East Timor presidential elections 2012

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Call of the National Electoral Commission (CNE) for peaceful elections

In the presidential elections in East Timor in 2012 , the President of East Timor , the country's head of state, was elected for the third time . 14 people wanted to run, 13 candidates were allowed to vote, one of them died before the vote. The first ballot took place on Saturday March 17th, 2012. The incumbent José Ramos-Horta only reached third place. In the lead were Francisco Lú-Olo Guterres , chairman of FRETILIN and the independent candidate Taur Matan Ruak , who both clearly missed the necessary 50% of the votes to win the election. A runoff election was therefore held on April 16, 2012. According to the preliminary final result, she won Taur Matan Ruak with 61.23% of the vote.

The term of office of President José Ramos-Horta ended on the night of May 19-20 at midnight.

Political situation

Call for elections to the youth

After the serious unrest in 2006, the Australian- led International Stabilization Force (ISF) and the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) restored peace and order in the country. The rebel movement collapsed after the death of its leader Alfredo Reinado. Members convicted of their involvement in the assassination attempt on the government were pardoned by President Ramos-Horta in 2010. In March 2011, the East Timorese National Police (PNTL) took full responsibility for security in the country again. ISF and UNMIT plan to withdraw in 2012 after the presidential and parliamentary elections have been held .

The country had largely stabilized, even if there were still sporadic clashes between various martial arts groups and youth gangs in which houses were burned, most recently in Comoro and in 2011 in Zumalai and Luro . In addition, the veterans organization CPD-RDTL caused unrest through ongoing protests. The local elections on October 9, 2009 went without major incidents.

FRETILIN, the largest party in the country, was in opposition to the five-party government coalition Aliança da Maioria MP (AMP) , which included CNRT , PD, ASDT, PSD and UNDERTIM. Since FRETILIN, the largest parliamentary group in East Timor’s national parliament, was not involved in the government, it had accused the government of being unconstitutional throughout the legislative period. There was also the suspicion of corruption among several members of the government, including Lúcia Lobato, which could not be confirmed in any case until the election.

It was assumed that the outcome of the elections would be an indication of the outcome of the general election on July 7th. Should Taur Matan Ruak win, the CNRT was expected to win later. If Lú-Olo had won, FRETILIN would have had the best chance of forming the next government.

Candidates

Taur Matan Ruak

Taur Matan Ruak (Portuguese name: José Maria Vasconcelos ): The former military commander in chief of the Defense Forces of East Timor (F-FDTL) officially declared his candidacy on October 10, 2011. Taur Matan Ruak emphasized his independence from all parties. Nevertheless, Gilman dos Santos , the president of the UDT , said the party wanted to support Taur Matan Ruak in his candidacy. Among the supporters of Taur Matan Ruak is the former freedom fighter Commander Railos , who led an illegal militia during the unrest in East Timor in 2006 , which was supposed to take action against opponents of the FRETILIN government. A UN report had accused Taur Matan Ruak of contributing to the unrest and recommended an investigation. The East Timorese government refused.

Rogério Lobato : On November 30, 2011, Lobato announced his candidacy. "I am an independent candidate, even if I am a supporter of FRETILIN and will remain so until I die," said the former FRETILIN interior minister and freedom fighter. Lobato had to resign from his ministerial post during the riots in 2006 because he had supplied civilians with weapons, the militia of Commander Railos. He was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison in 2007 for manslaughter and the illegal transfer of weapons, but was allowed to travel to Malaysia for medical treatment after only five months in prison . In 2010 Lobato returned to East Timor, meanwhile pardoned for “good conduct”. In October he said in an interview that he felt like a scapegoat and had been treated unfairly at the time. Lobato's political goals are to revive negotiations with the mining companies over a natural gas pipeline to East Timor, improve conditions for small Timorese companies and further strengthen good relations with the People's Republic of China .

Francisco Gomes : The President of the Partidu Liberta Povu Aileba (PLPA) announced his candidacy in January 2012.

Logo of the STAE

Angela Freitas : The chairwoman of the Partido Trabalhista (PTT) announced her candidacy on January 11, 2012. She sharply attacked the candidates Rogério Lobato and Taur Matan Ruak, both of whom were accused by the United Nations for the 2006 unrest. Freitas said enough criminals already held powerful posts in the system. President Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão blamed them for corruption in government and poverty among the population. At the end of January, the electoral authority, Secreteriado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE , stated that of the 7,500 support signatures for Freitas that had been submitted, only 4,477 had been recognized as valid. 5000 are at least necessary. In addition, according to the law, Freitas would have to prove 100 supporters from each of the 13 districts . On February 14th, the East Timorese Supreme Court rejected the candidacy of Freitas. The following day, Freitas appealed against this decision, but failed. A press release was issued by the Freitas office on February 21st, which reported a break-in at the campaign office. Important documents and money are said to have been stolen. The "robbery" was politically motivated, said Freitas. On May 8th, Freitas announced that the Partido Trabalhista would support Lú-Olo and FRETILIN in the presidential elections.

Francisco Lú-Olo Guterres

Francisco Lú-Olo Guterres : The chairman of FRETILIN, the largest party in East Timor, announced on January 13th to run as his party's candidate. During the occupation, Lú-Olo took part in the armed struggle against the Indonesians. In the presidential elections in East Timor in 2007 , he failed against José Ramos-Horta only in the second ballot with 30.82% of the vote. On January 31, Lú-Olo submitted 22,970 supporters' signatures to officially submit his candidacy to the East Timorese Supreme Court. Lú-Olo must expect that Taur Matan Ruak and Rogério Lobato will cost him votes from the FRETILIN sympathizers' camp. In particular, Taur Matan Ruak as the last FALINTIL commander (of the military resistance against the Indonesian occupation) is very popular. In January he accused the FRETILIN leadership of straying from the grassroots and weakening the party. However, Taur Matan calls Ruak Lú-Olo his “younger brother” because of the time they spent together in the armed resistance.

José Luís Guterres

José Luís Guterres : The Deputy Prime Minister belongs to the Frenti-Mudança , a spin-off from FRETILIN that works with Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão. Guterres announced his candidacy on January 14, 2012. He did not run as a party candidate, but as an independent.

Francisco Xavier do Amaral †

Francisco Xavier do Amaral  : The chairman of the ASDT was President of East Timor from 1975 to 1977. When he took office in 1975, he was elected head of state by FRETILIN without a public election when the party declared independence from Portugal . After the Indonesian occupation left, Amaral ran for the two previous presidential elections. In 2002, Amaral received 17.31% of the votes as the only opposing candidate from Xanana Gusmão, and in 2007 in fourth place in the first ballot, 14.39% of the vote. The 2012 election should be his third candidacy.

Fernando de Araújo

Fernando La Sama de Araújo : The President of Parliament is chairman of the Partido Democrático (PD) . In 1988 La Sama founded the Resistência Nacional dos Estudantes de Timor-Leste RENETIL (National Resistance of the Students of Timor-Leste). He was imprisoned in Indonesia with Xanana Gusmão for six years, until they were freed with the fall of the dictator Suharto. In the 2007 presidential election, he came third in the first ballot with 19.18%.

Manuel Tilman : The MP already ran for the Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain (KOTA) in the 2007 presidential elections . At that time he received 4.09%.

Abílio Araújo : The president of the Partido Nasionalista Timorense (PNT) is said to have connections to the veteran organization CPD-RDTL , which repeatedly causes unrest in East Timor. He should also support them financially. Araújo himself denies this.

Lucas da Costa : On January 24th, the member of the Partido Democrático in Gleno declared that he also wanted to take part in the presidential elections, although his party leader Araújo is also running. In addition to his parliamentary activities, Costa is also director of the Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ) in Dili and chairman of the National Political Commission of the PD.

Angelita Pires : In June 2011, the former lover of the dead rebel leader Alfredo Reinado announced that she would run for the presidential election. After the attack on President Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão on February 11, 2008 , in which Reinado was killed, Pires was arrested as a suspected accomplice but was later acquitted by the court. On January 26th, Pires officially declared her candidacy as an independent candidate. She wants to reform the judiciary. One of her main points of criticism was the departure of Maternus Bere . The militiaman , arrested in 2009 , is charged with participating in the Suai church massacre . However, he was allowed to leave for Indonesia without a trial . Pires was supported by the UNDERTIM party .

The incumbent President José Ramos-Horta

José Ramos-Horta: The incumbent and Nobel Peace Prize laureate did not announce for a long time whether he would run for a second term. It was speculated that he would like to leave the post to a junior and take on an international position himself. In 2006 he was under discussion as UN Secretary General . Ramos-Horta is non-party. On January 29th, representatives from the 13 districts of Ramos-Horta presented a petition, which was signed by 116,300 East Timorese (more than 10% of the total population), calling on Ramos-Horta to run for president again. The next day, Ramos-Horta announced that he would run in the elections. In his candidacy speech, he explicitly praised the achievements of his competitors Taur Matan Ruaks, Lú-Olos and La Samas.

In the last election , Ramos-Horta was supported by Xanana Gusmão and his Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense (CNRT) , UNDERTIM and PMD . At the national congress of the CNRT in January 2012, however, the party decided not to send its own candidate into the race, but to support an independent candidate. Some delegates already showed sympathy for Taur Matan Ruak. On February 24, the CNRT general secretary announced that the party would support the former army chief. Reasons why the CNRT turned away from Ramos-Horta were not given. However, Ramos-Horta had recently called the CNRT a "party of corruption and nepotism ".

María do Céu : Céu is co-founder of the non-governmental aid organization Timor Aid and used to work in the active resistance against the Indonesian occupiers. When registering her candidacy at the court, she gave 5,541 signatures from supporters. Among other things, she called for an improvement in the infrastructure.

In addition to Angela Freitas, the 13 other applicants were finally recognized by the STAE as official candidates (“CAPRES”) for the elections.

Amaral, La Sama, Lobato and Tilman are members of the Mambai from the west of the country, the second largest ethnic group in East Timor. Lú-Olo belongs to the Makasae ethnolinguistic group .

Election campaign and first round of voting

Logo of the National Electoral Commission CNE
FRETILIN campaign for Francisco Guterres

According to Law 7/2006, the official campaign period lasted 15 days from February 29th to March 14th. Each candidate received US $ 10,000 from the state to fund their election campaign. As early as the end of October 2011, Ramos-Horta and Tomas Cabral , the head of the STAE, criticized the fact that some candidates were already campaigning and thus breaking the law ( electoral law Art. 12 and 13 ). The CNE National Electoral Commission ordered the police in January to remove all party symbols from the public until the official start of the election campaign . After announcing the admission of 13 candidates to the elections, they took a ritual oath for the preservation of national unity during the election campaign.

On the night of February 20, arson attacks were carried out on the offices of the CNE and STAE. Several incendiary bombs were thrown on the buildings and a United Nations car was damaged in the attacks. Police chief Longuinhos Monteiro then gave his officers the order to shoot anyone who tried to destabilize the country. The national parliament contradicted this order. Monteiro does not have the right to such an order and East Timor is campaigning and not in a state of emergency. The Indonesian ambassador said that preparations would be made to evacuate the 7,540 Indonesian citizens from East Timor in the event of unrest. It was only a week later that Indonesia's foreign minister denied such plans.

On February 28, it was announced that Francisco Xavier do Amaral was in hospital. Since his health was very critical, according to the doctors, the national parliament changed Article 26 of the electoral law in a special session on the night of March 1st at the request of the President and the Prime Minister. According to the old version, the entire electoral process would have to be repeated if a candidate died. On the morning of March 6, 2012, Amaral died of cancer, which he had known about since 2011. The STAE announced that it would cancel Amaral with a stamp on the ballot papers before they were extradited to the districts. Gil da Costa Alves , the general secretary of the ASDT announced that the party now wants to support Taur Matan Ruak. But only the supporters of Costa Alves, who is also named as the new party chairman, follow. The old followers of Amaral support the incumbent President José Ramos-Horta.

In the meantime there were minor incidents during the election campaign. In Tasitolu , I threw stones at supporters of two candidates when their convoys met. But the situation calmed down. At the beginning of March, supporters of FRETILIN tore down Taur Matan Ruak's posters in Baucau . Taur Matan Ruak was charged with illegally handing out uniformed soldiers at various of his campaign events. A spokesman for the former general vehemently disagreed. Military policemen who were legally assigned as the candidate's bodyguards were mistaken for participants in the event. FRETILIN also criticized the fact that Taur Matan Ruak posed in uniform in his picture on the ballot paper, although he is no longer a member of the army. The CNE noted that the electoral law does not prohibit uniforms. On the night of the Sunday before the elections, a convoy of supporters of Taur Matan Ruak was attacked by unknown persons on their way home in Macadique ( Viqueque district ). One person was injured. Overall, however, the course of the election campaign was assessed as largely calm and peaceful.

First round of the presidential election in East Timor
on March 17, 2012

Sample of the voting slip for the first ballot
candidate be right %
Manuel Tilman 7,226 1.56
Taur Matan Ruak 119,462 25.71
Francisco Guterres Lú-Olo 133,635 28.76
Francisco Xavier do Amaral died before the ballot
Rogerio Lobato 16,219 3.49
María do Céu 1,843 0.40
Angelita Pires 1,742 0.37
José Ramos-Horta 81,231 17.48
Francisco Gomes 3,531 0.76
José Luís Guterres 9,235 1.99
Abílio Araújo 6,294 1.35
Lucas da Costa 3,862 0.83
Fernando La Sama de Araújo 80.381 17.30
Angela Freitas not eligible for election
valid votes 464,661 100.00
invalid votes 18,788 3.83
blank ballot papers 6,484 1.32
Total (participation: 78.20%) 489.933
The most successful candidates in each district

626,503 citizens were entitled to vote. The minimum age was 17 years. 630 voting centers, 850 polling stations and 7000 ballot boxes were available. The urns were sponsored by Finland . Voters could cast their votes between 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. Students from Dili criticized Article 40 of the electoral law after having to travel to your hometown, where you are registered, to vote. Many students could not have afforded to go home. They unsuccessfully called for a change in the law before election day. For the second ballot, Ramos-Horta called for a change in the law. In the original version from 2006, every voter was allowed to vote in every polling station.

There were no major incidents on the day of the vote. The Australia-Timor-Leste Friendship Network (AusTimorFN) only registered a few technical problems, such as an insufficient number of ballot papers in a few polling stations, due to the unexpectedly high participation in the elections and the damage to some ballot papers during transport by the bad weather. Here the STAE tried to find a replacement quickly, but poor road conditions and raging rivers prevented a subsequent delivery in some cases. In some voting centers, the deletion of the deceased candidate Amaral caused confusion in the numbering of candidates during the counting. However, these problems could be eliminated. The Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) called the elections free and "transparent".

According to the preliminary final result of the first round, Lú-Olo led with 28.76% of the valid votes. He will face runner-up Taur Matan Ruak, who received 25.71%. Incumbent Ramos-Horta landed far behind in third place with 17.48%, closely followed by La Sama in fourth place with 17.30%. Lú-Olo won in the FRETILIN strongholds in the east of the country, gaining over 58% of the votes in his home district of Viqueque. In Taur Matan Ruak's home town of Baucau , 42% went to the former general, while Lú-Olo received 48%. In Lautém , Lú-Olo received 43% and in Manufahi 28%. Taur Matan Ruak won the most votes in Manatuto (35%), Oe-Cusse Ambeno and the capital district of Dili (32%), where every tenth inhabitant of East Timor lives. Ramos-Horta only won in the mountain regions of Aileu and Ermera (each 36%). La Sama won the majority in the western districts of Cova Lima (28%), Bobonaro (25%), Ainaro (39%) and Liquiçá (27%).

A few days later, Ramos-Horta announced that he would work with the PD in the parliamentary elections in June. Observers expected that this could have an impact on the outcome of the elections. In view of the result, Angela Freitas called for the second ballot to be dropped and the FRETILIN candidate to be proclaimed president. The demand had no consequences.

Second ballot

Call for the second round of the presidential elections
Candidate with a majority in the individual districts in the runoff election

Rogério Lobato and Manuel Tilman support Lú-Olo in the second ballot. Ramos-Horta chose to be neutral during the election but announced his support for the future president. According to its party leader Zacarias da Costa, the PSD also remains neutral in the runoff election . Of the PD, the party members decided to recommend Taur Matan Ruak for election in four districts, while the other nine districts are neutral. Frenti-Mudança supports Taur Matan Ruak.

According to Taur Matan Ruak's campaign team, several incidents occurred again during the election campaign. In Maluro , two men got into a dispute over the elections, which is why the supporter Taur Matan Ruaks had to be treated in the hospital in Baucau. In Matahoi ( subdistrict Uato-Lari ) allegedly followers threatened the local population of Guterres, in neighboring Babulo the house of Taur Matan Ruaks-supporter was burned and thrown more houses with stones. Here the police arrested two people. The same thing happened in Tocoluli . In Nunutali , stones were thrown at Taur Matan Ruak's convoy. One woman was slightly injured. The police then investigated in Baucau, and a police post was set up in Uato-Lari to calm the situation there. On the night of March 31, the house of Pascoal Martins , the vice-coordinator of Taur Matan Ruak's election campaign in Lacluta, was burned to the ground . Again threats were made to those who disrupt the electoral process. This time Taur Matan Ruak's successor as Chief of the Armed Forces declared Major General Lere Anan Timor on April 4th:

"Anyone who commits a crime must accept the consequences of going to jail or, if not arrested, of going to the hospital or being shot and being given their place in the cemetery."

The statement was sharply criticized by human rights activists, especially since the armed forces only have limited internal constitutional powers. Lere Anan Timur, in turn, complained to the STAE that campaigners were going from house to house with a photo of himself and Lú-Olo that was taken at an award ceremony on February 20. The campaigners would claim that President Ramos-Horta had already handed over his office to Lú-olo, in the presence of the major general.

Presidential election in East Timor on April 16, 2012
District (preliminary final result) Taur Matan Ruak ( independent ) Francisco Guterres ( FRETILIN )
Aileu 13,851 70.76% 5,725 29.24%
Ainaro 15,602 67.19% 7,617 32.81%
Baucau 25,701 47.93% 27,917 52.07%
Bobonaro 27,284 70.01% 11,689 29.99%
Cova Lima 15,755 62.58% 9,421 37.42%
Dili 56,377 65.79% 29,316 34.21%
Ermera 31,042 67.06% 15,246 32.94%
Lautém 13,555 50.40% 13,340 49.60%
Liquiçá 17,426 64.19% 9,723 35.81%
Manatuto 14,480 73.55% 5,208 26.45%
Manufahi 11,423 54.18% 9,660 45.82%
Oe-Cusse Ambeno 21,252 75.92% 6,740 24.08%
Viqueque 11,693 33.92% 22,784 66.08%
East Timor (Official Final Score) 275,471 61.23% 174,408 38.77%
valid votes 449,879 ( 98.08% )
invalid votes 6,801 (1.48%)
blank ballot papers 2,023 (0.44%)
Votes cast 458,703 ( turnout 73.12% )

On April 13, a large group pelted Taur Matan Ruak's campaign office in Dili with stones. Six police officers stopped them from storming the office. A FRETILIN spokesman said there was no evidence that the attackers were supporters of his party and called the incident part of a smear campaign against FRETILIN. He condemned the act. Commentators criticized the international press for exaggerating the incident beyond the real thing. The East Timorese police were commended for their behavior in the incident.

Election day passed peacefully without major incidents. According to the provisional final result, Taur Matan Ruak won with a clear lead with 61% of the votes. Taur Matan Ruak won mainly in the west of the country, but was also able to win in some villages in the east, who otherwise traditionally supports FRETILIN. The turnout was very low at around 73%. 168,592 of 627,295 registered voters did not cast their vote, which was again justified with the obligation to travel to the home town. It is therefore planned to amend the controversial Article 40. CNE chairman Faustino Cardoso suspected that many were also afraid of possible unrest.

After election day there was another arson in Uato-Lari, and stones were thrown at a police car. Some residents fled into the woods, but special police units quickly restored order. Five people were arrested. Uato-Lari has been described by the human rights organization Fundaisaun Mahein as a constant trouble spot because of the violence that erupts again and again , in which local hostilities have been causing problems for generations.

See also

literature

Web links

General

Commons : East Timor Presidential Elections 2012  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

To the candidates

Analysis of the election result

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ CNE: Calendar of the Electoral Operations for the Presidential Elections ( Memento of the original of April 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cne.tl
  2. ↑ Press release: Head of State announces calendar for Presidential Election 2012 , January 13, 2012. Note: The version read out on television in Tetum names the third week of April, while the first official English text version stated the second week of April. It was corrected the next day.
  3. ↑ Le Figaro: L'ONU salue l'élection au Timor-Leste , March 19, 2012
  4. ↑ a b c CNE: Rezultadu definitivo segunda volta eleizaun presidencial  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cne.tl  
  5. ^ Diario Nacional: President Horta sets presidential Election Day , December 12, 2011
  6. ^ Voice of America: UN on Track to End East Timor Peacekeeping Mission in 2012 , June 1, 2011
  7. ↑ a b c d International Crises Group: Timor-Leste's Elections: Leaving Behind a Violent Past? , Update Briefing, Asia Briefing N ° 134, Dili / Jakarta / Brussels, February 21, 2012 ( Memento from March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 1.3 MB)
  8. ↑ Abola: Taur Matan Ruak é candidato às próximas presidenciais , October 10, 2011 ( Memento of October 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Televizaun Timor-Leste: UDT support Taur's candidacy 18 October, 2011.
  10. ^ Gordon Peake: 'Team Success' bids for Timorese presidency , The interpreter, The Lowy Institute for International Policy, January 16, 2012
  11. ↑ Sydney Morning Herald, Lindsay Murdoch, October 18, 2006, UN Timor report points to top
  12. ^ Scoop, October 18, 2006, Violent Crisis That Shook Timor-Leste
  13. ^ Independente: Lobato wants to join presidential race as independent , December 1, 2011
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Forum Haksesuk: Rogério Lobato é candidato a Presidente , November 30, 2011 ( Memento of March 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (Tetum and Portuguese)
  15. ^ Gordon Peake: Rogerio Lobato: From inmate to president? , The interpreter, The Lowy Institute for International Policy, February 15, 2012
  16. ↑ CJITL: Francisco Gomes oficialmente Sai Kandidatu ba Prezidente Republika. ( Memento from April 14, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  17. ↑ Media release from the office of Partido Trabalhista, January 12, 2012
  18. ↑ Ted McDonnell: Doctor offers antidote to East Timor's ills , The Australian, January 16, 2012
  19. ↑ Independente: Court finds Freitas presented dual electoral cards with candidacy application , January 26, 2012
  20. ↑ Independente: Court refuses Angela Freitas' Presidential candidacy , February 15, 2012
  21. ↑ Radio Timor-Leste: Court of Appeals should be responsible for its decision: Angela Freitas , February 16, 2012
  22. ↑ Press release by Angela Freitas: Office of Angela Freitas Ransacked , February 21, 2012, published by Robert Trott, Media Advisor robertotrottski@gmail.com
  23. ↑ CJITL: Angela: I may have lost this battle but the “War” is far from over , February 23, 2012 ( Memento of February 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  24. ↑ Media Release from the office of Angela Freitas, President of Partido Trabalhista, Dili, East Timor. 08/03/2012
  25. ↑ Statement by Francisco Guterres Lu Olo Candidate for President of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, January 13, 2012
  26. ^ Karlis Salina: East Timor poll shaping up as 2007 re-run , Sydney Morning Herald, February 1, 2012
  27. ^ Independente: Deputy PM to run for president , January 17, 2012
  28. ↑ Pat Walsh : East Timor's political parties and groupings - Briefing Notes , Australian Council for Overseas Aid, April 2001 ( Memento from January 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (DOC file; 170 kB)
  29. ↑ PUB: Extracts from an interview with Abílio Araujo, March 18, 2001
  30. ↑ Centru Jornalista Investigativu Timor Leste: Lucas da Costa Deklara candidacy ba PR , January 24, 2012
  31. ↑ Sydney Morning Herald: Australian acquitted of plot to kill wants Timor's top job , June 10, 2011
  32. ↑ Radio Timor-Leste: Reinado's ex-lover announces to run for president January 27, 2012
  33. ^ ABC Radio Australia February 7, 2012 interview: Angelita Pires joins East Timor Presidential race
  34. ↑ a b Michael Bachelard: Petition puts Ramos-Horta on track for presidential tilt , Sydney Morning Herald, January 31, 2012
  35. ↑ Official website of the President of East Timor: 13 districts representatives urge Ramos-Horta to re-run for President , January 30, 2012 ( Memento of February 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  36. ↑ Official website of the President of East Timor: ( Memento from July 31, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) President Standing for Second Term , January 30, 2012
  37. ↑ Official website of the President of East Timor: ( Memento from July 18, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) SPEECH TRANSCRIPT: President José Ramos-Horta , January 31, 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was created automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / presidenttimorleste.tl  
  38. ↑ Suara Timor Loro Sa'e: CNRT followers to vote for Ruak , January 9, 2012
  39. ^ Radio Timor-Leste: CNRT announces its support for ex-army commander, February 27, 2012
  40. ↑ The Jakarta Globe: East Timor's Ramos-Horta Loses Key Election Support , March 1, 2012 ( Memento of March 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ Centru Jornalista Investigativu Timor Leste: Lista Tribunal Rekursu Konaba Candidate Prezidente Republika , February 3, 2012 (Tetum)
  42. ↑ Suara Timor Loro Sa'e: Presidential candidate Ceu calls for PNTL's improvement , March 13, 2012
  43. ↑ a b Tribunal de Recurso : List of candidates in the order they will have on the voting slip  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Portuguese; PDF file; 335 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.stae.tl  
  44. ^ Stawell, March 10, 2007, Timorese prepare to elect new president
  45. ↑ Francisco Guterres' biography
  46. ^ Radio Timor-Leste: Council of Ministers approves budget for presidential candidates , March 2, 2012
  47. ↑ Televizaun Timor-Leste: It is not time yet for political and electoral campaigning 20 October, 2011.
  48. ↑ Karlis Salna: Arson attack on East Timor election office Sydney Morning Herald, February 23, 2012
  49. ↑ Diario Nacional: Parliament disagrees with PNTL commands' decision to shoot criminals , February 28, 2012
  50. ↑ tempointeractive: Govt Prepares Evacuation of RI Citizens from East Timor , March 9, 2012 ( Memento of March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  51. ↑ Suara Timor Loro Sa'e: Indonesian foreign affairs minister denies evacuating their citizens from TL , March 13, 2012
  52. ↑ Peter Alford: Resistance-era president of East Timor, Francisco Xavier do Amaral, dies in Dili, aged 74 , The Australian, March 7, 2012
  53. ↑ Radio e Televizaun de Timor-Leste: Parliament amends Article No. 26 unanimously , March 2, 2012
  54. ^ RTP: Candidato às presidenciais Xavier do Amaral internado no hospital nacional , February 28, 2012
  55. ↑ Expresso: Leste: Francisco Xavier do Amaral, o homem que declarou a independência do país (PERFIL) , March 5, 2012
  56. ↑ Radio e Televizaun de Timor-Leste: STAE puts cancelation stamp on Xavier's picture in ballot papers , March 8, 2012
  57. ^ Independente: Partido Trabalhista supports Lu-Olo, ASDT may back Ruak , March 9, 2012
  58. ↑ Independente Xavier's supporter split on candidate choice , March 12, 2012
  59. ↑ Fundasaun Mahein: Krime Administrativa Provoka Konfrontasaun Fiziku iha Eleisaun , March 6, 2012
  60. ↑ Michael Bachelard: Election campaigning heats up in East Timor , The Age , March 8, 2012
  61. ↑ Sky News: Reports of voter intimidation in E Timor , March 7, 2012
  62. ↑ Diario Nacional: Ruak uses military uniform, CNE: Fretilin produces the law , March 15, 2012
  63. ^ Diario Nacional: Unknown group attacks supporters of Ruak's convoy , March 13, 2012
  64. ↑ Kate Lamb, East Timor Voters Head to Polls , Voice of America, March 16, 2012
  65. ↑ a b CNE: Rezultadu definitivo primeira eleisaun presidencial , March 26, 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.cne.tl  
  66. ↑ STAE: Plano Operasional Ba Eleisaun ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Tetum; PDF file; 325 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stae.tl
  67. ↑ Timor Post: Seven thousand of ballot boxes now at STAE office , March 2, 2012
  68. ↑ Anwar Faruqi: East Timor votes in test for young nation ( memento from January 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), AFP, March 17, 2012
  69. ^ Independente: Students calls on electoral law cancellation , March 7, 2012
  70. ↑ Radio Timor-Leste: President Horta calls on the Parliament to amend electoral law No. 40 , March 23, 2012
  71. ^ Prof. Damien Kingsbury, Deakin University Melbourne: Timor-Leste Friendship Network Preliminary Statement: Presidential Election 2012 , March 18, 2012
  72. ↑ SAPO: CPLP considera escrutínio "livre" e "justo" e felicita timorenses , March 19, 2012
  73. ↑ STAE: Rezultadu Provizorio Eleisaun Prezedensial 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.stae.tl  
  74. ↑ Michael Bachelard: Ramos-Horta seeks new alliance in bid for leadership role , Sydney Morning Herald, March 22, 2012
  75. ↑ Michael Leach: Timor's change of leader , The Insider, March 19, 2012 ( Memento of March 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  76. ↑ a b RTP: Ramos-Horta vai "observar neutralidade" em relação a voto na segunda ronda , March 19, 2012
  77. ^ Press release by Angela Freitas from March 19, 2012
  78. ↑ SAPO: Rogério Lobato apoia Lu Olo na segunda volta , March 19, 2012 ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
  79. ↑ Jornal Madeira online: Manuel Tilman, do partido Kota, vai apoiar o candidato Lu Olo na segunda volta das presidenciais em Timor , March 20, 2012
  80. ↑ SAPO: Timor-Leste / Eleições: Presidente do PSD defende liberdade de voto dos seus militantes na segunda volta , March 20, 2012
  81. ^ Diario Nacional: PD followers in nine districts want to vote based on conscience , March 28, 2012
  82. ^ Radio Timor-Leste: Frente Mudanca decides to support Ruak , April 4, 2012
  83. ↑ Ekipa da Vitoria Taur Matan Ruak: Pree release update , April 11, 2012
  84. ↑ Radio Timor-Leste: PNTL takes two suspects to Public Prosecutor , April 13, 2012 ( Memento of April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  85. ↑ UNMIT Daily Media Review: Afternoon Edition, April 11, 2012, National News ( April 2, 2015 memento in the Internet Archive )
  86. ↑ a b ETAN: Timorese General's Election Threats Undermine Democracy, Rule of Law , April 12, 2012
  87. ↑ Radio e Televizaun de Timor-Leste: Police take two suspects to Public Prosecution ( Memento of 2 April 2015, Internet Archive ); Diario Nacional: Lere protests his picture used in political campaigns ; Independente: General Lere concerned about his photograph , April 13, 2012
  88. ↑ STAE: Rezultadu Provisorio Total Huosi 13 Distritu . Archived from the original on January 13, 2013 ; accessed on January 4, 2016 .
  89. ↑ TVNZ: Mob attacks East Timor candidate's office , April 14, 2012
  90. ↑ Sara Everingham: Praise for East Timor police ahead of presidential run-off , Australia Network News, April 15, 2012  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / australianetworknews.com  
  91. ^ Peter Alford: Veteran fighters vie for East Timor presidency , The Australian, April 16, 2012
  92. ↑ Timor-Leste / Eleições: Segunda volta sem incidentes mas abstenção poderá ser alta , April 16, 2012 ( Memento of July 11, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  93. ^ A b Michael Bachelard: Ex-army chief set to lead East Timor , Sydney Morning Herald, April 17, 2012
  94. ^ Diario Nacional: Parliament to alter electoral law today , April 23, 2012
  95. ↑ Radio e Televizaun de Timor-Leste: vote 160,000 voters not do , April 18, 2012
  96. ↑ Fundaisaun Mahein: The Everlasting Trouble in Uatulari , April 24, 2012
  97. ^ Timor Post: The security situation in Viqueque is under control , 29. April 2012