Petuchow had his first international competition at the Junior World Championship in Schonach in 2002 . There he was 26th in the sprint competition and finished 47th over 10 kilometers freestyle. A year later he won the silver medal in the 30 km freestyle (mass start) and the gold medal with the Russian relay at the 2003 Junior World Championships in Sollefteå, Sweden . Over the 10 km classic, he reached twelfth place. In the sprint he failed in qualification. On March 16, 2003 he had his first appearance in the World Cup . Over the 15 kilometer freestyle, he finished 56th out of 87 athletes in Lahti, Finland . At the beginning of the season he belonged to the Russian World Cup team, but could not place in any competition among the top 50 athletes and ended the season in the Continental Cup. In the following three years he only took part in FIS races . It was not until the 2007/08 season that he was reappointed to the World Cup team. In his home town of Rybinsk , he reached the finals in the sprint competition and was able to score World Cup points for the first time as 18th in the final ranking. He was also able to show good results in the Eastern Europe Cup and won his first sprint competition in this series of competitions in January 2008 in Kharkiv . At the end of the season he finished 12th in the overall ranking of the Eastern Europe Cup. In the 2008/09 season he achieved the breakthrough in the world elite. In Davos he was able to celebrate a top ten result in the World Cup for the first time with ninth place. In Düsseldorf he took third place in the team sprint competition with Nikolai Morilow . In Rybinsk he reached the final run for the first time and was only beaten by Renato Pasini . In Valdidentro, too, he only had to admit defeat to one opponent and lost the final run against Ola Vigen Hattestad . At the Nordic World Ski Championships in 2009 in Liberec , Czech Republic , he reached the semi-finals and finished ninth. At the end of the season he was sixth overall in the sprint races. Petuchow celebrated his first World Cup victory at the beginning of the 2009/10 season when he won the sprint competition in Düsseldorf. He was also unbeatable in the team sprint in Düsseldorf with Morilow. A week later in Davos, he finished third in the sprint. At the last World Cup race before the Winter Olympics , he finished second in the sprint and first in the team sprint in Rybinsk. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , he and Morilow won bronze in the team sprint. He finished the season in third place in the sprint classification. In the following season he achieved several top placings, including a second place in the sprint in Davos and another victory in the sprint in Rybinsk. In the sprint classification, he came fourth. At the Nordic World Ski Championships in Oslo in 2011 , he came 14th in the sprint. At the beginning of the 2011/12 season he reached second place in the sprint and team sprint in Düsseldorf. A week later he won his third individual victory in the World Cup in Davos. In January 2012 he won the team sprint with Morilow in Milan . As in the previous year, he finished the season in fourth place in the sprint classification. In the following season he took third place in the sprint and second place in the team sprint in Quebec . Further top ten placements followed. At the Nordic World Ski Championships in 2013 in Val di Fiemme , he and Nikita Valerjewitsch Krjukow were world champions in the team sprint. At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , he finished eighth in the sprint.
In the first three sprint races of the 2014/15 season, Petuchow achieved a place in the top five, including a second place in Davos . In January 2015 he won the team sprint in Otepää together with Sergei Ustjugow . At the 2015 Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun , he and Nikita Krjukow won silver in the team sprint. He finished the season in fourth place in the Sprint World Cup.
In November 2017, Petuchow was banned from the Olympic Games for life because of doping.