Achariaceae

Achariaceae
Kiggelaria africana
Systematics
Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Rosids Eurosiden I Order : Malpighiales (Malpighiales) Family : Achariaceae
Scientific name
Achariaceae
Harms

The achariaceae are a plant family of the order of Malpighienartigen (Malpighiales). It contains 30 to 32 genera with around 145 species. The family has a pantropical distribution.

Description and ecology

Illustration by Pangium edule

Simple leaves and inflorescences with female flowers of Kiggelaria africana

Appearance and leaves

Most of the species are woody plants: they grow in the form of trees and shrubs ; they are seldom herbaceous (climbing) plants . On the branches the leaves are arranged alternately and in a spiral or two in two lines, with Carpotroche they are heaped at the branch ends. The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petioles, which are short to long depending on the species, are thickened at the top and bottom. The leaf margin is entire, serrate or serrated. The leaf surfaces are bald or downy-haired, usually with simple, rarely hairy, scaly trichomes . There is pinnate veins; in the case of Kuhlmann diodes with many parallel lateral nerves. Usually stipules are present; in Chiangiodendron they are absent.

Inflorescences, flowers, fruits and seeds

Depending on the type, the flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual (functionally male or female). The species can be monoecious ( monoecious ), dioecious ( dioecious ), separate sexes or sub- diocesan . The flowers stand together individually or in small numbers in lateral to almost terminal, differently structured inflorescences . For example, at Carpotroche there is cauliflower .

The radial symmetry flowers are three to five-fold. There are no flower cups (hypanthium) and no discus. The bracts are clearly divided into sepals and petals, as a special feature in clearly different numbers. The rarely two, mostly three to five sepals are fused in the lower part and already open in the bud stage. The three to five (six to twelve) petals are fused bell-shaped. There are five to many (around 50) free stamens in the male and hermaphrodite flowers . The bald to hairy stamens are usually long. The linear-elongated or chiangiodendron arrow-shaped anthers open with a longitudinal slit . In the female and hermaphrodite flowers are three to five carpels an above-permanent, single-chamber ovary grown, with parietal placentation . The one to eight, rarely up to ten styles end in barely recognizable, heady or frayed scars.

The mostly large fruits can be berries or capsule fruits, which sometimes open late. The thin to thick fruit skin can be woody and is smooth or patterned with warts or is prickly to bristly or can be vertically winged. The fruits contain one to many seeds. The seeds have an aril . The distribution units ( diaspores ) are the seeds.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 10, 12, 23.

Fruits of the cauliflower species Carpotroche platyptera

In the evergreen tree Gynocardia odorata , the fruits are almost directly on the trunk

Branch with alternate, simple leaves and fruit of Hydnocarpus alpinus

Branch with simple leaves and fruits of Lindackeria paludosa

Open fruit of Xylotheca tettensis and the seeds have a Arillus

Systematics and distribution

The Achariaceae family was established by Harms in The Natural Plant Families , 1, p. 256 in 1897 . The type genus is Acharia Thunb. Synonyms for Achariaceae Harms nom. cons. are Erythrospermaceae Doweld , Kiggelariaceae Link and Pangiaceae Endl. contain. Many taxa were previously classified with the Flacourtiaceae, the other taxa of which today mostly belong to the willow family (Salicaceae). Some taxa were placed in a family Kiggelariaceae Link for a short time , but this could not be confirmed and did not prevail. There used to be only three genera with only three species in this family. According to AGP III, the Achariaceae family belongs to the order of the Malpighiales .

In the Achariaceae family there are 30 to 32 genera with around 145 species:

• Acharia Thunb. : It contains only one type:
  • Acharia tragodes Thunb. : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape .
• Ahernia Merr. : It contains only one type:
  • Ahernia glandulosa Merr. : It is common in the Philippines ; there is a report that itis said to occurin Hainan (the authors of the Flora of China have found no evidence of this).
• Baileyoxylon C.T.White : It contains only one type:
  • Baileyoxylon lanceolatum C.T.White : It occurs only in the Australian state of Queensland .
• Buchnerodendron Gürke : The roughly two species are common in East and Central Africa.
• Caloncoba Gilg (Syn .: Paraphyadanthe Mildbr. ): The ten or so are common in tropical Africa.
• Camptostylus Gilg (Syn .: Cerolepis Pierre ): The three or so species are common in tropical West and Central Africa.
• Carpotroche Endl. : The elevenor sospecies are distributed from Guatemala to Brazil .
• Ceratiosicyos Nees : it contains only one species:
  • Ceratiosicyos laevis (Thunb.) A.Meeuse : distributed in southern Africa .
• Chiangiodendron T.Wendt : it contains only one type:
  • Chiangiodendron mexicanum T.Wendt : It comes in Mexico before.
• Chlorocarpa Alston : it contains only one species:
  • Chlorocarpa pentaschista Alston : It occurs only in Sri Lanka .
• Dasylepis Oliv. (Syn .: Pyramidocarpus Oliv. ): The six or so species are common in tropical Africa.
• Eleutherandra Slooten : It contains only one species:
  • Eleutherandra pes-cervi Slooten : It is common in Malesia .
• Erythrospermum Thouars (Syn .: Gestroa Becc. , Pectinea Gaertn. )
• Grandidiera Jaub. : It contains only one type:
  • Grandidiera boivinii Jaub. : They spread in East Africa.
• Guthriea Bolus : it contains only one type:
  • Guthriea capensis Bolus : She's in Lesotho and South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal , Eastern Cape and Western Cape spread
• Gynocardia Roxb. (Syn .: Chilmoria Buch.-Ham. ): It contains only one species:
  • Gynocardia odorata Roxb. : It is common in southeastern Xizang , southeastern Yunnan , Bangladesh , India , Bhutan , Nepal and Myanmar .
• Hydnocarpus Gaertn. (Syn .: Asteriastigma Bedd. , Dankia Gagnep. , Taraktogenos Hassk. ): The 40 or so species are common in tropical Asia.
• Kiggelaria L .: It contains only one species:
  • Kiggelaria africana L .: It is distributed from tropical to southern Africa.
• Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo : This genus was reorganized in 2008 and has included two species since 2013:
  • Kuhlmanniodendron apterocarpum (Kuhlm.) Fiaschi & Groppo : It is common in Brazil.
  • Kuhlmanniodendron macrocarpum Groppo, Favaretto & Fiaschi : It is only known from two locations in the semi-evergreen forest of Mata Atlântica in Bahia . These locations are endangered by habitat destruction. This is why this species is classified as "Endangered"according to the IUCN .
• Lindackeria C. Presl : Of the approximately nine species, six are distributed from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia and the others are found in Africa.
• Mayna Aubl. (Syn .: Dendrostigma Gleason , Dendrostylis H.Karst. & Triana ): The five to six species are distributed from Honduras to Brazil and Bolivia .
• Mocquerysia Hua : It has contained two species in tropical Africa since 2013:
  • Mocquerysia distans Breteler : It was newly described in 2013 and thrives in the tropical rainforest at altitudes of up to 350 meters only in central Gabon.
  • Mocquerysia multiflora Hua : It is distributed from southwestern Gabon southwards to the Republic of the Congo , the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mayombe) and the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda .
• Pangium pure . : The roughly two species are common in Malesia .
  • Pangium edule Reinw. : It is common in Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea.
• Peterodendron Sleumer : It contains only one species:
  • Peterodendron ovatum (Sleumer) Sleumer : It is common in tropical East Africa.
• Poggea Gürke : The four or so species are common in tropical West and Central Africa.
• Prockiopsis Baill. : The only three species occur only in Madagascar.
• Rawsonia Harv. & Sond. : It contains only two types:
  • Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Syn .: Rawsonia usambarensis Engl. & Gilg , Rawsonia schlechteri Gilg ): It is distributed from Kenya , Malawi , Zambia , Zimbabwe via Mozambique and Swaziland to the South African provinces of Limpopo , Mpumalanga , KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape.
• Ryparosa Blume (Syn .: Bergsmia Blume , Gertrudia K.Schum. ): The 18 or so species are mainly found in Malesia; a species also rich as far as Papua New Guinea and northern Queensland .
• Scaphocalyx Ridl. : There are about two species found on Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula .
• Scottellia Oliv. (Syn .: Dasypetalum Pierre ex A.Chev. ): There are about three species in tropical Africa.
• Trichadenia Thwaites : Of the roughly two species, one occurs only in Sri Lanka and the other in eastern Malesia and the Philippines .
• Xylotheca Hochst. : The three to four species are distributed from eastern to south-eastern Africa.

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• The Achariaceae family on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
• Mac H. Alford, 2009: Neotropical Achariaceae. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics . (Sections Description and Distribution)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} Mac H. Alford, 2009: Neotropical Achariaceae. Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .
2. ↑ ^{a b} The Achariaceae family on the AP website .
3. ↑ Achariaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 5, 2014.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Achariaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
5. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 161 , no. 2 , October 2009, ISSN  0024-4074 , p. 105–121 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x (English).
6. ↑ ^{a b c} MA Hyde, BT Wursten, P. Ballings, M. Coates Palgrave, 2014: data sheet at the Flora of Zimbabwe .
7. ↑ Pedro Fiaschi, Milton Groppo: Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo, a new eastern Brazilian genus of Achariaceae sensu lato segregated from Carpotroche Endl. (formerly included in Flacourtiaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 157, 2008, pp. 103-109.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Milton Groppo, Bruno Simões Garcia Favaretto, Cláudia Inês da Silva, Jomar Gomes Jardim, Pedro Fiaschi: A New Species of Kuhlmanniodendron (Lindackerieae, Achariaceae) from Eastern Brazil and the Systematic Position of the Genus in Achariaceae. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 38, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 162-171. doi: 10.1600 / 036364413X662114
9. ^ ^{A b c} Frans J. Breteler: Novitates Gabonenses 82. A new species of Mocquerysia (Achariaceae, formerly Flacourtiaceae) from Gabon. In: Plant Ecology and Evolution , Volume 146, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 250-253. doi: 10.5091 / plecevo.2013.784
10. ↑ Prockiopsis at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Achariaceae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• The family Achariaceae s. st. at DELTA. (On a much smaller scale)
• Prockiopsis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap