Olympic Winter Games 2010 / cross-country skiing

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Nordic skiing 2010, other disciplines: Nordic combined ski jumpingSki jumping   Nordic combination

Cross-country skiing at the
2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic Winter Games 2010 logo.svg
Cross country skiing pictogram.svg
information
venue CanadaCanada Whistler
Competition venue Whistler Olympic Park
Nations 55
Athletes 292 (162 Mars symbol (male), 129 Venus symbol (female))
date 15-25 February 2010
decisions 12
Turin 2006

At the XXI. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , twelve cross-country skiing competitions were held, six each for men and women. The venue was the Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , around 125 km north of Vancouver.

Balance sheet

Medal table

space country gold silver bronze total
1 NorwayNorway Norway 5 2 2 9
2 SwedenSweden Sweden 3 2 2 7th
3 GermanyGermany Germany 1 4th - 5
4th RussiaRussia Russia 1 1 2 4th
5 PolandPoland Poland 1 1 1 3
6th SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland 1 - - 1
7th EstoniaEstonia Estonia - 1 - 1
ItalyItaly Italy - 1 - 1
9 FinlandFinland Finland - - 2 2
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic - - 2 2
11 SloveniaSlovenia Slovenia - - 1 1

Medalist

Men
competitor gold silver bronze
Classic sprint RussiaRussia Nikita Kryukov RussiaRussia Alexander Panschinsky NorwayNorway Petter Northug
Team sprint freestyle NorwayNorway Petter Northug ,
Øystein Pettersen
GermanyGermany Axel Teichmann ,
Tim Tscharnke
RussiaRussia Nikolai Morilow ,
Alexei Petuchow
15 km freestyle SwitzerlandSwitzerland Dario Cologna ItalyItaly Pietro Piller Cottrer Czech RepublicCzech Republic Lukáš Bauer
30 km pursuit SwedenSweden Marcus Hellner GermanyGermany Tobias Angerer SwedenSweden Johan Olsson
50 km mass start NorwayNorway Petter Northug GermanyGermany Axel Teichmann SwedenSweden Johan Olsson
4 × 10 km relay SwedenSweden Marcus Hellner ,
Johan Olsson ,
Daniel Richardsson ,
Anders Södergren
NorwayNorway Lars Berger ,
Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset ,
Petter Northug ,
Martin Johnsrud Sundby
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Lukáš Bauer ,
Martin Jakš ,
Martin Koukal ,
Jiří Magál
Women
competitor gold silver bronze
Classic sprint NorwayNorway Marit Bjørgen PolandPoland Justyna Kowalczyk SloveniaSlovenia Petra Majdič
Team sprint freestyle GermanyGermany Claudia Nystad ,
Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle
SwedenSweden Anna Haag ,
Charlotte Kalla
RussiaRussia Irina Chasowa ,
Natalja Korosteljowa
10 km freestyle SwedenSweden Charlotte Kalla EstoniaEstonia Kristina Šmigun-Vähi NorwayNorway Marit Bjørgen
15 km pursuit NorwayNorway Marit Bjørgen SwedenSweden Anna Haag PolandPoland Justyna Kowalczyk
30 km mass start PolandPoland Justyna Kowalczyk NorwayNorway Marit Bjørgen FinlandFinland Aino-Kaisa Saarinen
4 × 5 km relay NorwayNorway Marit Bjørgen ,
Therese Johaug ,
Vibeke Skofterud ,
Kristin Størmer Steira
GermanyGermany Miriam Gössner ,
Claudia Nystad ,
Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle ,
Katrin Zeller
FinlandFinland Virpi Kuitunen ,
Pirjo Muranen ,
Riitta-Liisa Roponen ,
Aino-Kaisa Saarinen

Men

Classic sprint

space country athlete Time (min)
1 RussiaRussia RUS Nikita Kryukov 3: 36.3 (F)
2 RussiaRussia RUS Alexander Panschinsky 3: 36.3 (F)
3 NorwayNorway NOR Petter Northug 3: 45.5 (F)
4th NorwayNorway NOR Ola Vigen Hattestad 3: 50.0 (F)
5 KazakhstanKazakhstan KAZ Alexei Poltoranin 3: 54.4 (F)
6th NorwayNorway NOR Øystein Pettersen 4: 56.2 (F)
7th NorwayNorway NOR Johan Kjølstad 3: 36.3 (HF)
8th SwedenSweden SWE Emil Jonsson 3: 37.4 (HF)
9 RussiaRussia RUS Mikhail Devyatyarov 3: 37.6 (HF)
10 FinlandFinland FIN Sami Jauhojärvi 3: 39.6 (HF)
31 GermanyGermany GER Josef Wenzl 3: 41.88 (Q)
33 GermanyGermany GER Tim Tscharnke 3: 42.03 (Q)
34 SwitzerlandSwitzerland CHE Christoph Eigenmann 3: 42.18 (Q)
38 SwitzerlandSwitzerland CHE Valerio Leccardi 3: 42.84 (Q)
43 SwitzerlandSwitzerland CHE Peter von Allmen 3: 46.16 (Q)
49 SwitzerlandSwitzerland CHE Eligius Tambornino 3: 48.33 (Q)

Date: February 17, 2010, 10:45 am (qualification), 12:55 pm (final)
Track length: 1580 m; Difference in altitude: 25 m; Maximum ascent: 25 m; Total ascent: 51 m
62 participants from 25 countries, all in the rating.

F = final; HF = semifinals; Q = qualification

Team sprint freestyle

space country athlete Time (min)
1 NorwayNorway NOR Petter Northug
Øystein Pettersen
19: 01.0 (F)
2 GermanyGermany GER Axel Teichmann
Tim Tscharnke
19: 02.3 (F)
3 RussiaRussia RUS Nikolai Morilow
Alexei Petuchow
19: 02.5 (F)
4th CanadaCanada CAN Alex Harvey
Devon Kershaw
19: 07.3 (F)
5 KazakhstanKazakhstan KAZ Alexei Poltoranin
Nikolai Chebotko
19: 07.5 (F)
6th Czech RepublicCzech Republic CZE Martin Koukal
Dušan Kožíšek
19: 13.8 (F)
7th FranceFrance FRA Cyril Miranda
Vincent Vittoz
19: 18.7 (F)
8th ItalyItaly ITA Renato Pasini
Cristian Zorzi
19: 21.1 (F)
9 United StatesUnited States United States Torin Koos
Andrew Newell
19: 21.6 (F)
10 FinlandFinland FIN Ville Nousiainen
Lasse Paakkonen
19: 50.8 (F)
11 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Dario Cologna
Eligius Tambornino
18: 54.6 (HF)

Date: February 22nd, 2010, 11:35 a.m. (qualification), 1:30 p.m. (final)
Track length: 1580 m; Difference in altitude: 25 m; Maximum ascent: 25 m; Total ascent: 51 m
44 participants from 22 countries, 40 of them in the rating.

F = final; HF = semifinals

15 km freestyle

space country athlete Time (min)
1 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Dario Cologna 33: 36.3
2 ItalyItaly ITA Pietro Piller Cottrer 34: 00.9
3 Czech RepublicCzech Republic CZE Lukáš Bauer 34: 12.0
4th SwedenSweden SWE Marcus Hellner 34: 13.5
5 FranceFrance FRA Vincent Vittoz 34: 16.2
6th FranceFrance FRA Maurice Manificat 34: 27.4
7th GermanyGermany GER Tobias Angerer 34: 28.5
8th CanadaCanada CAN Ivan Babikov 34: 30.0
9 RussiaRussia RUS Maxim Wylegschanin 34: 31.6
10 ItalyItaly ITA Giorgio Di Centa 34: 36.2
12 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Toni Livers 34: 43.3
15th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Remo Fischer 34: 51.1
17th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Curdin Perl 34: 51.8
36 GermanyGermany GER René Sommerfeldt 35: 31.3
44 GermanyGermany GER Axel Teichmann 35: 47.0
46 GermanyGermany GER Tom Reichelt 35: 50.4

Date: February 15, 2010, 12:30 p.m.
Difference in altitude: 85 m; Maximum ascent: 59 m; Total ascent: 564 m
95 participants from 49 countries, all in the rating.

30 km pursuit

space country athlete Time (h)
1 SwedenSweden SWE Marcus Hellner 1: 15: 11.4
2 GermanyGermany GER Tobias Angerer 1: 15: 13.5
3 SwedenSweden SWE Johan Olsson 1: 15: 14.2
4th RussiaRussia RUS Alexander Legkov 1: 15: 15.4
5 CanadaCanada CAN Ivan Babikov 1: 15: 20.5
6th GermanyGermany GER Jens Filbrich 1: 15: 25.0
7th Czech RepublicCzech Republic CZE Lukáš Bauer 1: 15: 25.2
8th CanadaCanada CAN George Gray 1: 15: 32.0
9 CanadaCanada CAN Alex Harvey 1: 15: 43.0
10 SwedenSweden SWE Södergren is different 1: 15: 47.0
13 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Dario Cologna 1: 16: 12.2
20th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Curdin Perl 1: 17: 05.0
21st GermanyGermany GER René Sommerfeldt 1: 17: 11.9
22nd SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Toni Livers 1: 17: 26.0
35 GermanyGermany GER Tom Reichelt 1: 21: 13.2
44 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Remo Fischer 1: 22: 52.1

Date: February 20, 2010, 1.30 p.m.
Elevation difference: 71 m (K) / 40 m (F); Maximum ascent: 59 m (K) / 33 m (F); Total ascent: 552 m (K) / 516 m (F)
64 participants from 26 countries, 56 of them in the rating.

50 km mass start classic

space country athlete Time (h)
1 NorwayNorway NOR Petter Northug 2: 05: 35.5
2 GermanyGermany GER Axel Teichmann 2: 05: 35.8
3 SwedenSweden SWE Johan Olsson 2: 05: 36.6
4th GermanyGermany GER Tobias Angerer 2: 05: 37.0
5 CanadaCanada CAN Devon Kershaw 2: 05: 37.1
6th EstoniaEstonia EST Andrus Veerpalu 2: 05: 41.6
7th SwedenSweden SWE Daniel Richardsson 2: 05: 45.2
8th RussiaRussia RUS Maxim Wylegschanin 2: 05: 46.4
9 SwedenSweden SWE Södergren is different 2: 05: 47.1
10 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Dario Cologna 2: 05: 47.5
16 GermanyGermany GER Jens Filbrich 2: 06: 07.8
21st GermanyGermany GER René Sommerfeldt 2: 06: 52.5

Date: February 28, 2010, 9:30 a.m.
Difference in altitude: 85 m; Maximum ascent: 59 m; Total ascent: 1745 m
53 participants from 21 countries, 48 ​​of them in the rating.

4 × 10 km relay

The second-placed Norwegian relay team at the award ceremony
space Country / athlete time
1 SwedenSweden Sweden
Daniel Richardsson
Johan Olsson
Anders Södergren
Marcus Hellner
1:45: 05.4 h
27: 57.9 min
27: 55.2 min
24: 35.2 min
24: 37.1 min
2 NorwayNorway Norway
Martin Johnsrud Sundby
Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset
Lars Berger
Petter Northug
1: 45: 21.3 h
27: 59.9 min
28: 27.5 min
24: 38.4 min
24: 15.5 min
3 Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Martin Jakš
Lukáš farmer
Jiří Magál
Martin Koukal
1:45: 21.9 h
28: 22.4 min
27: 36.4 min
24: 34.8 min
24: 48.3 min
4th FranceFrance France
Jean-Marc Gaillard
Vincent Vittoz
Maurice Manificat
Emmanuel Jonnier
1:45: 26.3 h
27: 56.7 min
28: 03.6 min
24: 31.5 min
24: 54.5 min
5 FinlandFinland Finland
Sami Jauhojärvi
Matti Heikkinen
Teemu Kattilakoski
Ville Nousiainen
1: 45: 30.3 h
27: 55.6 min
28: 32.3 min
24: 37.1 min
24: 25.3 min
6th GermanyGermany Germany
Jens Filbrich
Axel Teichmann
René Sommerfeldt
Tobias Angerer
1:45: 49.4 h
27: 58.3 min
28: 22.6 min
24: 43.7 min
24: 44.8 min
7th CanadaCanada Canada
Devon Kershaw
Alex Harvey
Ivan Babikov
George Gray
1: 47: 03.2 h
28: 23.8 min
28: 21.3 min
24: 33.5 min
25: 44.6 min
8th RussiaRussia Russia
Nikolai Pankratow
Pyotr Sedov
Alexander Legkow
Maxim Vylegschanin
1: 47: 04.7 h
28: 33.4 min
28: 07.4 min
24: 56.9 min
25: 27.0 min
10 SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland
Toni Livers
Curdin Perl
Remo Fischer
Dario Cologna
1: 47: 57.2 h
28: 20.7 min
28: 26.7 min
25: 35.1 min
25: 34.7 min

Date: February 24, 2010, 11:15 a.m.
Elevation difference: 53 m (K) / 40 m (F); Maximum ascent: 41 m (K) / 38 m (F); Total ascent: 360 m (K) / 372 m (F)
14 relays at the start, all in the ranking.

Women

Classic sprint

Marit Bjørgen celebrates her Olympic victory in the sprint
space country sportswoman Time (min)
1 NorwayNorway NOR Marit Bjørgen 3: 39.2 (F)
2 PolandPoland POLE Justyna Kowalczyk 3: 40.3 (F)
3 SloveniaSlovenia SLO Petra Majdič 3: 41.0 (F)
4th SwedenSweden SWE Anna Olsson 3: 41.7 (F)
5 ItalyItaly ITA Magda Genuin 3: 49.1 (F)
6th NorwayNorway NOR Celine Brun-Lie 3: 51.5 (F)
7th NorwayNorway NOR Astrid Jacobsen 3: 44.2 (HF)
8th United StatesUnited States United States Kikkan Randall 3: 45.9 (HF)
9 FinlandFinland FIN Virpi Kuitunen 3: 46.4 (HF)
10 SwedenSweden SWE Magdalena Pajala 3: 45.0 (HF)
11 AustriaAustria AUT Kateřina Smutná 3: 45.1 (HF)
14th GermanyGermany GER Katrin Zeller 3: 43.0 (VF)
17th GermanyGermany GER Nicole Fessel 3: 41.2 (VF)
25th GermanyGermany GER Hanna Kolb 3: 41.6 (VF)
30th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Doris Trachsel 3: 44.7 (VF)

Date: February 17, 2010, 10:15 a.m. (qualification), 12:30 p.m. (final)
Track length: 1430 m; Difference in altitude: 25 m; Maximum ascent: 25 m; Total ascent: 44 m
54 participants from 27 countries, all in the rating.

F = final; HF = semifinals; VF = quarter finals

Team sprint freestyle

Evening award ceremony for the women's team sprint
space country Sportswomen Time (min)
1 GermanyGermany GER Claudia Nystad
Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle
18: 03.7 (F)
2 SwedenSweden SWE Anna Haag
Charlotte Kalla
18: 04.3 (F)
3 RussiaRussia RUS Irina Chasowa
Natalja Korosteljowa
18: 07.7 (F)
4th ItalyItaly ITA Arianna Follis
Magda Genuin
18: 14.2 (F)
5 NorwayNorway NOR Celine Brun-Lie
Astrid Jacobsen
18: 32.8 (F)
6th United StatesUnited States United States Caitlin Compton
Kikkan Randall
18: 51.6 (F)
7th CanadaCanada CAN Daria Gaiazova
Sara Renner
18: 51.8 (F)
8th FinlandFinland FIN Riitta-Liisa Roponen
Riikka Sarasoja
18: 56.6 (F)
9 FranceFrance FRA Laure Barthélémy
Karine Laurent Philippot
19: 04.2 (F)
10 SloveniaSlovenia SLO Vesna Fabjan
Katja Višnar
18: 58.9 (HF)
17th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Silvana Bucher and
Bettina Gruber
20: 04.6 (HF)

Date: February 22, 2010, 10:45 am (qualification), 1:00 pm (final)
Distance: 1430 m; Difference in altitude: 25 m; Maximum ascent: 25 m; Total ascent: 44 m
36 participants from 18 countries, 34 of them in the rating.

F = final; HF = semifinals

The originally ninth place Polish pairing ( Sylwia Jaśkowiec / Kornelia Marek ) was disqualified for doping.

10 km freestyle

space country sportswoman Time (min)
1 SwedenSweden SWE Charlotte Kalla 24: 58.4
2 EstoniaEstonia EST Kristina Šmigun-Vähi 25: 05.0
3 NorwayNorway NOR Marit Bjørgen 25: 14.3
4th SwedenSweden SWE Anna Haag 25: 19.3
5 PolandPoland POLE Justyna Kowalczyk 25: 20.1
6th FinlandFinland FIN Riitta-Liisa Roponen 25: 24.3
7th RussiaRussia RUS Yevgenia Medvedeva-Arbusova 25: 26.5
8th NorwayNorway NOR Kristin Størmer Steira 25: 50.5
9 UkraineUkraine UKR Valentyna Shevchenko 25: 51.1
10 KazakhstanKazakhstan KAZ Svetlana Malachowa 25: 53.9
12 GermanyGermany GER Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle 25: 57.7
16 GermanyGermany GER Claudia Nystad 25: 59.8
21st GermanyGermany GER Miriam Gössner 26: 14.8
23 GermanyGermany GER Stefanie Boehler 26: 19.2

Date: February 15, 2010, 10:00 a.m.
Difference in altitude: 71 m; Maximum ascent: 59 m; Total ascent: 362 m
78 participants from 36 countries, all in the rating.

15 km pursuit

Marit Bjørgen on the way to the gold medal in the double pursuit
space country sportswoman Time (min)
1 NorwayNorway NOR Marit Bjørgen 39: 58.1
2 SwedenSweden SWE Anna Haag 40: 07.0
3 PolandPoland POLE Justyna Kowalczyk 40: 07.4
4th NorwayNorway NOR Kristin Størmer Steira 40: 07.5
5 FinlandFinland FIN Aino-Kaisa Saarinen 40: 40.6
6th NorwayNorway NOR Therese Johaug 40: 50.0
7th ItalyItaly ITA Marianna Longa 41: 02.2
8th SwedenSweden SWE Charlotte Kalla 41: 18.5
9 ItalyItaly ITA Arianna Follis 41: 21.6
10 CanadaCanada CAN Sara Renner 41: 37.9
11 GermanyGermany GER Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle 41: 37.9
22nd GermanyGermany GER Nicole Fessel 42: 25.1
24 GermanyGermany GER Katrin Zeller 42: 26.9
29 AustriaAustria AUT Kateřina Smutná 42: 50.3
36 GermanyGermany GER Stefanie Boehler 43: 17.9

Date: February 19, 2010, 1:00 p.m.
Elevation difference: 71 m (K) / 40 m (F); Maximum ascent: 59 m (K) / 33 m (F); Total ascent: 276 m (K) / 258 m (F)
66 participants from 24 countries, 62 of them in the evaluation.

30 km mass start classic

The podium of the mass start race
space country sportswoman Time (h)
1 PolandPoland POLE Justyna Kowalczyk 1: 30: 33.7
2 NorwayNorway NOR Marit Bjørgen 1: 30: 34.0
3 FinlandFinland FIN Aino-Kaisa Saarinen 1: 31: 38.7
4th GermanyGermany GER Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle 1: 31: 52.9
5 JapanJapan JPN Masako Ishida 1: 31: 56.5
6th SwedenSweden SWE Charlotte Kalla 1: 31: 57.6
7th NorwayNorway NOR Therese Johaug 1: 32: 01.3
8th NorwayNorway NOR Kristin Størmer Steira 1: 32: 04.4
9 SwedenSweden SWE Anna Olsson 1: 33: 00.3
10 FranceFrance FRA Karine Laurent Philippot 1: 33: 11.4
17th GermanyGermany GER Stefanie Boehler 1: 34: 08.7
19th GermanyGermany GER Katrin Zeller 1: 34: 18.1
32 AustriaAustria AUT Kateřina Smutná 1: 37: 51.3

Date: February 27, 2010, 11:45 am
Elevation difference: 85 m; Maximum ascent: 59 m; Total ascent: 1047 m
53 participants from 21 countries, 47 of them in the rating.

4 × 5 km relay

space Country / athletes Time (min)
1 NorwayNorway Norway
Vibeke Skofterud
Therese Johaug
Kristin Størmer Steira
Marit Bjørgen
55: 19.5
14: 49.9
14: 46.5
12: 53.2
12: 49.9
2 GermanyGermany Germany
Katrin Zeller
Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle
Miriam Gössner
Claudia Nystad
55: 44.1
14: 53.7
15: 00.6
12: 52.0
12: 57.8
3 FinlandFinland Finland
Pirjo Muranen
Virpi Kuitunen
Riitta-Liisa Roponen
Aino-Kaisa Saarinen
55: 49.9
15: 32.4
14: 35.7
12: 38.2
13: 03.6
4th ItalyItaly Italy
Arianna Follis
Marianna Longa
Silvia Rupil
Sabina Valbusa
56: 04.9
14: 58.6
14: 29.4
13: 01.8
13: 35.1
5 SwedenSweden Sweden
Anna Olsson
Magdalena Pajala
Charlotte Kalla
Ida Ingemarsdotter
56: 18.9
14: 47.1
15: 35.6
12: 25.0
13: 31.2
6th FranceFrance France
Aurore Cuinet
Karine Laurent Philippot
Célia Bourgeois
Cécile Storti
56: 30.6
15: 13.3
14: 38.8
12: 59.9
13: 38.6
7th RussiaRussia Russia
Olga Sawjalowa
Irina Chasowa
Jewgenija Medvedeva
Natalja Korosteljowa
57: 00.9
15: 15.2
15: 19.0
13: 01.1
13: 25.6
8th JapanJapan Japan
Madoka Natsumi
Masako Ishida
Nobuko Fukuda
Michiko Kashiwabara
57: 40.4
15: 03.0
14: 50.4
13: 34.5
14: 12.5

Date: February 25, 2010, 11:00 a.m.
Difference in altitude: 53 m (K) / 40 m (F); Maximum ascent: 41 m (K) / 32 m (F); Total ascent: 188 m (K) / 164 m (F)
16 relays at the start, 15 of them in the classification.

The Polish season ran in the composition Kornelia Marek , Justyna Kowalczyk , Paulina Maciuszek and Sylwia Jaśkowiec initially in sixth place. After Marek was convicted of doping, the relay was disqualified.

Review

The success of the Norwegians has been systematically researched by Norwegian scientists. The winning athletes belong to the generation of the Norwegian cross-country skier who their training since its inclusion in the squad have systematically (heart rate, stress and lactate values as well track length etc. of every training). It turned out that they trained significantly more, but at a significantly lower intensity, than the competition from Germany or other non-Scandinavian countries. While around a third of running training in Germany takes place above the anaerobic threshold, it was only 9% for these Norwegians. While fatigue resistance is trained in Germany, the Norwegians train aerobic endurance, which is particularly noticeable in the sprint in the third and fourth races. Since these high training intensities can only be endured with the help of anabolic steroids as in athletics, as in Russia , the Norwegian route is more appropriate.

Web links

Commons : Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ IOC sanctions Polish cross country skier Kornelia Marek for failing doping test , IOC April 29, 2010 on the official IOC website www.olympic.org, accessed on May 2, 2017
  2. Tønnessen, Espen; Haugen, Thomas A .; Hem, Erlend; Leirstein, Svein; Seiler, Stephen (2015): Maximal Aerobic Capacity in the Winter-Olympics Endurance Disciplines: Olympic-Medal Benchmarks for the Time Period 1990-2013. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 10 (7): 835-839.
  3. Arnd Krüger : How much basic training do you need? The importance of aerobic endurance for cross-country skiing. FdSnow. Specialized journal for skiing 33 (2015), 2, 22–33.
  4. Sandbakk, Oyvind; Skålvik, Tommy Fredriksen; Spencer, Matt; van Beekvelt, Mireille; Welde, Boye; Hegge, Ann Magdalen; Gjøvaag, Terje; Ettema, Gertjan (2015): The physiological responses to repeated upper-body sprint exercise in highly trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 115 (6): 1381-1391.
  5. Doping scandal - Russia's Athletics Federation suspended , Zeit online, November 14, 2015, (accessed January 1, 2016)