Iliomar (administrative office)
| Administrative office of Iliomar | |||
|
|||
|
|||
| Administrative headquarters | Iliomar ( Aelebere ) | ||
| surface | 302.10 km² | ||
| population | 7,449 (2015) | ||
| Sucos | Population (2015) | ||
| Aelebere | 808 | ||
| Caenlio | 1,185 | ||
| Fuat | 575 | ||
| Iliomar I | 1,902 | ||
| Iliomar II | 1,253 | ||
| Tirilolo | 1,726 | ||
| Overview map | |||
|
|||
Iliomar is an East Timorese administrative office ( Portuguese Posto Administrativo ) in the municipality of Lautém . The seat of the administration is in Suco Aelebere in the place Iliomar .
Surname
The place name is derived from the Makalero words Ili ( English : stone) and omar ( stilt house ). The name comes from a boulder in Iliomar, which has the shape of a traditional house of the Fataluku (Dagada) .
geography
.jpg)
The administrative office of Iliomar has an area of 302.10 km². Until 2014, the administrative offices were still referred to as sub-districts . The 2015 territorial reform did not change the external borders of Iliomar, but there were significant changes within Iliomar at the borders of the sucos.
Iliomar is located in the southwest of Lautém. In the south lies the Timor Sea , in the east Iliomar borders on the administrative office Lospalos , in the north on Luro and at a narrow point on the administrative office Lautém . The municipality of Baucau is in the northeast with its administrative office Baguia and in the west the municipality of Viqueque with the administrative office Uatucarbau . The administrative office of Iliomar is divided into six sucos: Aelebere , Caenlio ( Cainliu ), Fuat , Iliomar I , Iliomar II and Tirilolo ( Trilolo ). Tirilolo is classified as urban.
The administrative office is heavily forested and mountainous. The highest peaks are the Acadiroloho ( 728 m ), the Naunili ( 876 m ), the Punaramato ( 861 m ) and the Darabu ( 638 m ). They are all along the main road from the town of Iliomar to the municipal capital Lospalos . The western border river to Uatucarbau forms the Irebere , the eastern to the Suco Lore I (administrative office Lospalos) the Namaluto . In between, the Cocolai , Lihulo , Massoco , Miaira and Veira flow into the Timor Sea from west to east .
The forests near Naunili, on the border with Lore I and Irebere, consist of teak ( tectona grandis ), mahogany , bamboo , acacia , kenari ( canarium amboinense ), the narrabree ( Pterocarpus indicus ), Rupi malai , Malahu , Amacu , Porea akam , Tamarind ( Tamarindus indica ), Schleichera oleosa , casuarina and eucalyptus . Saltwater crocodiles live on the coast and are considered sacred and therefore not hunted. Other larger animals in Iliomar are the maned deer , long- tailed macaques , the Sulawesi pustular pig , cuscus , spotted musang , Timor monitor lizard and tokeh . There are also flying foxes and bats , snakes and sea turtles on the coast. The McCord's snake necked turtle is also said to be found here. At the mouth of the Ireberes, 16,554 hectares have been declared an Important Bird Area .
In the rainy season between December and July, around 1600 to 2700 mm of rain falls and temperatures in June / July reach “only” 24 ° C during the day. The nights can get very cool, especially since a large part of the population lives in simple huts and rarely has mattresses or blankets. Colds are correspondingly common. Even malaria , dengue fever and cholera are a major problem in the region.
- Climate data
Annual rainfall (2000)
Average annual temperature (2000)
Climate diagram
Population and culture
7,449 people live in the administrative office (2015), of which 3,573 are men and 3,876 women. The population density is 24.7 inhabitants / km². The Makalero speakers form the largest language group . This national language is traditionally only spoken in the Iliomar administrative office. The average age is 16.0 years (2010, 2004: 18.2 years).
Fulidai-dai plays a major role in the Makalero society in Iliomar , which can be compared to a cultural system of neighborly help . At its core, Fulidai-dai promotes increased cooperation, mutual help and voluntary contributions. Its main purpose is to encourage individuals to act for the good of the community rather than for the good of an individual. The principles include solidarity, collectivity, exchange and mutual help. So, together, farmland is won, planted, harvested, houses built or festivities prepared. Misconduct is treated with the tradition of Tara Bandu ( Tarabandu ). For example, a villager insulted government officials during a ceremony. The culprit donated meat and the local palm wine for a tara bandu ceremony with elders and local dignitaries from all over Lautém parish, including the Catholic pastor. During the ceremony the offense was discussed and the importance of forgiveness. The name of the culprit was never mentioned because the entire village had taken responsibility for the misconduct of individuals.
Almost all men carry machetes , locally called " katana ". Dogs are also thought to be actually illegal hunting, while domestic cats are rare and are considered valuable. The leisure activity is the cockfight (adu ayam) on Thursday and Sunday afternoons. The youth play soccer, volleyball and basketball. Older women chew betel nuts (Sirih) and palm wine (Tuak) is drunk at festivities , although public drunkenness is uncommon. There is also hardly any crime, but domestic violence is a big problem, as in the rest of East Timor.
The traditional pile dwellings, as they are also known from the Fataluku, are rarely used as homes. Most of them are relic houses ( Uma Lulik ) . Straw and palm leaves are also increasingly being replaced by sheet metal as a material for roofs. Today's houses are mostly ten square meters with wooden walls. The kitchen area is usually separated.
history
Traditionally, the Makalero are divided into different clans, whose creation story is taboo for outsiders. According to the belief, the wrong reproduction of these leads to an early death or has similarly dire consequences.
The then rulers Nokameta and Rapimeta moved the places Iliomar I and II, probably around 1894, a few kilometers along the coast to the northeast to their current locations. In 1904 a Portuguese military post with a fort and port was established in Iliomar . The coral reef interrupted here offered protection to the harbor. Today only ruins are left of the complex.
In 1976, Iliomar was a retreat of the FALINTIL , who fought against the Indonesian invaders. Here she founded a base de apoio , a resistance base that offered refuge for refugees from Iliomar, Lospalos and Uatucarbau. Of the 3000 Timorese Assimilados and European Portuguese, 80% had left the colony by the end of the civil war. The resistance fighter Francisco Ruas Hornay had his home base in Iliomar. However, due to internal fighting, he was imprisoned in the FRETILIN and executed on November 24, 1976.
It was not until 1977 that the Indonesian army began to attack the administrative office of Iliomar. The residents of Fuat fled to Luro . At the end of the year the remaining population of Iliomar was also evacuated by the FRETILIN. First to Mount Legumau , and when the Indonesians moved from Uatucarbau in June 1978 , on to Lavateri and finally to Matebian . After the collapse of the resistance there on November 22, 1978, the residents of Iliomar wanted to return to their homeland. On November 28th, they encountered Indonesian troops who took them to the Baguia military base for interrogation. Those identified as FRETILIN leaders were tortured and in some cases executed. The others were able to return to what was then the Iliomar sub-district. For the first three weeks 4,000 to 6,000 refugees settled around the old Portuguese base. Then Indonesian soldiers from Battalion 328 and Hansip militiamen arrived in Iliomar. Six military posts were immediately established around the post. The Chefes de Suco were instructed to reorganize their people. Emergency shelters were set up within the military ring. Portuguese was banned as a language. Nobody was allowed more than a kilometer from the old Portuguese post, not even to forage. Anyone who did not comply was threatened with shooting. Each family received canned corn a week that was just enough for three meals. Despite the possibility of creating gardens, the locals were forbidden. Soon there was a famine. Cholera and beriberi broke out and people died. For a while, a few were allowed to look for food outside the camp, but when 162 Timorese fled this relief was abolished. It is estimated that 305 people died per month in Iliomar between January and July 1979. Many of the dead were buried near the old Portuguese school. Some of the victims have since been dug up by their families and buried elsewhere. In June 1980 the sub-district Iliomar had 5435 inhabitants. They also included refugees from neighboring regions. In 1970 the population was 4136. The Red Cross provided the residents with food between September 1979 and 1981. The death rate dropped to ten a month. From mid-1982, UNICEF took over the supply, but had to cease operations in 1983 when the Indonesian military operations in the region increased.
The Indonesian occupiers did not allow the residents of Iliomar to return to their old hometowns. Instead, they had to relocate to certain places (“daerah pemukiman”) according to strategic criteria. The residents of Iliomar II, who previously lived in the Kampung Lama region, about three kilometers south of the village of Iliomar, were settled north of the village of Aelebere and in the south of Iliomar I. The residents of Fuat previously lived in the Bubutau region , north of Maluhira . They came to the north of Iliomar I. The people from Caenlio were settled in the place where the secondary school and the church are today. The inhabitants of Tirilolo were also settled near the church. People were only allowed to create fields within 500 meters of their new home. Those who wanted to go further away needed a travel permit. The consequence of the restriction was hunger. In 1981 the people of Tirilolo and Caenlio and in 1982 those of Fuat were allowed to return to their old home villages. The residents of Larimi (Caenlio) had to move to Aldeia Liufalun in 1982 . The cultivation of the fields was still restricted by the Indonesian security forces. The residents of Iliomar I and II stayed in the resettlement camps. In 1983 around 300 families were deported to the island of Atauro as a result of the uprising in what was then the Lautém district of Iliomar . In the same year, a ceasefire was agreed between Indonesians and FALINTIL in the region. Orlando Marques was appointed by the Indonesians as the administrator of the sub- district ( camat ) . However, shortly after returning from an administration course in Java , suspected that he was dissatisfied, he was picked up by Indonesian security forces and taken to the headquarters of the 745 Infantry Battalion . He then died during interrogation from being beaten.
In 1985 there was another famine. When ambush at the source of Ossohira on November 21, 1986 34 Indonesian soldiers were killed by the FALINTIL. Until 1989 there was no organized resistance against the occupiers in Iliomar, so that the Indonesian administration was able to establish itself here. Nevertheless, there were always minor skirmishes between guerrillas and Indonesian security forces. In 1988 the residents of Iliomars II were relocated to Iradarate , in the east of their old homeland. In the same year the people from Iliomar I returned to their villages. Dataran Faebere , which was founded during the relocation phase , was given up again and is now uninhabited. The 1990s remained largely calm.
After the independence referendum in East Timor in 1999 , in which the majority of East Timorese voted for independence from Indonesia, the Indonesian armed forces burned public buildings in Iliomar, such as the administration building, the medical station and the pre-secondary school, and shot several pets.
politics
The administrator of the administrative office is appointed by the central government in Dili.
- List of administrators Iliomars
| Term of office | Surname | Further information |
|---|---|---|
| 1934 (?) - 1942 | João Braz | Corporal of the artillery |
| 1946 | Jorge Dargent Pereira Caldas | |
| 1947 | Rui Serrão da Veiga Teixeira Lopes | |
| 1948 - December 1948 | Fernando Paraiso Guerreiro | |
| 1948 - March 1949 | José Vitor Pacheco da Costa Sequeira | |
| 1949 to April 22, 1949 | Carlos Alberto Monteiro Leite | posted to Tutuala |
| April 22, 1949 - late 1949 | José Vitor Pacheco da Costa Sequeira | |
| January 1950 - May 1950 | Gil Germano Gonçalves Ferreira | |
| May 1950 - September 1951 | António Ernesto Pires Antunes | |
| 1951 | Jorge Lopes de Rocha Vieira | |
| 1952 - March 1953 | Eduardo António Vaz de Quina Pinto Crisóstomo | |
| 1953 - November 1954 | Antonio de Oliveira Leite | |
| 1954-August 1959 | Filomeno da Cruz Miranda Branco | 1949 and from 1953 to 1954 commissioner (encarregado) in Luro |
| 1959 - March 1961 | Francisco Augusto Nobre Júnior | |
| 1961 - February 1962 | Agusto César da Costa Mousinho | |
| 1962 - August 1962 | Tito dos Anjos | |
| 1962 - March 1963 | Analecto Francisco Xavier Ribeiro | as terceiro-escriturário |
| June 1963 - July 1964 | Fernando Domingos de Almeida e Sousa | |
| February 1967 - October 1968 | João Olivio Sequeira de Araújo | |
| 1968 - October 1968 | José Nunes Lopes | |
| 1968-1969 | Rui Manuel de Morais e Silva | |
| July 1969 - September 1970 | Agapito Alvaro Maria Borges | |
| March 1971 - January 1972 | Jose Manuel de Oliveira Frade | |
| 1972 - April 1972 | Agapito Alvaro Maria Borges | |
| August 1972-1975 | André da Costa | Mestiço |
| 1978 | Orlando Marques | from Raça , died in Indonesian captivity |
| 1980 | Horacio Gago Kopsadas | from Lospalos |
| 1981 | Raimundo Fernandes | from Lospalos |
| 1982 | Roberto Seixas Miranda Jerónimo | * June 12, 1955. Held by Indonesians in Cipinang Detention Center , then lived in Portugal |
| 1985 | Jaime da Costa | Later representative in the Lautém People's Assembly (DPRD II), 2002: High school teacher in Lospalos |
| 1988-1992 | Sirana | Indonesian lieutenant from Java |
| 1993 | Florindo Ferreira | from Lospalos |
| 1995 | Tomás Neves | Deposed as an opponent of the Indonesians, later lived in Lospalos |
| 1997 | Mateus da Costa | temporarily in office for six months; from Lospalos |
| 1998-1999 | Horacio Marques | since 2014 General Director of the Arquivo Nacional de Timor-Leste |
| 2001-2003 | Mário Fernandes Cabral | first sub-district coordinator in independent East Timor |
| 2003 -? | Abílio Quintão Pinto | Secretary of the Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense (CNRT) until mid-2001; first sub-district administrator |
| around 2015 | Luís Fernandes |
economy
The people in Iliomar live mainly from agriculture for their own needs. Coconut palms were increasingly grown during the Indonesian occupation in order to generate additional income. Corn is sown in January and June and harvested in April and August. Rice is planted in January and harvested in April / May, at the mouth of the Ireberes a second harvest is also possible in August / September. 46% of the households in Iliomar have coconut palms, 50% grow maize, as many cassava, 38% vegetables, 26% rice and 11% coffee. In 2002, 526.5 hectares were used for agriculture in Iliomar. Other agricultural products are sweet potatoes, light nuts, betel nuts and the fruits and juice of palmyra palms . Especially in the dry season there can be a shortage of food, as the population is largely dependent on their own harvest. Pests such as rats and, in the case of coconuts, the beetle Oryctes rhinoceros also cause problems .
Fishing on the coast is almost uncommon. Water buffalo , cattle, banteng , horses, pigs, goats, pigeons and chickens are kept as livestock .
At home, women weave tais fabrics , which are also worn as clothing.
The regional market takes place in the village of Iliomar on Thursday and Sunday mornings. There are also two shops and a few small kiosks.
Sports
The FC Lero playing in the league Futebol Amadora Segunda Divisão 2018 . Another registered football club is AS Lero .
Web links
- Ernest Chamberlain: The Struggle in Iliomar: Resistance in rural East Timor Iliomar Sub-District , 2017.
- Juliette Huber: A grammar of Makalero - A Papuan language of East Timor , LOT Utrecht 2011.
- Rogério Soares: Tara Bandu: The Adat concept of the environment (Word document) ( Memento of March 1, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Direcção-Geral de Estatística : Results of the 2015 census , accessed on November 23, 2016.
- ↑ Jornal da República : Diploma Ministerial no 24/2014 de 24 de Julho - Orgânica dos Postos Administrativos ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Juliette Huber: A grammar of Makalero - A Papuan language of East Timor , LOT Utrecht 2011
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ernest Chamberlain: The Struggle in Iliomar: Resistance in rural East Timor Iliomar Sub-District , 2017 , accessed December 26, 2017.
- ↑ Kuchling, Gerald, Rhodin, Anders GJ, Ibarrondo, Bonggi R., Trainor, Colin R .: A New Subspecies of the Snakeneck Turtle Chelodina mccordi from Timor-Leste (East Timor) (Testudines: Chelidae) . In: Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6 (2): 213-222. 2007 doi : 10.2744 / 1071-8443 (2007) 6 [213: ANSOTS] 2.0.CO; 2 , 2007 (English). Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ↑ Birdlife Data Zone: TL16 Irebere estuary and Iliomar forest
- ↑ a b c http://www.etwa.org.au/about/about-iliomar/ ( Memento of March 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) About Iliomar
- ↑ a b c Seeds of Life
- ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: 2010 Census Wall Chart (English) ( Memento of the original dated August 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.5 MB)
- ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Census of Population and Housing Atlas 2004 ( Memento of November 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 14 MB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g "Chapter 7.3 Forced Displacement and Famine" (PDF; 1.3 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ↑ "Part 3: The History of the Conflict" (PDF; 1.4 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ↑ a b "Chapter 7.2 Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances" (PDF; 2.5 MB) from the "Chega!" Report of the CAVR (English)
- ↑ Statement of Amnesty International's Concerns in East Timor , August 1983 ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , from a letter from the Prime Minister of Vanuatu to the United Nations Security Council, November 30, 1983, Document S / 16215, December 14, 1983, retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ↑ Ministério da Administração Estatal: Administração Municipal ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Suco Report Volume 4 (English) ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 9.8 MB)
Coordinates: 8 ° 43 ′ S , 126 ° 50 ′ E