FRETILIN

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Flag of the FRETILIN

The FRETILIN (also Fretilin , Portuguese F rente Re volucionária de Ti mor- L este In dependente ; German  Revolutionary Front for the independence of East Timor ) is a left-wing party in East Timor . As one of the largest parties in the country, it played a central role in East Timor's struggle for independence and is one of the relevant forces in today's politics in the Southeast Asian country. The headquarters of FRETILIN is on Avenida Nicolau Lobato in Dili's districtFatuhada .

history

Struggle for independence

After the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in April 1974, the first parties were founded in the Portuguese Timor colony and later legalized by the new governor Mário Lemos Pires in preparation for free elections to a constituent assembly.

On May 20th, the left-wing party, the Associação Social Democrática Timorense (ASDT) (Timorese Social Democratic Association, today's ASDT is a later foundation) was founded. The organizing committee included Francisco Xavier do Amaral (First President), Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (Vice President), Aleixo Gaspar Corte-Real , Octávio Jordão de Araújo , Afonso Redentor Araújo , Rui da Silva Fernandes (Daholo), Floriano Chaves , María do Céu Pereira (Bi Lear) and Sebastião Montalvão Lais . It was striving for a quick independence from Portugal, while other parties advocated a loose tie to the old colonial power or the connection to Indonesia or Australia . General was Alarico Fernandes , the second Secretary-General was Justino Mota , Secretary for Political Affairs Mari Alkatiri and Secretary for External Relations José Ramos-Horta . Queen Maria de Manufahi, the widow of the 1912 rebel Boaventuras , became a member of the party in June 1974, which gave the movement a special aura for the population.

On September 11, 1974, the ASDT was renamed FRETILIN. Many of the party founders were the sons of Liurai and worked as teachers or in administration. FRETILIN found its supporters not only among many prominent Liurai, but also in the villages. FRETILIN was accused of being Marxist by Australia and Indonesia , but it was more of a collecting movement. Fernandes was expected the Communists to, Nicolau Lobato was more of a Christian Marxist , but Amaral was conservative and Ramos-Horta Social Democrat Students from the Casa dos Timores that at the turn of 1974/75 from Lisbon returned and which also includes the founder María do Céu Pereira belonged, had a much stronger socialist- Maoist orientation. In Portugal you had contact with Amílcar Cabral from Portuguese Guinea and other left-wing African nationalists who also influenced the Marxist FRELIMO in Mozambique . The new name FRETILIN was a reference that fueled the fear of a communist East Timor and was one of the reasons for the support of the USA and Australia for the later Indonesian invasion .

In the spring of 1975 FRETILIN was able to rely on a majority of the population in all of East Timor. On March 13, 1975, elections were held in the Lautém district as part of the decolonization program. The aim was to replace the traditional ruling systems. There were no party lists or candidates in this local election pilot. Voters simply threw pebbles into the candidates' baskets to cast their votes. Candidates close to FRETILIN were able to prevail with 55% of the votes. Second place went to candidates from the União Democrática Timorense (UDT), which preferred close ties to the former colonial power Portugal. From January to May 1975 there was a coalition between FRETILIN and UDT , which then broke up.

Flag of the FALINTIL

In the summer of 1975, after intrigues by the Indonesian secret service Bakin , fighting broke out between the UDT and FRETILIN. On August 10, the UDT attempted a coup to counter the growing popularity of FRETILIN. Street fighting broke out in Dili. Governor Pires fled to the offshore island of Atauro and tried to negotiate an agreement between the two parties from there. He was urged by FRETILIN to return and move on with decolonization, but Pires insisted on waiting for instructions from Lisbon. East Timorese, who previously served in the Portuguese army, supported the FRETILIN in battle and formed the core of the Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor-Leste FALINTIL ( Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor ), which was later founded . On August 27th, FRETILIN, better armed and broadly supported by the population, finally prevailed and took control in Dili. A total of around 2,000 people died. The FRETILIN are accused of human rights violations during this time. So she had to admit that captured UDT supporters were murdered. 500 UDT fighters and 2,500 civilians fled to the Indonesian West Timor . Here they were forced to support the connection between East Timor and Indonesia.

Indonesia used the brief civil war to claim anarchy and chaos reigned in Portuguese Timor, but just a month later, aid agencies from Australia and other countries visited the colony and said the situation was stable. Thanks to the great support in the population, FRETILIN quickly restored peace and order. Former UDT supporters who stayed were also working with her again. From October 8th, Indonesian troops gradually occupied the border areas of East Timor. In view of this threat, FRETILIN unilaterally proclaimed the independence of the Democratic Republic of East Timor on November 28, 1975, because as an independent nation they hoped for more support from the UN. Amaral became the first president , Lobato the first prime minister . The large-scale invasion of East Timor by Indonesia followed on December 7th.

From guerrilla fighter to politician: Xanana Gusmão 2002

At the FRETILIN Congress in Soibada in May 1976 , Lobato was officially promoted to military commander. The East Timorese resistance operated as a guerrilla out of the mountains. At the end of 1976 there were internal disputes about the orientation of FRETILIN in the east of the country. Local FRETILIN leaders Aquiles Freitas Soares ( Quelicai ) and Francisco Ruas Hornay were arrested and executed as a result. In 1977 Amaral was dismissed from FRETILIN because of differences of opinion about how to proceed against the Indonesian crew. By 1980, 47 of the 50 founding members of the FRETILIN Central Committee (CCF) had perished as a result of the invasion and occupation. The only ones who survived the war against Indonesia are Xanana Gusmão and Ma'huno Bulerek Karathayano . Guilhermina Araújo survived because she went to Portugal in December 1974.

In 1981 a secret national conference elected Xanana Gusmão in Lacluta as head of FALINTIL, as the successor to the killed Nicolau dos Reis Lobatos. Under his leadership, FALINTIL relied more on clandestine underground networks and deployed small groups to attack Indonesian targets. Gusmão coordinated the fight until he was arrested in 1992 in a large-scale operation involving 40,000 Indonesian soldiers. In 1996 José Ramos-Horta, the representative of the East Timorese resistance at the UN in New York , and his compatriot, Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, received the Nobel Peace Prize .

President Francisco Lu-Olo Guterres (2020)

On March 31, 1986 the National Timorese Convergence (Convergencia Nacional Timorense CNT) was founded by UDT, FRETILIN, Klibur Oan Timur Asuwain (KOTA) and the Partido Trabalhista ( Workers' Party ) as an umbrella organization. But there were always divisions and power struggles between the individual groups. The pact fell apart again. On August 20, 1987, the Gusmão FALINTIL was converted from a FRETILIN party army to a national army of the East Timorese resistance. Gusmão remained their leader. At a congress, Gusmão and José Ramos-Horta, spokesman for the East Timorese government-in-exile and its representative to the United Nations, founded the Conselho Nacional de Resistência Mauche CNRM ( National Council of Resistance of the Maeaner , later Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense CNRT ) as the new umbrella organization of the East Timorese resistance. Xanana Gusmão was elected President of the CNRM, which is why he left FRETILIN in order not to be considered partisan. Ramos-Horta did the same. UDT and KOTA initially refused to work together. The FALINTIL was subordinated to the CNRM and the management of the FRETILIN was taken over by a directive committee in 1988. Ma'huno Bulerek Karathayano became secretary of the FRETILIN (CDF) directive committee. Francisco Lu-Olo Guterres , Mau Hodu and Nino Konis Santana were his deputies . After Gusmão was captured in 1992, Ma'huno also took over the leadership of FALINTIL from him. Ma'huno was captured by the Indonesians in April 1993 and Mau Hodu suffered the same fate. The new secretary of the CDF and FALINTIL leader was Nino Konis Santana. He died in March 1998. Francisco Lu-Olo Guterres took over the position of secretary of the CDF .

Indonesia's dictator Suharto resigned in May 1998 and negotiations began to resolve the East Timor conflict. Guterres was elected General Coordinator of the FRETILIN Presidential Council at the National Special Conference from August 15 to 20, 1998 in Sydney , now the highest office in the party. Deputies were Marí Alkatiri for the diplomatic front and Ma'huno for the underground front . Ma'huno was released through an amnesty in 1995. The CDF as a party organ was abolished. On August 30, 1999, 78.5% of the population voted for East Timor's independence from Indonesia in a referendum. Before and after the referendum, there were mass murders and evictions by pro-Indonesian militias and the Indonesian military. An international peacekeeping force under Australian leadership landed and restored peace and order. East Timor came under UN administration .

In May 2000, a general conference of the cadres of FRETILIN took place in Dili with 1,250 delegates from all over East Timor and all countries where there were Timorese exiles. At the extraordinary party congress in July 2001, Lu-Olo was elected party chairman and Alkatiri was elected general secretary. Up to the CNRT Congress in August, the new East Timorese parties PST , UDC , PSD and also the old parties KOTA, the pro-Indonesian APODETI and the Labor Party joined the CNRT. After the congress, however, FRETILIN and UDT resigned from the CNRT in order to be able to present themselves as independent parties in the upcoming elections. Free elections were held on August 30, 2001 . FRETILIN received 57.37% of the vote and thus became the strongest force in parliament. On May 20, 2002, East Timor finally gained independence.

FRETILIN to the government in independent East Timor

Marí Bin Amude Alkatiri , General Secretary of FRETILIN (2017)

FRETILIN is an associated member of the Socialist International .

In October 2005 the Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliacão de Timor-Leste CAVR ) published a 2,000-page report on the effects of the Indonesian occupation. FRETILIN is also accused of violating human rights between 1974 and 1999. The report lists 1,297 illegal killings (murder), 71 disappearances, over 3,000 arrests, nearly 1,000 cases of ill-treatment, sexual assault, over 400 cases of forced relocation, forced recruitment, and destruction of private property. The majority of these incidents took place in the 1980s.

With 55 of the 88 seats in the first national parliament of East Timor, FRETILIN had an absolute majority, but was internally split into several groups. With the exception of one independent, all district members in parliament were representatives of FRETILIN. The FRETILIN party leader Francisco Guterres (since July 2001) was President of Parliament. General Secretary Marí Alkatiri became East Timor's first Prime Minister, but had to resign as a result of the unrest in East Timor in 2006, as did two of his ministers. Alkatiri's successor as Prime Minister was José Ramos-Horta, who, like East Timor's President Xanana Gusmão, had left the party in 1988 to take on a politically neutral position in the CNRT. José Luís Guterres , who became Foreign Minister under Ramos-Horta, failed in an attempt, with the help of his group FRETILIN Mudança, to overthrow Alkatiri, also as Secretary General of FRETILIN, at a chaotic party conference. Alkatiri remained General Secretary and number two in the party hierarchy behind Francisco Guterres.

Loss of power

2007 presidential campaign

Francisco Guterres ran for FRETILIN in the 2007 presidential election and in the first ballot on April 9th ​​received the most votes with 27.89%. In the runoff election against José Ramos-Horta on May 8, 2007 Guterres lost 30.82%.

The parliamentary elections on June 30, 2007 resulted in painful losses for FRETILIN. It received only 29.02%, but nevertheless became the strongest force in parliament with 21 seats. However, four parties have formed a coalition called Aliança da Maioria MP, parliamentarian , which has just under an absolute majority with 37 seats. A dispute arose as to whether FRETILIN now had to lead a government according to the constitution or whether the AMP could form a government on its own. Since no agreement could be reached between the blocs, President Ramos-Horta finally decided to entrust the AMP with the formation of a government. General Secretary Marí Alkatiri called this government unconstitutional and illegal. Threats to boycott parliamentary sessions and suing the Supreme Court were not carried out. Shortly after the AMP announced the formation of a government, massive violent riots broke out, especially in Dili and the FRETILIN strongholds of Viqueque and Baucau , for which various politicians blame FRETILIN and especially Alkatiri. Alkatiri distanced himself from the perpetrators and declined any responsibility for them.

After the parliamentary elections in 2007, Arsénio Bano was elected Vice-President of FRETILIN. The party, who was born in 1974, is supposed to be the preparation for a generation change, according to the party's official announcements. Bano was already in third place on the party list in the parliamentary elections, behind Guterres and Alkatiri.

On May 1st, 2008 FRETILIN signed a declaration of alliance with the ASDT to form a coalition after the next elections, which both parties now demanded for spring 2009. In the following time, however, the two parties did not come closer together and the ASDT remained in the government alliance AMP. Since the elections, FRETILIN has focused on constantly accusing the government of failure and corruption and calling for early elections.

On August 20, 2011, FRETILIN was the first East Timorese party to elect its leadership through a direct election. 165,570 voters cast their votes. 95.87% voted for party chairman Guterres and general secretary Alkatiri, 4.13% against them.

The 2012 presidential elections in East Timor were similar to those in 2007. Guterres won the first round with 28.76%, but lost to Taur Matan Ruak with 38.77% of the vote.

Conflict with the reform movement

The confrontation between FRETILIN Mudança and its own party escalated after the parliamentary elections. Alkatiri obtained party expulsion proceedings against members of the FRETILIN Mudança because they had asked voters to vote for Xanana Gusmão and his new party, Congresso Nacional da Reconstrução Timorense (CNRT) . The reformers did not comply with the request to leave FRETILIN voluntarily. Surprisingly, Gusmão then appointed José Luís Guterres as deputy prime minister. Guterre's appointment was seen as an attempt to give the reformists in FRETILIN an opportunity to participate in government. A subsequent offer to FRETILIN politicians to participate in the cabinet was rejected by the party leadership.

Marí Alkatiri distributing flowers during the 2012 election campaign

On April 28, 2011, the FRETILIN Mudança was registered as a separate party and renamed Frenti-Mudança in August 2011 . In 2012 she won the parliamentary elections on July 7, 2012 with 3.11% of the votes. The Frenti-Mudança is involved in the new government coalition under the leadership of the CNRT, while the FRETILIN, despite slight gains to 29.87%, is now only the second largest party in parliament and is the only opposition party there. It now has 25 seats. In the districts of Baucau (51.38%) and Viqueque (59.52%), FRETILIN received more than half of the votes. It was also strongest in Lautém (43.86%) and just under Manufahi (31.86%).

On the nights of July 15 to 17, violent riots broke out in Dili's Comoro district and other outskirts. Armindo Pereira Alves , a student from Uato-Lari and FRETILIN supporter, was shot dead by a police officer in Hera . When Alves' body was brought back to his homeland, the police station in Uato-Lari was attacked. 15 other people, including four police officers, were injured in the riots in Dili. 60 cars and seven houses were destroyed. Police arrested 16 people when they were damaging the An Nuur Mosque , East Timor's largest mosque . State police chief Longuinhos Monteiro denied any political motivation behind the violence and FRETILIN denied any responsibility for the outbreak of violence. FRETILIN General Secretary Marí Alkatiri however blamed members of the CNRT. In a discussion that was broadcast live on television, you had expressed your disapproval of FRETILIN and provoked the unrest. CNRT General Secretary Babo apologized for the harsh words of his party colleagues. The head of the Australian election observer, Damien Kingsbury, also blamed the disappointment of FRETILIN supporters for the unrest, who believed in the success of the campaign to return to government.

On May 19, 2012 the FRETILIN was awarded the Ordem de Timor-Leste by President José Ramos-Horta. The party was honored "for its valuable and irreplaceable contribution" to the independence of East Timor and its contribution to the stability and consolidation of democracy.

Participation in the all-party government

In 2015 Prime Minister Gusmão resigned and surprisingly proposed the former Minister of Health and member of the FRETILIN Central Committee Rui Maria de Araújo as his successor. Araújo was sworn in on February 16. His government includes all parties represented in parliament (CNRT, FRETILIN, PD and FM).

Francisco Guterres won the presidential election in 2017 on the third attempt . He won the vote in the first round on March 20th with 57.08% and was sworn in as the new president on May 20th. For this, Guterres had to give up the party leadership.

Renewed government and power games

Election campaign 2018

In the parliamentary elections in East Timor in 2017 , FRETILIN became the strongest force in parliament with 29.65% of the votes (168,480) despite slight losses. It now had 23 seats there, one more than the CNRT. In order to be able to form a government they wanted to form a coalition with PD and KHUNTO, but the KHUNTO jumped out at the last moment. So a minority government was formed with the PD. Alkatiri was sworn in again as Prime Minister on September 15, 2017. However, since it was not possible to prevail against the majority in parliament, President Guterres dissolved parliament and called for new elections on May 12, 2018 .

FRETILIN tour after a crisis discussion with President Francisco Guterres (23 January 2020)

Although FRETILIN was able to increase its share of the vote with 213,324 votes to 34.2% in the new elections, since the Frenti Dezenvolvimentu Demokratieiku (FDD) succeeded in entering parliament, FRETILIN had 23 seats in parliament. The strongest force was the alliance of the AMP, which now has a majority in parliament with 34 seats. In addition, she had to cope with heavy losses in Oe-Cusse Ambeno , which is why Alkatiri suspected electoral fraud and filed an unsuccessful complaint against the election result. On June 22nd, the new Prime Minister Taur Matan Ruak was sworn in by the AMP. When the AMP broke up and a majority in parliament was organized against Prime Minister Taur Matan Ruak and his PLP , FRETILIN and PLP founded a common platform as a counterweight to the alliance of the other six parties. On April 23, FRETILIN confirmed its statement that it wanted to support the existing government until the regular end of the legislative period. They want to ensure stability and not create a parliamentary alliance.

After the KHUNTO left the six-party Allainz on April 29th, the PLP and FRETILIN agreed to fill vacant positions in the 8th government with representatives of FRETILIN and a representative of the PD. The following day, the list of proposals was sent to President Guterres. On May 29th, the first members of the government were sworn in by FRETILIN.

Important party members

People who have left FRETILIN are shown in italics . For them, only public offices are given that they held during their party membership. Members with an † without a date died as a result of the Indonesian occupation on an unspecified date.

Sub-organizations

  • OJETIL ( Organização de Jovens e Estudantes de Timor Leste ): student movement
  • OPJT ( Organização Popular de Juventude Timorense ): youth organization
  • OPMT ( Organização Popular de Mulheres Timorense ): women's organization founded on August 28, 1975
  • Radio e Televisão Mauchte , the party broadcaster since May 20, 2011

FRETILIN anthem and logo

The text of the hymn "Foho Ramelau" comes from Francisco Borja da Costa . The music was written by Abílio Araújo .

Text in Tetum
Eh! Foho Ramelau, Foho Ramelau eh!
Sa be aas liu o tutun,
Sa be bein liu o lolon eh!
Tan sa timoroan hakru'uk bebeik?
Tan sa timoroan ata uai-uain?
Tan sa timor ulun sudur uai-uain?
Tan sa timoroan ata uai-uain?
Hader, rai hun mutin ona la!
Hader, loro foun sa'e ona la!
Loke matan, loro foun to'o iha o knua
Loke matan, loro foun iha ita rain
Hader, kaer rasik kuda talin eh!
Hader, ukun rasik ita rain eh!
FRETILIN logo
German translation
Eh! Ramelau mountain, Ramelau mountain, eh!
What's higher than your summit?
What's greater than your majesty, eh?
Why, Timor, is your head bowed forever?
Why, Timor, are your children being enslaved?
Why, Timor, do your children stay bowed?
Why, Timor, do your children remain enslaved?
Wake up, the foot of the mountain is white!
Wake up, a new sun has risen!
Open your eyes, a new day is upon your village
Open your eyes, a new day is upon our land
Wake up, take the reins of your own horse
Wake up, rule our own country anyway!

Borja da Costa used simple words in the text that were familiar to the common people. The " Foho Ramelau " is East Timor's highest mountain. The FRETILIN logo, alluding to the hymn, shows a rope that is traditionally used as a reins for the local horses.

See also

Web links

Commons : FRETILIN  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Antero Bendito da Silva, Robert Boughton , Rebecca Spence: FRETILIN Popular Education 1973-1978 and its Relevance to Timor-Leste Today , University of New England, 2012, accessed June 5, 2019.
  2. ^ A b School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HASS): ASDT
  3. ↑ Maj Nygaard-Christensen: The rebel and the diplomat - Revolutionary spirits, sacred legitimation and democracy in Timor-Leste . In: Bubandt, Nils, van Beer, Martijn (Eds.): Varieties of Secularism in Asia: Anthropological Explorations of Religions, Politics and the Spiritual . Routledge 2011.
  4. ^ Frédéric B. Durand: History of Timor-Leste , p. 103, ISBN 978-616-215-124-8 .
  5. ↑ Universidade de Coimbra: Formation of East-Timorese political associations from John G Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (Zed Books, London, 1991)
  6. ↑ "Part 3: The History of the Conflict" (PDF; 1.4 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  7. ↑ Clinton Fernandes: “Populist Catholics”: Fretilin 1975 , p.263 , accessed on May 16, 2016.
  8. ↑ a b Biography of Francisco Guterres from 2007 (English)
  9. ↑ Independente, September 5, 2011, Lu-Olo and Alkatiri continue to lead Fretilin
  10. ↑ Timor Lorosae Nação, March 10, 2010 ( Memento of May 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  11. ↑ The Australian, August 9, 2007, Fretilin sidelined in Timorese cabinet ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.theaustralian.news.com.au
  12. ↑ AKI, August 24, 2007, East Timor: Fretilin says no to joining government as calm returns to capital ( Memento of the original from August 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.adnkronos.com
  13. ^ Diario Nacional, April 28, 2011, Fretilin Mudansa registered as a political party
  14. ^ Sydney Morning Herald: Violence in East Timor after snub to party , July 16, 2012 , accessed July 15, 2012
  15. ^ East Timor Legal Blogspot: Police officer who shot dead Armindo Pereira Alves suspended , July 20, 2012 , accessed July 21, 2012
  16. ^ East Timor Legal Blogspot: Uatulari Police station attacked , July 20, 2012 , accessed July 21, 2012
  17. ↑ Guido Goullart (AP): East Timor president calls for security forces to restore order after post-election violence , July 16, 2012 , accessed January 4, 2016.
  18. ↑ Australia Network News: Hundreds mourn victim of E Timor post-poll violence , July 17, 2012 , accessed July 21, 2012
  19. ^ The Australian: Timor turning the corner on poll violence , July 21, 2012 , accessed July 21, 2012
  20. ↑ Jornal da República: DECRETO PRESIDENTE 46/2012 , May 19, 2012 , accessed on April 29, 2020.
  21. ↑ STAE: Preliminary final result of July 24, 2017 .
  22. ↑ La'o Hamutuk: Who will be in Timor-Leste's next Parliament? / Se sei tuir iha Parlamentu Nasionál? , July 23, 2017 , accessed July 24, 2017.
  23. ↑ SAPO: VII Governo constitucional de Timor-Leste toma hoje posse incompleto , September 15, 2017 , accessed on September 15, 2017.
  24. ↑ CNE: Apuramento Eleisaun MP 2018 , May 17, 2018 , accessed May 17, 2018.
  25. ↑ LUSA: Fretilin recolheu provas de "crimes eleitorais", afirma Mari Alkatiri , accessed on May 20, 2018.
  26. ↑ LUSA: Covid-19: Estado de emergência em Timor-Leste impõe várias restrições , March 27, 2020 , accessed on March 28, 2020.
  27. ↑ LUSA: Fretilin reitera apoio ao atual Governo timorense para que dates legislatura , April 23, 2020 , accessed on April 23, 2020.
  28. ↑ Sapo: PM timorense anuncia novos nomes para VIII Governo , April 30, 2020 , accessed on April 30, 2020.
  29. ↑ Lusa: Presidente timorense dá posse a oito novos membros do Governo , May 29, 2020 , accessed on May 29, 2020.
  30. ↑ a b c d e f g h Statement of Amnesty International's Concerns in East Timor , August 1983 ( Memento of May 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), from a letter from the Prime Minister of Vanuatu to the United Nations Security Council, November 30, 1983 , Document S / 16215, December 14, 1983, accessed May 11, 2016.
  31. ↑ a b c d Diário de Notícias: Fretilin vai convidar PLP e KHUNTO para formar plataforma de governação em Timor-Leste , August 11, 2017 , accessed on August 11, 2017.
  32. ^ Australian Organizations in support of East Timor ( Memento of May 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ "Chapter 7.2 Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances" ( Memento of the original from November 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the "Chega!" Report by CAVR (English)  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cavr-timorleste.org
  34. ↑ "Chapter 7.1 Self Determination" (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
  35. ^ Catherine Dumas: Bref aperçu de la poésie timoraise . In: Latitudes , No.8, May 2000, ISSN  1285-0756 . ( pdf , last accessed on February 6, 2010)

Coordinates: 8 ° 33 ′ 14 "  S , 125 ° 32 ′ 52.4"  E