in the north, coconuts in the south. A total of 63% of the households in the community grow cassava, 63% corn, 53% vegetables, 48% coconuts, 41% coffee and 22% rice. People keep chickens (36,396 in 76% of households) and pigs (16,471 in 76% of households) as pets. In addition, cattle (7,559 in 26% of households), water buffalo (5,893 in 18% of households), horses (4,235 in 30% of households), goats (5,013 in 22% of households) and sheep (359 in 1% of households ).
In Betano the power plant is Central Electrica de Betano with a capacity of 136 MW , which supplies the south coast with electricity. It was inaugurated on August 20, 2013.
The mountain landscape and the beach of Betano are interesting for tourists. At home, women weave brightly colored cloths called tais .
The local radio station is Radio Don Boaventura ( Radio 1912 Same ) on FM 95.1 MHz. The FRETILIN radio station Radio Ma 2500 can be received from Ainaro on FM 97.9 MHz in parts of Manufahi.
Web links
supporting documents
- Ministry of State Administration and Territorial Management
- Manufahi District Development Plan 2002/2003 (English; PDF file; 736 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Direcção-Geral de Estatística : Results of the 2015 census , accessed on November 23, 2016.
- ↑ a b c Direcção Nacional de Estatística: 2010 Census Wall Chart (English) ( Memento of the original dated August 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.7 MB)
- ^ A b University of Coimbra: The geomorfology
- ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Timor-Leste in figures 2011 (PDF; 3.8 MB) ( Memento of the original from February 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 5, 2013
- ↑ a b Census of Population and Housing Atlas 2004 ( Memento of November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 14 MB)
- ↑ District Pritory Tables: Manufahi 2004 ( Memento of the original from May 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 13 MB)
- ↑ The First Lady of East Timor's Facebook page: Abertura Oficial do Instituto Politécnico de Betano , accessed on February 25, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Geoffrey C. Gunn: History of Timor ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , available from Centro de Estudos sobre África, Ásia e América Latina , CEsA of TU Lisbon (PDF file; 805 kB).
- ↑ Timor Loro Sae, Um pouco de história ( Memento of November 13, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ East Timor - Portuguese Dependency of East Timor ( Memento of February 21, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Monika Schlicher: Portugal in East Timor. A critical examination of the Portuguese colonial history in East Timor from 1850 to 1912 . S. 134-136, Abera, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-931567-08-7 , ( Abera Network Asia-Pacific 4), (at the same time: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994).
- ^ Frédéric B. Durand: History of Timor-Leste, p. 70, ISBN 978-616-215-124-8 .
- ↑ CAVR report from 2005: Part 3: The History of the Conflict (PDF; 1.4 MB)
- ↑ Kisho Tsuchiya: Indigenization of the Pacific War in Timor Island: A Multi-language Study of its Contexts and Impact , pp. 10 & 12, Journal War & Society, Vol. 38, No. February 1, 2018.
- ↑ “Chapter 7.2 Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances” (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the “Chega!” Report of the CAVR (English).
- ↑ a b c d e "Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine" (PDF; 1.3 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ↑ "Chapter 7.4: Arbitrary detention, torture and ill-treatment" (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ^ Nautilus Institute: Chapter 11: The ory and practice in intelligence and control operations: (1) Terror. P. 269 (PDF; 390 kB), accessed on October 8, 2013.
- ↑ "Chapter 6: The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974 to 1999" (PDF; 456 kB) from the final report of the Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of East Timor (English)
- ↑ Chapter 7.7: Sexual Violence (PDF; 1.2 MB) from the final report of the Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of East Timor (English)
- ^ A b The Struggle in Iliomar: Resistance in rural East Timor , 2017 , p. 140, accessed July 1, 2019.
- ↑ ETAN: Killings, Arrests, Disappearances in Alas, East Timor, November 23, 1998.
- ↑ a b East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin: CPD-RDTL members continue wearing military uniforms and carrying machetes intimidating local residents , November 21, 2012 , accessed December 16, 2012
- ^ Radio Timor-Leste: Local residents in Fatuberliu disagree with CPD-RDTL's presence , November 21, 2012.
- ^ East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin: CPD-RDTL accused of slaughtering the people's livestock in Fatuberliu, Defense Force Chief warns against protests against the State , November 23, 2012 , accessed December 16, 2012
- ^ Radio Timor-Leste: More than 11,000 CPD-RDTL members remain in Fatuberliu , November 23, 2012
- ↑ Televizaun Timor-Leste: Police return CPD-RDTL members to Their districts , March 19, 2013.
- ↑ "Part 4: Regime of Occupation" (PDF; 563 kB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ^ National Directory of Studies and Research (no longer available).
- ↑ World Bank: Participation List Timor-Leste and Development Partners Meeting 3-5 December 2003 , accessed April 27, 2020.
- ↑ East Timorese government website: MSS evaluates the work of the Manufahi Regional Center , accessed on June 22, 2019.
- ↑ Descentralização Administrativa na República Democrática de Timor-Leste: Manufahi , accessed on February 7, 2014.
- ↑ Ministry of State Administration: Tomou posse o novo Administrador do Município de Manufahi , September 25, 2015 ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), (Portuguese) accessed on November 4, 2015.
- ↑ Facebook page of the First Lady of East Timor: Encontro com as Autoridades Locais do Município de Manufahi , February 8, 2016 , accessed on February 10, 2016.
- ↑ Facebook page of the First Lady of East Timor: Dra. Isabel Ferreira Hasoru malu ho Administrador Municipio Manufahi Sr. Arantes Isac iha nia servisu fatin municipio Manufahi. Loron Segunda Feira, 14/01/2019 , accessed January 14, 2019.
- ↑ Lurdes Silva-Carneiro de Sousa: Some Facts and Comments on the East Timor 2001 Constituent Assembly Election ( Memento of October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) ( RTF ; 199 kB), Lusotopie 2001: pp. 299–311.
- ↑ CNE - official results on 9th July 2007 ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 118 kB)
- ↑ CNE: CNE 2017
- ↑ CNE: Munisipios , accessed May 30, 2018.
- ↑ Facebook presence of the First Lady East Timor: Photo of the First Lady's visit to Administrator Manufahis, April 25, 2017 , accessed on April 25, 2017.
- ↑ a b Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Suco Report Volume 4 (English) ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 9.8 MB)
- ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Timor-Leste in Figures 2008 ( Memento of the original of July 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.7 MB)
- ↑ Information board at the power plant
- ↑ Sapo.tl: Ilha de Ataúro, em Timor-Leste, vai ser eletrificada através de cabo submarino, July 18, 2013 , accessed on July 19, 2013
- ↑ ARKTL - Asosiasaun Radio Komunidade Timor-Leste (English)
Coordinates: 9 ° 0 ′ S , 125 ° 39 ′ E