Lautém (municipality)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Munisípiu Lautein (tetum)
Município de Lautém (port.)
A Fatu, a steep cliff typical of Timor near Tutuala
Data
Capital Lospalos
surface 1,816.68 km² (2.)
Population (2015) 65,240 (9.)
Population density 35.91 inh / km² (12.)
Number of households (2015) 12,050 (8.)
ISO 3166-2: TL-LA
Administrative offices Residents surface
Iliomar 7,449 302.10 km²
Lautém 15,989 454.90 km²
Lospalos 31,164 734.36 km²
Luro 7.124 125.41 km²
Tutuala 3,514 199.92 km²
map
Overview map of the municipality of Lautém

Lautém ( tetum Lautein ) is the second largest and most easterly municipality in East Timor , named after the place Lautém in the north. The name is derived from the Fataluku words lau ("cloth") and tein ("holy"), which means the name roughly means holy cloth . The capital and economic center of the municipality is Lospalos . The community has many sandy beaches and a wild and rugged landscape with mountains in the west and south and high plateaus in the center. Lautém includes Jaco Island and East Timor's largest lake, Ira Lalaro . More than half of the population practices arable farming, and the keeping of pigs and chickens is even more widespread. The plantations from bygone times have largely been abandoned. One produces primarily for one's own use.

geography

Administrative boundaries 2003–2015
Locations and waters in Lautém; in pink the urban sucos (administrative boundaries from before 2015)
Road network and topography Lautéms
Avenue in the village of Lautém
Tropical forest in the lowlands near Lore
The Irasiquero , near Malahara

Overview

Lautém is the easternmost municipality in East Timor. The communities of Baucau and Viqueque border in the west, the calm Banda Sea ( tahi tupuric , the “women's sea ”) in the north and the stormier Timor Sea ( tahi calu , the “men's sea ”) in the south . Lautém has had an area of ​​1816.68 km² since the 2015 regional reform (before 1813.11 km²). A small area of ​​the sucos Atelari ( Baucau ) was added to Lautéms Suco Wairoque . The municipality of Lautém also includes the easternmost point of Timor at Cape Cutcha near the village of Tutuala and the offshore island of Jaco. According to the Timorese creation myth about the good crocodile , from which the island is said to have originated, the Fataluku call the east end of Timor mua cao , the "head of the country".

Lautém is divided into the administrative offices of Iliomar , Lautém (Lautém Moro) , Lospalos , Luro and Tutuala . The sucos Tirilolo and Fuiloro are classified as urban.

The community has many sandy beaches and a wild and rugged landscape. 30 to 35% are highlands, 35% mountains. In the center, the mountains and hills stretch from southwest to northeast across the entire municipality. The highest point is the Legumau in the administrative office of Luro at 1297  m . There are terraces and hilly plains on the coast, and swamps in the south. In the east, the 440 km² Fuiloro Plateau slowly sinks towards the south from 700  m to 500  m until it meets the mountain range of the Paitchaus . The plateau consists of grassland with some bushes and trees, which extends to the Ira Lalaro (also Suro-bec) . With a length of 6.5 km, a width of 3 km and an area of ​​up to 2200 hectares, it is the largest lake in East Timor. The size of its surface fluctuates greatly in the alternation of rainy and dry seasons. Seasonal flooding also occurs in the area around the lake. In addition to the lake, the Raumoco , Veromoco and Malailada (Ralailaba) rivers are the most important water sources for the population in the dry season. To the north of the Fuiloro plateau lies the smaller plateau of Nári , to the west the plateau of Lospalos and to the south the plateau of Rere . A special feature is the Irasiquero River , which leaves the Ira Lalaro in the south. It does not reach the Timor Sea, but disappears beforehand in the Mainina hole , a ponor .

The area around Lore on the south coast is characterized by dry coastal forests, mangrove forests and coastal grassland. There are larger forests in the region around the Paitchau. The limestone mountainsides are covered by tropical dry forests and small areas of evergreen forest. Lautém is one of the most densely forest-covered communities in East Timor. Most of the forest is under protection and since the region is far away from the population centers of East Timor and relatively poorly accessible, the nature here is still largely untouched. Commercial logging is forbidden across the country anyway, but the local population uses the forest to obtain construction and firewood, rattan, honey and game meat.

climate

From May to July, rain falls on average twice a week, from November to January there is two hours of heavy rain a day, with the highest rainfall in December. This can lead to flooding, such as the one in June 2001 which caused severe damage in Lospalos and Daudere. The important road that connects Lospalos with Baucau , Iliomar and Luro was also badly damaged. The months from August to October are hot and dry. But there are regional differences. The north with the Lautém administrative office and the Suco Tutuala have an annual rainfall of 500 to 1000 mm and an eight-month dry season. In the south, with Lospalos, Iliomar and the Suco Mehara (administrative office Tutuala), the amount of precipitation reaches 1000 to 1500 mm annually with a dry season of five to six months. The administrative office of Luro in the interior of the country even reaches an annual rainfall of 1500 to 2000 mm. There, too, the dry season only lasts five to six months. The average temperature is 23.6 to 31.8 ° C. However, the temperature can rise to 38 ° C.

fauna and Flora

Mane deer , wild boar, water buffalo, feral Bali cattle, monkeys and many rare bird species live in the forests . The Timor tortoise, which is considered a subspecies of the McCord's snake-necked tortoise, lives in the Irebere and in the Ira Lalaro and its surrounding waters and wetlands . Estuarine crocodiles can be found in Ira Lalaro, the rivers and coasts of the municipality , which are a potential threat to the population. In 2007 and 2008 there were crocodile attacks in Com with a total of two deaths.

The endemic flagellum spider species Sarax timorensis , which was scientifically described for the first time in 2019, was found in the limestone cave Puropoko . There is also a large bat colony here. The Craterocephalus laisapi is an endemic freshwater fish species in the Irasiquero.

In a 2007 study, 40 different medicinal plants used by the local Fataluku were scientifically collected in Lautém . The number is relatively high compared to other such field research. The plants identified included representatives of the legume family ( Fabaceae ) and milkweed family ( Euphorbiaceae ).

Residents

Development of the population in Lautém
The village of Lautém
Don Bosco College in Fuiloro

65,240 inhabitants live in Lautém (2015, 2011: 62,813 inhabitants). The population density is 35.91 inhabitants per square kilometer. Only the community of Manatuto is sparsely populated. The average age is 17.0 years (2010). Between 1990 and 2004 the number of residents grew by 1.72% annually. In 2004 every woman in Tutuala had an average of 6.58 children, the number rose to 7.77 children in Lospalos, 7.80 in Iliomar and 7.91 in Lautém and 8.32 in Luro (national average 6.99). The infant mortality rate in 2002 in Lospalos was 68 (1996: 102), in Lautém 89 (126), Luro 101 (152), Iliomar 129 (119) and Tutuala 140 (81) deaths per 1000 live births. The national average was 98. Iliomar and Tutuala are two of 14 administrative offices in which child mortality rose contrary to the national trend. Tutuala even recorded the highest increase in the country.

Several national languages ​​of East Timor are spoken as mother tongue in the community . 60.9% speak Fataluku (largest ethnic group in the administrative offices Lautém, Lospalos and Tutuala) and 12.1% speak Makalero (administrative office Iliomar). Sa'ane is a dialect of Makasae spoken in the southeast of Luro (8.4%). In the northwest of Luro and in the west of the Lautém administrative office, the actual Makasae is used (14.3%). Fataluku, Makasae / Sa'ane and Makalero belong to the Papuan languages . In Mehara, near Tutuala, only a few people speak the national language Makuva , a Malayo-Polynesian language that is threatened with extinction, as their mother tongue . If the second languages ​​are also taken into account, in 2015 75.3% spoke Tetum, 45.3% Bahasa Indonesia, 38.6% Portuguese and 16.2% English . Rusenu is an extinct language . It wasn't until 2007 that a linguist was able to document the last remains.

In 2015, 43.3% of residents aged three or over attended school. 28.3% had left school. 27.8% have never attended school, which is just below the national average. 4.1% of Ermera's residents have only attended pre-school, more than a third only attended primary school. Secondary schools have completed more than a fifth of the population. 3.9% have a diploma or a degree; about half as much as the national average. The illiteracy rate in 2015 was 13.1% (women: 12.9%; men: 13.3%). In 2004 it was 61.1%.

Education Graduation
at school Finished school never in a school Preschool primary school Pre-
secondary		 Secondary Diploma / University of Applied
Sciences		 university No graduation
Women 41.2% 26.6% 31.7% 3.8% 31.5% 14.2% 13.6% 0.4% 2.3% 1.0%
Men 45.5% 30.2% 23.7% 4.3% 37.2% 13.3% 14.3% 0.9% 4.1% 0.7%
total 43.3% 28.3% 27.8% 4.1% 34.3% 13.8% 13.9% 0.7% 3.2% 0.9%

history

Prehistory and the Portuguese Colonial Era

Up to 5000 years old animistic characters in Ile Kére Kére
Historic sites around Tutuala
10,000 year old stone face in Lene Hara
Portuguese lighthouse near Iliomar

There are over 30 caves and rock overhangs in the Tutuala Administration Office, where thousands of pictures have been painted on the walls. In the limestone cave Jerimalai , near the town of Tutuala, traces of human settlement that are older than 42,000 years have been found. They are the oldest finds of this kind on the islands of Southeast Asia . Nearby, in the Ile Kére Kére cave, drawings from a later period of hunting scenes, animistic symbols for turtles and other animals and boats have been found. The shape of the boats suggests an Austronesian origin, which contradicts the Papuan origin of most of the languages ​​in the community. One can only speculate whether the drawings represent the artists' boats or boats passing by. The drawings are estimated to be between 2000 and 6000 years old. Other rock paintings can be found on the cliffs of Tutuala and Tunu Taraleu , in Lene Kici , Lene Cécé and Vérulu . There are also cave drawings near Lautém. Faces engraved in the stone of the Lene Hara cave are even estimated to be 10,000 years old.

The inhabitants of Lautém were originally warriors and farmers, but they did not fish. Numerous stone sarcophagi and animistic shrines can be found throughout the parish. Historically, four main tribes lived in the Lautém area. These were the Fataluku in the area of ​​Lospalos, Tutuala and Lautém, the Makasae in Luro, Lautém and Iliomar and the Makalero in Iliomar and Luro , corresponding to the languages ​​most widely spoken today . The only speakers of an Austronesian language in Lautém, the Makuva, were only almost completely assimilated by the Fataluku since the end of the Second World War . They live mainly in Tutuala. So far it has been assumed that the speakers of the Papuan languages ​​came to Timor about 3000 years ago, they were later followed by the Austronesians. More recent theories suggest, at least with the Fataluku, that they only arrived in Timor after the Austronesians. The origin of their language is believed to be on the Bomberai Peninsula of New Guinea . Legends of the Fataluku tell of the immigration to Timor from the east.

Like many of the ethnic groups of Timor, every clan of the Fataluku (Ratu) has a corresponding founding myth, which tells of the immigration of the ancestors to Timor. The place where the ancestors are said to have built their first settlement was previously marked with carved figures of a man and a woman looking towards their origins. As a result of the war during the Indonesian occupation, many of these figures were often brought closer to or into the existing settlements, as they were often the target of desecration and vandalism. In many places there are old fortifications ( pamakolo or laca ) and settlements on hills (lata paru) , which are associated with the ancestors. In them there are graves of the ancestors (calu luturu) made of large stones. They are still the target of great veneration today, despite the Catholic faith that has now become widespread. The Kati ratu and the Tutuala ratu are special . Their legends tell that they come from their current home, which indicates that they may have been in Timor longer than other Fataluku and were assimilated by them.

In 2015, a bronze drum of the Dong Son culture from what is now Vietnam was discovered while building a house on the Raumoco River in Daudere . The 80 kg heavy and approximately 2000 year old artifact is one of the best preserved of only about 20 bronze drums that were found along the ancient shipping lanes in Southeast Asia.

The first Europeans in this area were the Portuguese , who built a fort in what is now Suco Lore I (administrative office of Lospalos) in the 17th or 18th century. In Lautém there is a Portuguese residence from the 18th and 19th centuries.

In the early 1730s, the Sarau Empire rebelled against the Portuguese colonial rulers. Governor Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama e Castro (1731–1734) then took action against the empire. On the road between Com and Lospalos is an old traditional cemetery that is said to be 300 years old. There are those Timorese who were killed by the Portuguese conquerors. Other empires in the region ruled by a Liurai were Faturó and Com.

In 1847, Buginese pirates or slave hunters probably attacked Sama , which was not unusual at that time. Governor Julião José da Silva Vieira (1844-1848) sent a military expedition, but it was defeated by the pirates. Three soldiers were killed in the process. For another four and a half months, the 70 Buginese managed to defend themselves against a siege by 3,000 warriors who had drawn the local rulers together. Later, Governor José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (1851-1852) sent a punitive expedition against the empire of Sarau, which was suspected of having collaborated with the Buginese. The retaliatory action over eight months, in which the gunboat Mondego was also used, ultimately brought in compensation of 2,000 rupees. The heads of the fallen opponents were brought back to Dili and displayed at the Likurai dance. The Timorese practice was used again and again among rebels by the Portuguese in the following years.

In 1860, the governor Afonso de Castro divided the colony into ten military commanderships (comandos militares) for the first time . The realms of Faturó , Sarau and Matarufa were assigned to the Lautém commandant .

Place names during the Estado Novo
Today's name Name in the Estado Novo
Lautém Vila Nova de Malaca
Com Nova Nazaré
Fuiloro Vila de Aviz
Tutuala Nova Sagres
Ililai Nova Âncora
View of Tchailoro (1970)

In the course of the 19th century, the sandalwood trade in the region came to a standstill and it was only at the beginning of the 20th century that traces of the Portuguese colonial rulers can be found in the area of ​​the municipality. In some administrative offices, administrative buildings from the period between 1900 and 1945 have been preserved, for example in Tutuala. In Iliomar there are the ruins of a Portuguese military post with fort and port from 1904. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Liurais still had direct power of government. The Portuguese used the class system to stir up resistance against the local rulers among the subjects so that the colonial rulers could exercise control. During this time, many East Timorese were sent to other parts of the Portuguese colonial empire , such as Mozambique .

In 1942 the Japanese occupied Timor, although Portugal was neutral during World War II. A few bunkers on the road between Com and Lautém still date from this time. In Trisula , the Japanese built a prison that was later used by the Portuguese. In the vicinity of the village of Abisu in Fuiloro , the Japanese armed forces operated an airfield for heavy bombers from 1942, which is why Fuiloro has repeatedly been the target of Australian bombers . Many Timorese fought against the Japanese occupation forces.

In 1959, at the invitation of José da Serra Frazão, the Portuguese administrator Lautéms, locals from Iliomar and Lospalos took part in punitive expeditions against the inhabitants of Uato-Lari and Uatucarbau (municipality of Viqueque) due to the Viqueque rebellion .

After the war, the Portuguese restored their rule over the colony. Many public buildings were built in the community that are still standing. In 1948 Lospalos, which was originally called Los Pala, was expanded as the administrative center. In 1974, after the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, the first East Timorese parties emerged. Veríssimo Dias Quintas , the Liurai of Lospalos, became one of the leading members of the UDT in Lautém. The heads of FRETILIN on site, Afonso and Benedito Sávio, were later killed by Indonesian soldiers.

In the spring of 1975 FRETILIN was able to rely on a majority of the population in all of East Timor. On March 13, 1975, elections were held in Lautém as part of the decolonization program. The aim was to replace the traditional ruling systems. There were no party lists or candidates in this local election pilot. Voters simply threw pebbles into the candidates' baskets to cast their votes. Candidates close to FRETILIN were able to assert themselves clearly against UDT candidates - one reason for the later attempted coup by the UDT, which feared that FRETILIN would take over power in the country.

Indonesian occupation and UN administration

Course of the Indonesian invasion (1975–1979)

After East Timor's declaration of independence on November 28, 1975 , Indonesia began a large-scale invasion of the neighboring country nine days later . Areas near the border had already been occupied. The Indonesian Army TNI was not able to establish itself permanently until 1976. In the far east of the island, the East Timorese resistance remained flat for a long time, while the Indonesians mostly only controlled the large towns and the roads connecting them. The first parachute units landed in Raça in 1976 and pushed forward to Lospalos on February 3. Until October 1976 the places Lautém, Lospalos and Tutuala and the streets connecting them were in Indonesian hands. Local estimates suggest that each family in the parish lost two to four members to the invasion. Rape, murder and torture by the Indonesian troops were common.

The resistance fighter Francisco Ruas Hornay , who came from Iliomar, and four of his supporters were executed in Muapitine by FRETILIN on November 24, 1976 because of internal fighting .

As early as 1976, the first TNI battalion was set up in Fuiloro, which consisted of East Timorese. The soldiers of Battalion 745 initially came from other parts of East Timor, as the local population did not yet support the occupiers. One of the leaders of the local APODETI , the Portuguese Claudio Vieria from Moro and a civil servant in Suai , became the first government president (Bupati) of Lautém. Most of the residents of the already occupied territories fled to bases de apoio , where the civilian population was settled by the FALINTIL resistance movement. In Lautém there were some at Legumau, in Iliomar and in Mehara. Other residents fled to what was then the Baucau district , for example to Matebian . Many died there of malnutrition and lack of drinking water. In addition, the TNI bombed the camps at irregular intervals between 1977 and 1978. From 1977 the Indonesian army also advanced into the previously unoccupied areas in the east of the country and destroyed the last bases of resistance. The independence leader Xanana Gusmão called on the refugees to leave the mountains because he feared the death of all. Until March 1979, East Timor was completely under Indonesian control, even though the FALINTIL resistance struggle continued. Initially focused on the center of the country, the focus of operations later shifted back to Lautém, with the fighters mostly being put on the defensive.

District President (Bupati) Flag of Indonesia.svg
Cláudio do Carmo Vieira (APODETI) 1976-1985
Lt. Colonel Hendrikus (Henricos) Hardjatno (military) 1985-1990
José Valente (FRETILIN) 1990-1995
Edmundo de Conceição Silva (APODETI) 1995-1999
Administrador Flag of East Timor.svg
Olavio da Costa Monteiro Almeida June 2001-2007
Olavio D. Jesus Monteiro from 2007
Jeferino Pereira around Feb. 2012
José Monteiro around Apr. 2013
Zeferino dos S. Sequeira current (as of 2014)

Between August 5 and 8, 1983, hundreds of members of the armed militias ( Wanra , Hansip ) from Mehara, Lore , Leuro and Serelau deserted and joined the FALINTIL. The Indonesians carried out punitive actions in their hometowns. Hundreds of women and other relatives were rounded up on trucks and interned for several months. Torture and rape occurred. Several hundred families were later forcibly relocated to the island of Atauro . On December 7th, five FALINTIL supporters were publicly executed in Muapitine .

During the occupation, the Indonesians expanded the roads and the telecommunications network in what was then the district in order to be able to fight the FALINTIL better. On May 29, 1997, elections were held in which representatives of East Timor should be elected to the Indonesian parliament. Several attacks on the Indonesian occupying power and its supporters took place in the surrounding area. In Lospalos the brother of the head of the district parliament and some teachers were shot. The guerrillas had previously murdered three people in Muapitine .

In response to international pressure, a referendum was finally held in East Timor in 1999 , in which the inhabitants were to decide on independence from Indonesia or internal autonomy. Pro-Indonesian militias and the TNI attacked supporters of independence during this period. Veríssimo Dias Quintas and Victor da Costa, who had replaced Quintas as head of the CNRT umbrella organization that year, were brutally murdered on August 27th. After the clear majority of East Timorese opted for independence on August 30, 1999, there was a last wave of violence in which a large part of the infrastructure in Lautém was also destroyed; many buildings burned down, including most of the traditional holy houses in today's parish. The worst incident occurred on September 25th. Members of the pro-Indonesian militia Team Alfa , led by Joni Marques, murdered nine people on the road from Lautém to Baucau, on the Malailada river . Among the victims were two nuns, three fathers and an Indonesian journalist. The United Nations therefore sent the international peacekeeping force INTERFET to ensure peace and order. Renin Selak, the CNRT and FALINTIL secretary of Lautém, organized a provisional local government under UN administration . In January 2000 the CNRT organized elections. Albino da Silva was elected district secretary of the CNRT, and João Rui Amaral his deputy. Structures of the CNRT were also built on the lower levels down to the Aldeias . In January 2001 Silva was appointed to the Provisional National Council ( National Council NC) , Amaral then took over the post as district secretary until June 2001, when the CNRT announced its dissolution to enable elections to the Constituent Assembly . Most of the refugees did not return from the forests to which they had fled the violence until early October. South Korean peacekeepers were stationed in Lautém in November , along with an international police contingent. In 2000, elections were held in the district for the first time since the Indonesians withdrew. From 2001 the UN gradually handed over the administration to the Timorese. In 2001 the South Korean soldiers were withdrawn. A Thai unit in Baucau was responsible for Lautém until the foreign troops were finally withdrawn a few years later . In 2002 East Timor was given independence.

Lautém in independent East Timor

During the 2006 riots in East Timor , Lautém was less the scene of violence than other parts of the country, where gangs from the western ( Loro Munu ) and eastern ( Loro Sae ) parts of the country attacked each other. From the west, however, many former residents of Lautém fled back to their old home, so that at the height of the unrest over 11,000 internally displaced persons were living in the Lautém district.

In late August 2011, four people died in a clash between two martial arts groups in Baricafa ( Luro sub- district ). As a result, Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão ordered the closure of the martial arts clubs there.

In 2014, the districts across East Timor were transformed into "parishes" and the sub-districts into "administrative offices".

politics

Zeferino dos Santos Sequeira, administrator of Lautém (2019)
Administration in Lospalos
Strongest party in each municipality in the 2018 parliamentary elections

The municipality's administrator is appointed by the state government in Dili. In June 2001, Olavio da Costa Monteiro Almeida received the post (Olavio D. Jesus Monteiro in other sources) Almeida still held the office in 2009. In July 2011, Jeferino Pereira was administrator. April 2013, José Monteiro held the office. Currently the administrator is Zeferino dos Santos Sequeira (as of February 2014 / December 2019).

Since the Timorese regained their self-determination, FRETILIN has been the dominant party in Lautém. In the elections to the constituent assembly , from which the national parliament later emerged, FRETILIN won with 62.76% against the PD , PSD , the other four parties and the four independent candidates. The direct mandate at that time was won by Armindo da Conceicão Silva from FRETILIN. Also in the parliamentary and presidential elections in 2007 , FRETILIN was the strongest party and won 45% of the votes. In the early elections in 2018 , FRETILIN received 44.8% of the vote.

In the 2012 presidential elections , however, the independent candidate Taur Matan Ruak won just under the majority with 50.4%, ahead of the FRETILIN candidate Francisco Guterres . In the parliamentary elections in 2012 , FRETILIN won 43.86% of the vote in Lautém. The ruling Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense (CNRT) received 20.24% and the PD its best result nationwide with 20.64%. In the 2017 presidential elections , Francisco Guterres from FRETILIN won the most votes, both in Lautém and nationwide. FRETILIN was also the strongest force in Lautém in the 2017 parliamentary elections with 38.5%.

Economy and Infrastructure

Share of households with ...
agriculture
Field crops Share 2010 Production 2008
Corn 52% 24,458 t
rice 19% 7,845 t
manioc 45% 1,820 t
coconuts 44% not specified
vegetables 39% 358 t (with fruit)
coffee 11% not specified-
Livestock
Livestock Share 2010 Number of animals 2010
Chicken 75% 67,394
Pigs 71% 24,816
Bovine 25% 16,874
Water buffalo 22% 15,378
Horses 19% 6,046
Goats 17% 8,570
Sheep 3% 2,454
Furnishing
Furnishing Share 2010 Number of households
radio 24% 2,694
watch TV 16% 1,834
Telephone (mobile / landline) 50% 5,742
fridge 4% 479
bicycle 12% 1,344
motorcycle 10% 1.101
automobile 3% 318
boat 2% 76
Rice growing areas in Lautém
Gardens in Mehara
Bateng cattle east of Lospalos
Huts of the village of Lore (2003)

According to the 2010 census, 37% of all residents who are ten years or older work, 4% are unemployed. 59.1% of households practice arable farming, 83.9% cattle, which is roughly the national average (as of 2010). The agricultural areas consist of limestone soils, sediments and clay. 45% are so-called skeletal soil (lithosol), the alluvial land consists of sand, dust, regosol and brown forest soil. Most of the time, simple tools are used to cultivate self-sufficiency in small gardens , combined with traditional slash and burn farming on small areas. In the lowlands, single-axle tractors are sometimes used. A family cultivates an average of one to two hectares. In 2002, 3328 hectares of fields were cultivated in the community. Maize, which around half of all households grow, is harvested twice a year, in May and November / December. Over 24,000 tons were produced in 2008. Cassava is almost as common, but the second most important staple food in the region is rice, even if only a fifth of households grow it themselves. In the mountainous region of Luro, however, more than half of the families grow rice, in Iliomar a quarter. The further east you go, the more the proportion of rice farmers decreases. The first seeds are sown between December and February, harvesting three to four months later. A second sowing follows between June and August. Depending on the nature of the fields, two to three tons can be harvested per hectare. The rice fields in the higher regions are dependent on the rain as a water source, in the lowlands the fields can be irrigated at least in the rainy season. Only a few can do this all year round.

44% of households have coconut trees, which is the average for the other parts of the country. Sweet potatoes, yams and taro are grown for personal use or for sale in regional markets, as are fruit and vegetables. Mangoes, oranges, lemons, tangerines, pomelos, avocados, watermelons, pineapples, apples, jackfruit, breadfruit, papaya, bananas and guavas grow in the local gardens. Spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, radishes, cabbage, eggplants, beans and garlic are grown as vegetables. For commercial cultivation, plantations with coconut palms, sugar cane, light nuts, tobacco, betel nuts, cocoa and cashew nuts were established in the past , but they are largely abandoned today. Only a few such plantings are used for personal needs. Even the cultivation of coffee there is relatively low compared to other regions of East Timor.

As pets, people mainly keep chickens and pigs. Over 70% of households use these meat suppliers. Around a quarter of households have cattle or water buffalo, each of which is almost in balance with just over 15,000 animals, while nationwide there are around one and a half times as many cattle as buffalo. In every fifth home there is at least one horse, in the community over 6000, that is a share of over 10% nationwide. Two thirds of them are in the Lospalos administrative office. Most of them are Timor ponies , which are still used today as pack animals and riding animals. Goats and sheep play a much smaller role. Some fishing is mainly carried out on the coasts of Laivai and Com (Lautém administrative office), Lore (Lospalos), Tutuala and Iliomar. In particular, the coastal waters between Laivai and Iradarate (178.92 km) are very rich in fish. The establishment of freshwater fish farms is being considered.

Collect firewood in Com
Pig at the waterhole in Com

94% of the households in Lautém have their own house, in 4% the house belongs to the family. Only a fifth of all residential buildings are made of brick or concrete, the majority of the buildings are still made of natural materials such as bamboo, palm fronds or clay. For roofs, zinc and iron sheets have prevailed in many places, even if 19% of the houses are still covered with palm fronds or straw. In more than half of the houses the floor consists of rammed earth, in 24% of concrete.

Over 70% of households have access to clean drinking water sources, with only 16% having the water on or in the house. The residents of the other households have to get the drinking water from public pipes, wells, springs or bodies of water. Almost all households use wood for cooking. A third of households have electricity, a little more use kerosene lamps as a light source. One fifth of households use light nut or candle berry oil , which is used by 5% on the national average. In the larger towns, diesel generators provide electricity for a few hours in the evening, provided fuel is available. In Malahara (Suco Mehara) independence was planned underground the largest hydropower plant in the country in the early years. The water was supposed to flow through a tunnel from the Ira Lalaro, below the Paitchau mountain , towards the Timor Sea. Ultimately, it did not come to fruition.

Women in Lospalos weaving tais

Com has a small guesthouse and is often used as a destination for excursions from the state capital Dili because of its beach and diving opportunities. Other tourist destinations with accommodation are Lospalos and Tututala with the island of Jaco.

Distillery in Lore

Several rural roads in different structural quality connect the places Lautéms with each other. The well-developed A01 runs along the north coast, coming from Dili and Baucau, to Lautém. There it divides. On the coast it runs as far as Com, inland one reaches on the other branch first the place Bauro and finally the municipality capital Lospalos. Following the south coast, the A08 leads from Viqueque to Iliomar and on to Lospalos. There are mostly slopes made of concrete elements. The highways from Bauro to Tutuala, from Com to Bauro and from Buihomau on the north coast to Luro are only partially asphalted or graveled . The smaller towns are only connected to the outside world with the simplest slopes. In the rainy season it can happen that even the larger inland roads are impassable due to landslides. The unpaved roads are then often no longer passable. In an emergency, only helicopters can maintain the connection. There are heliports in Lospalos, Lore I , Iliomar, Lautém, Bauro, Maina I and Com. Anchorages are in front of Com and Lore I. If the roads are passable, buses (Biskota) , minibuses (Mikroléts) and trucks transport people and goods. A battalion of the East Timorese Defense Forces (FDTL) is stationed in Fuiloro . There is a police station in Lospalos . The main places have community health centers, some smaller places have medical wards. There are elementary schools in many localities in the municipality. In 2008 there were 57. There are pre-secondary schools in Lospalos, Mehara, Luro, Iliomar, Lautém and Buihomau . There are secondary schools only in Lospalos, Lautém and Bauro .

Rádio Communidade de Lospalos , on FM 100.1 MHz, is the region's communal broadcaster. 24% of households have a radio, 16% a television.

Construction of a power line in Foema'a
Share of households with ...
... house walls made of ...
Brick / concrete Wood bamboo Clay Iron / zinc sheet Palm fronds Natural stones Others
24% 4% 45% <1% 6% 19% 22% 16%
... roofs made of ... ... floors made of ...
Palm fronds / straw Iron / zinc sheet Roof tiles Others concrete Tiles Soil / loam Bamboo / wood Others
19% 78% 1 % 2% 24% 4% 58% 6% 7%
Drinking water supply through ...
Pipe or pump in the house Line or pump outside Public pipeline, well, borehole protected source unprotected source Surface water Others
2% 14% 28% 27% 25% 3% 1 %
Energy source for cooking Light source
electricity petroleum Wood Others electricity petroleum Wood Light nut /
candle berry		 Others
1 % 3% 95% 1 % 35% 37% 3% 21% 3%

Culture

Tutuala Church
Traditional holy house (Lee-teinu) in Lospalos
Kakalo'ut a, traditional musical instruments from Lospalos

In 2004, 96.6% of the population were Catholics , 2.7% Protestants , 0.4% followers of the traditional animist religion of Timor and 0.2% Muslims . The 2015 census recorded 97.59% Catholics, 1.88% Protestants, 0.36% Muslims, only 22 animists and 89 others.

Lautém is subordinate to the diocese of Baucau . Like all peoples of Timor before colonization and the majority of the population until the end of the 20th century, Lautém residents were originally animists. Even today, popular belief still plays an important role in everyday life, although most of the residents of Lospalo are now Christians. Animal sacrifices are also common in the villages. Carved figures ( Lulik ) still serve there to ward off evil. Fataluku families often still have animistic house shrines (aca kaka) . Ritual fire pits ensure the spiritual protection of the members of the extended family. The ancestors are sacrificed offal and rice as food (fané) or the male family members share “holy meat” (leura tei) . At burials of old members of a clan, nololonocaw (master of song, master of words) intends a ritual chant (nololo) in which the soul of the deceased is sent along the path of the ancestors in order to unite with the origin.

Although the majority of the inhabitants speak Lautém's Papuan languages, they have more in common culturally than they differ from the other, mostly Austronesian- speaking, ethnic groups of East Timor.

For the Fataluku, the largest ethnic group in Lautém, the traditional social class system still has an impact on life. A distinction is made between the layer of kings (Raju) , the middle layer of the Paca and the lower layer of the Akanu . Only the stratum of kings was allowed to own land. The descendants of the Liurai (Little King) of Moro are said to still own a large part of the land in the municipality. The Fataluku were divided into clans named after their region (for example Tutuala ratu ). Despite their Catholic faith, Fataluku families often still have animistic house shrines (aca kaka) . Ritual fire pits ensure the spiritual protection of the members of the extended family. The ancestors are sacrificed offal and rice as food (fané) or the male family members share “holy meat” (leura tei) . At burials of old members of a clan, nololonocaw (master of song, master of words) intends a ritual chant (nololo) in which the soul of the deceased is sent along the path of the ancestors in order to unite with the origin. Sometimes it is said that the dead "went to plant coconuts in the land of the first village."

Twice a year, the Mechi , the collection of the sexual segments of the Meci worms ( Eunice viridis ), takes place among the Fataluku at certain points on the coast of Lospalos, Lautém and Tutuala . The smaller Mechi kiik takes place in the last quarter of the moon in February and the large Mechi boat at the new moon in March . The harvest of this maritime annelid marks the beginning of a new annual cycle for agriculture and is celebrated with festivities in the villages. The Fataluku wade with torches through the shallow areas on the bank to catch the light-sensitive worm, which spawns in large numbers here. In addition to singing and dancing, building alliances is an important part of the festival. This also applies to the alliance of the ritual leaders with nature and the spirits and the alliance between the political leaders and the population. The worms are marinated raw with chilli and lemon and are considered a delicacy as a salad. The ritual offerings on the day after the harvest are called fane , the "feeding of the spirits". In August there is a sardine fishing festival in Com, the Api moko lere . In addition to songs on Fataluku, some are also sung in the “commercial language” at the celebrations. This is Leti , the language of the Indonesian Leti Islands , which can be reached within a day by sailing. Traditionally, there was a lively trade between Tutuala and Leti Islands, among others Batik - sarongs . Since East Timor became independent in 2002, trade across national borders has declined.

Fulidai-dai plays a major role in the Makalero society in Iliomar , which can be compared to a cultural system of neighborly help . Fulidai-dai, at its core, encourages increased cooperation, mutual aid and voluntary contributions. Its main purpose is to encourage individuals to act for contribution to the good of the community rather than to the good of an individual. The principles include solidarity, collectivity, exchange and mutual help. So, together, farmland is won, planted, harvested, houses are built or festivities are prepared. Misconduct is treated with the tradition of Tara Bandu (Tarabandu) . For example, a villager insulted government officials during a ceremony. The culprit donated meat and the local palm wine for a tara bandu ceremony with elders and local dignitaries from all over Lautém, including the Catholic priest. During the ceremony the offense was discussed and the importance of forgiveness. The name of the culprit was never mentioned because the entire village had taken responsibility for the misconduct of individuals.

The traditional holy houses ( Uma Lulik in Tetum, Lee-teinu in Fataluku) are now a national symbol in East Timor. The shape of the roof is also modeled on modern buildings, such as the presidential palace in Dili or the Catholic churches in Fuiloroi and Tutuala. Examples of Lee-teinu in Lautém can be seen in Lospalos and Titilari , among others .

environment

Map of the Nino Konis Santana National Park

During the Indonesian occupation, there were no restrictions on hunting, which caused the stocks of game to decline significantly. The yellow-cheeked cockatoo , East Timor's national bird , was threatened by hunting with air rifles. The dynamite fishery operated at that time left damage to the coral reefs, the size of which has not yet been clarified. Sea turtles were hunted for their meat and shell. In 2001 UNTAET prohibited the killing and capture of certain animal species. However, there are still too few police officers to enforce the ban. In 2008, the Nino Konis Santana National Park was opened, the first in East Timor. It covers 68,000 hectares of land and 55,600 hectares of the adjacent sea area with coral reefs . The park also includes the Important Bird Areas Paitchau , Lore and Jaco.

Problems today are slash and burn to gain arable land and the disposal of household waste and sewage. Garbage is simply thrown behind the house, wastewater flows untreated into the rivers. The asbestos roofs used by Indonesians throughout the community, with which 120 houses were still provided, are a legacy.

Sports

The FC Lero from iliomar subdistrict plays in the Liga Futebol Amadora Segunda Divisão 2018 . Other officially registered football clubs are AS Lero from Iliomar and FC Luro Irmãos Unidos from Luro .

Personalities

literature

Partnerships

  • PortugalPortugal Grândola , Portugal (since January 20, 2013)

Web links

Tutuala coast from Jaco Island
Commons : Lautém (municipality)  - collection of images, videos and audio files

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Direcção-Geral de Estatística : Results of the 2015 census , accessed on November 23, 2016.
  2. ↑ Geoffrey Hull : The placenames of East Timor , in: Placenames Australia (ANPS): Newsletter of the Australian National Placenames Survey, June 2006, pp. 6 & 7, ( Memento of February 14, 2017 in the Internet Archive ). September 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d Direcção Nacional de Estatística: 2010 Census Wall Chart (English) ( Memento of November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.7 MB)
  4. ↑ Ministério da Administração Estatal: Posto Administrativo Luro ( Memento of January 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 1, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Andrew McWilliam: Austronesians in linguistic disguise: Fataluku cultural fusion in East Timor ( Memento of November 7, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 171 kB)
  6. ^ A b Colin Trainor: The ant fauna of Timor and neighboring islands: potential bridges between the disjunct faunas of South East Asia and Australia , Australian Journal of Zoology, 2010, 58, 133-144
  7. ↑ a b c Hinrich Kaiser et al., PhD, Department of Biology, Victor Valley College: The herpetofauna of Timor-Leste: a first report
  8. ↑ a b c d Lisa Palmer, Demétrio do Amaral de Carvalho : Nation building and resource management: The politics of 'nature' in Timor Leste ( Memento of February 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 343 kB) , accessed on 28 . December 2012
  9. ↑ Eisemberg, CC Costa, BG Guterres, EC Reynolds, SJ & Christian, K .: Assessment of Chelodina mccordi current status and community awareness along the Lake Iralalaro, Timor-Leste ( Memento of November 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Report to the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Turtle Conservation Fund, and Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, by the Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, 2014 (English).
  10. ↑ a b c d Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 3.
  11. ↑ Gustavo Silva de Miranda & Ana Sofia Reboleira: Amblypygids of Timor-Leste: first records of the order from the country with the description of a remarkable new species of Sarax (Arachnida, Amblypygi, Charinidae). ZooKeys, N ° 820, pp. 1-12, 2019.
  12. ↑ Helen K. Larson , Walter Ivantsoff, and LELM Crowley: Description of a new species of freshwater hardyhead, Craterocephalus laisapi (Pisces, Atherinidae) from East Timor , Volume 10, Issue 2 - July 2005, pp. 81-88, aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, ISSN  0945-9871
  13. ↑ Sean WM Collins, Xisto Martins, Andrew Mitchell, Awegechew Teshome and John T. Arnason: Fataluku medicinal ethnobotany and the East Timorese military resistance , Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2007.
  14. ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Timor-Leste in figures 2011 (PDF; 3.8 MB) ( Memento from February 19, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 5, 2013
  15. ↑ a b Census of Population and Housing Atlas 2004 ( Memento of February 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 14 MB)
  16. ↑ Steven Hagers: A forgotten language on East Timor . Kennislink. March 20, 2007. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
  17. ↑ Sapo.tl: Timor-Leste tem mais de 30 grutas e abrigos com arte rupestre , February 11, 2014 , accessed on September 9, 2014.
  18. ^ Sue O'Connor: New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern human colonization east of the Sunda Shelf. ( Memento from September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 659 kB) In: Antiquity 81, 2007, ISSN  0003-598X , pp. 523-535.
  19. ↑ Timor cave may reveal how humans reached Australia. The Age, December 22, 2006.
  20. ^ Sue O'Connor: Nine New Painted Rock Art Sites from East Timor in the Context of the Western Pacific Region , pp. 19 ff., Asia Perspectives, Vol. 42, No.1, 2003 , accessed April 6, 2020.
  21. ^ Scientists find 10,000-year-old stone carvings. on: abc.net.au , February 11, 2011.
  22. ↑ Sapo.tl: Tambor Dong Son vietnamita com cerca de 2000 anos found in Timor-Leste , November 18, 2015 , accessed on November 18, 2015.
  23. ↑ Chronologie de l'histoire du Timor (1512–1945) suivie des événements récents (1975–1999) (French; PDF; 887 kB)
  24. ↑ History of Timor, p. 55 ( Memento of March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 824 kB)
  25. ↑ Monika Schlicher: Portugal in East Timor. A critical study of the Portuguese colonial history in East Timor from 1850 to 1912. Abera, Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-931567-08-7 , (Abera Network Asia-Pacific 4), (also: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994).
  26. ^ João Soares: Novo Atlas Escolar Português . 5th updated edition. Lisbon 1954.
  27. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 5.
  28. ↑ Janet Gunter: Communal Conflict in Viqueque and the 'Charged' History of '59 , 8: 1, p. 33, 2007, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, ISSN  1444-2213 , doi: 10.1080 / 14442210601177977.
  29. ^ Official government website of East Timor: History. Retrieved August 22, 2011 .
  30. ↑ a b c d e Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 6.
  31. ↑ a b c "Chapter 7.2 Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances" (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  32. ↑ a b "Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine" (PDF; 1.3 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  33. ↑ "Part 4: Regime of Occupation" (PDF; 563 kB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  34. ↑ (INDONESIA-L) HRW / ASIA - East Timor Guerrilla Attacks: East Timor Guerrilla Attacks of June 4, 1997 ( Memento of September 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  35. ↑ a b c Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 7.
  36. ↑ Internal Displaced Monitoring Center ( Memento from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 467 kB)
  37. ↑ Diario Nacional, 23 August 2011, Gusmão calls for closing down GAM in Lautém
  38. ↑ World Bank: Participation List Timor-Leste and Development Partners Meeting 3-5 December 2003 , accessed April 27, 2020.
  39. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 9.
  40. ↑ P3DM training in East Timor from August 2007 ( Memento from November 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 6 MB)
  41. ↑ Jornal da República: DESPACHO No.32 / MAEOT / 2009 , accessed on January 20, 2018.
  42. ↑ East Timorese government website: 2935 civil servants were sworn in by the Public Service Commission , July 26, 2011 , accessed February 9, 2017.
  43. ↑ Reactivation of payment of electricity in Lospalos sub-district. Government website of East Timor, April 8, 2013, accessed April 19, 2013 .
  44. ↑ Descentralização Administrativa na República Democrática de Timor-Leste: Lautém , accessed on February 7, 2014.
  45. ↑ Lurdes Silva-Carneiro de Sousa: Some Facts and Comments on the East Timor 2001 Constituent Assembly Election ( Memento of October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) ( RTF ; 199 kB), Lusotopie 2001: pp. 299–311.
  46. ↑ CNE: CNE 2017
  47. ↑ CNE: Munisipios , accessed May 30, 2018.
  48. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Suco Report Volume 4 ( Memento from April 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (English; PDF file; 9.35 MB)
  49. ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Timor-Leste in Figures 2008 ( Memento of 7 July 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.7 MB)
  50. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, pp. 9-10.
  51. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, pp. 10–11.
  52. ^ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003.
  53. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, pp. 14–15.
  54. ↑ a b Juliette Huber: A grammar of Makalero - A Papuan language of East Timor. LOT Utrecht 2011.
  55. ↑ Hydrotimor: Iralalaru ( Memento from January 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  56. ↑ a b About Iliomar ( Memento of March 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  57. ↑ a b c d UNMIT: Timor-Leste District Atlas version 02, August 2008 ( Memento from December 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 389 kB)
  58. ^ Timor-Leste GIS-Portal ( Memento from June 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  59. ^ Road map of East Timor, 2001.
  60. ↑ ARKTL - Asosiasaun Radio Komunidade Timor-Leste (English)
  61. ↑ District Priority Tables: Lautém 2004 ( Memento from August 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 13.1 MB)
  62. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 5.
  63. ↑ Brochure of the National Park Nino Konis Santana (English; PDF; 3.8 MB), accessed on December 25, 2012
  64. ^ The Timor-Leste Coastal / Marine Habitat Mapping for Tourism and Fisheries Development Project, Project No 2, Coastal and Marine Ecotourism Values, Issues and Opportunities on the North Coast of Timor Leste, Final Report, October 2009 ( Memento from March 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 15.2 MB), accessed on December 28, 2012
  65. ^ A b The Timor-Leste Coastal / Marine Habitat Mapping for Tourism and Fisheries Development Project, Project No 4, Conservation Values, Issues and Planning in the Nino Konis Santana Marine Park, Timor Leste - Final Report, October 2009 ( Memento from 29. March 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 9.2 MB), accessed on December 28, 2012
  66. ↑ Lautém District Development Plan 2002/2003, p. 15.
  67. ↑ Municípios Portugueses: Geminações de Cidades e Vilas , accessed on January 7, 2018.

Coordinates: 8 ° 31 '  S , 127 ° 2'  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 2, 2011 .