1976 Winter Olympics / Nordic skiing

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Nordic skiing at the
1976 Winter Olympics
Innsbruck1976.jpg
Cross country skiing pictogram.svgSki jumping pictogram.svgNordic combined pictogram.svg
information
venue AustriaAustria Seefeld in Tirol / Innsbruck
Competition venue Olympiaregion Seefeld , Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze / Bergiselschanze
Nations 24
Athletes 259 (208 Mars symbol (male), 51 Venus symbol (female))
date 7-15 February 1976
decisions 10
Sapporo 1972

At the XII. At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , ten competitions were held in Nordic skiing . This was also the 31st Nordic World Ski Championships . In addition to Olympic medals, world championship medals were also awarded. The only exception was the Nordic Combined, in which there were only Olympic medals. The venues were the Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze with the ski stadium in Seefeld in Tyrol and the Bergiselschanze in Innsbruck.

There was a change compared to the 1972 Winter Games for women’s cross-country skiing. As in the previous World Championships, the relay with three runners per nation has now become a competition with four runners each. In the medal ranking, the Soviet Union was ahead of the GDR and Finland . Overall, it was more balanced among the top nations than at the previous Nordic World Ski Championships and Olympic Winter Games.

Balance sheet

Medal table

space country gold silver bronze total
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union 4th 2 4th 10
2 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR 2 2 3 7th
3 FinlandFinland Finland 2 2 1 5
4th AustriaAustria Austria 1 1 1 3
5 NorwayNorway Norway 1 1 - 2
6th Germany BRBR Germany BR Germany - 1 - 1
United StatesUnited States United States - 1 - 1
8th SwedenSweden Sweden - - 1 1

Medalist

Cross-country men
competitor gold silver bronze
15 km Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Nikolai Bashukov Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Yevgeny Belyayev FinlandFinland Arto Koivisto
30 km Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Sergei Savelyev United StatesUnited States Bill Koch Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Ivan Garanin
50 km NorwayNorway Ivar Formo Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Gert-Dietmar Klause SwedenSweden Benny Sodergren
4 × 10 km relay FinlandFinland Arto Koivisto
Juha Mieto ,
Matti Pitkänen ,
Pertti Teurajärvi
NorwayNorway Ivar Formo ,
Odd Martinsen ,
Einar Sagstuen ,
Pål Tyldum
Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Nikolai Baschukow ,
Evgeni Belyayev ,
Ivan Garanin ,
Sergei Saweljew
Cross-country women
competitor gold silver bronze
5 km FinlandFinland Helena Takalo Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Raissa Smetanina Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Nina Baldycheva
10 km Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Raissa Smetanina FinlandFinland Helena Takalo Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Galina Kulakova
4 × 5 km relay Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Sinaida Amossowa ,
Nina Baldytschewa ,
Galina Kulakowa ,
Raissa Smetanina
FinlandFinland Marjatta Kajosmaa ,
Hilkka Riihivuori ,
Liisa Suihkonen ,
Helena Takalo
Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Monika Debertshäuser ,
Sigrun Krause ,
Barbara Petzold ,
Veronika Schmidt
Ski jumping
competitor gold silver bronze
Normal hill Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Hans-Georg Aschenbach Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Jochen Danneberg AustriaAustria Karl Schnabl
Large hill AustriaAustria Karl Schnabl AustriaAustria Toni Innauer Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Henry Glass
Nordic combination
competitor gold silver bronze
singles Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Ulrich Wehling Germany BRBR Germany Urban Hettich Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR Konrad Winkler

Cross-country men

15 km

space country athlete Time (min)
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nikolai Bashukov 43: 58.47
2 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Yevgeny Belyayev 44: 01.10
3 FinlandFinland FIN Arto Koivisto 44: 19.25
4th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Ivan Garanin 44: 41.98
5 NorwayNorway NOR Ivar Formo 45: 29.11
6th United StatesUnited States United States Bill Koch 45: 32.22
7th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Georg Zipfel 45: 38.10
8th NorwayNorway NOR Odd Martinsen 45: 32.22
9 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gert-Dietmar Klause 45: 42.97
10 FinlandFinland FIN Juha Mieto 45: 46.27
11 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Albert Giger 45: 47.07
12 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Franz Renggli 45: 53.49
17th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Edi Hauser 46: 29.14
19th AustriaAustria AUT Herbert Wachter 46: 46.39
25th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Jürgen Wolf 47: 04.49
27 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Alfred Kälin 47: 05.39
28 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gerd Hessler 47: 08.77
31 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Georg Kandlinger 47: 20.13
38 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Franz Betz 47: 39.15
42 AustriaAustria AUT Rudolf Horn 48: 10.55
43 AustriaAustria AUT Werner Vogel 48: 17.47
45 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Hans Speicher 48: 28.90
47 AustriaAustria AUT Josef Vogel 48: 42.32
49 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gerhard Grimmer 48: 45.04

Date: February 8, 1976
Difference in altitude: 205 m; Maximum ascent: 75 m; Total ascent: 565 m
80 participants from 23 countries, 78 of them in the rating.

30 km

space country athlete Time (h)
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Sergei Savelyev 1: 30: 29.38
2 United StatesUnited States United States Bill Koch 1: 30: 57.84
3 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Ivan Garanin 1: 31: 09.29
4th FinlandFinland FIN Juha Mieto 1: 31: 20.39
5 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nikolai Bashukov 1: 31: 33.14
6th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gert-Dietmar Klause 1: 32: 00.91
7th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Albert Giger 1: 32: 17.71
8th FinlandFinland FIN Arto Koivisto 1: 32: 23.11
9 NorwayNorway NOR Odd Martinsen 1: 32: 38.91
10 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Vasily Rotschew 1: 32: 39.42
14th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Georg Zipfel 1: 34: 04.71
16 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gerhard Grimmer 1: 34: 52.15
17th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Axel Lesser 1: 34: 53.14
18th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Franz Betz 1: 34: 55.54
25th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Edi Hauser 1: 35: 50.29
29 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Alfred Kälin 1: 36: 09.97
32 AustriaAustria AUT Herbert Wachter 1: 36: 28.48
33 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Dieter Meinel 1: 36: 37.35
36 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Hans Speicher 1: 36: 52.45
40 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Walter Demel 1: 37: 44.17
50 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Hansueli cruiser 1: 39: 58.44
51 AustriaAustria AUT Werner Vogel 1: 40: 16.10
58 AustriaAustria AUT Franz Gattermann 1: 43: 04.88

Date: February 5, 1976
Difference in altitude: 174 m; Maximum ascent: 55 m; Total ascent: 825 m
69 participants from 21 countries, 67 of them in the rating.

50 km

space country athlete Time (h)
1 NorwayNorway NOR Ivar Formo 2: 37: 30.05
2 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gert-Dietmar Klause 2: 38: 13.21
3 SwedenSweden SWE Benny Sodergren 2: 39: 39.21
4th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Ivan Garanin 2: 40: 38.94
5 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gerhard Grimmer 2: 41: 15.46
6th NorwayNorway NOR Per Knut Aaland 2: 41: 18.06
7th NorwayNorway NOR Pål Tyldum 2: 42: 21.86
8th SwedenSweden SWE Tommy Limby 2: 42: 43.58
9 FinlandFinland FIN Juhani Repo 2: 42: 54.89
10 FinlandFinland FIN Arto Koivisto 2: 43: 44.79
18th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Franz Renggli 2: 45: 25.24
20th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Heinz Gähler 2: 45: 51.64
23 GermanyGermany GER Georg Zipfel 2: 46: 20.30
24 AustriaAustria AUT Herbert Wachter 2: 46: 40.25
25th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Walter Demel 2: 46: 55.95
26th AustriaAustria AUT Werner Vogel 2: 47: 05.63
28 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Gerd Hessler 2: 47: 34.90
31 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Venanz Egger 2: 48: 30.70
32 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Christian Pfeuti 2: 49: 50.90
33 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Dieter Meinel 2: 49: 52.42
35 AustriaAustria AUT Reinhold Feichter 2: 50: 53.00
43 AustriaAustria AUT Heinrich Wallner 3: 03: 58.19

Date: February 14, 1976
Difference in altitude: 162 m; Maximum ascent: 98 m; Total ascent: 1190 m
59 participants from 17 countries, 44 of them in the rating.

The victory of Formo, who demonstrated his stamina and strength on the second 25 km and with a brilliant finish, brought the Norwegians back to their position as ski kings. Södergren, who jumped in for Thomas Magnusson, who was unable to attend due to family reasons , won bronze and thus the only medal for Sweden on the trails. He was overtaken by Klause at kilometer 36 and hung on his heels. The Soviet Union was surprisingly without a medal. Sergei Saweljew broke his third shoe at these games to fate, Vasili Rotschew led initially, but only crossed the finish line in twelfth place. Per Knut Aaland also had bad luck with a broken ski. Many athletes had chosen the wrong wax in the deep snow .

4 × 10 km relay

space Country / athlete time
1 FinlandFinland Finland
Matti Pitkänen
Juha Mieto
Pertti Teurajärvi
Arto Koivisto

2:07 : 59.72 h 35: 03.59 min
31: 14.89 min
31: 25.04 min
30: 16.20 min
2 NorwayNorway Norway
Pål Tyldum
Einar Sagstuen
Ivar Formo
Odd Martinsen
2: 09: 58.36 h
34: 46.22 min
32: 22.40 min
31: 35.98 min
31: 13.76 min
3 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union
Yevgeny Belyayev
Nikolai Bashukov
Sergei Saveliev
Ivan Garanin
2:10 : 51.46 h
35: 53.69 min
31: 57.04 min
32: 19.06 min
30: 41.67 min
4th SwedenSweden Sweden
Benny Södergren
Christer Johansson
Thomas Wassberg
Sven-Åke Lundbäck

2:11 : 16.88 h 34: 42.63 min
33: 12.47 min
31: 37.72 min
31: 44.06 min
5 SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland
Franz Renggli
Edi Hauser
Heinz Gähler
Alfred Kälin
2: 11: 28.53 h
35: 25.86 min
32: 30.09 min
31: 38.46 min
31: 54.12 min
6th United StatesUnited States United States
Doug Peterson
Tim Caldwell
Bill Koch
Ronny Yeager
2: 11: 41.35 h
36: 06.24 min
32: 16.01 min
30: 43.61 min
32: 35.49 min
7th ItalyItaly Italy
Renzo Chiocchetti
Tonio Biondini
Ulrich Kostner
Giulio Capitanio
2:12: 07.12 h
37: 32.55 min
32: 24.33 min
30: 56.09 min
31: 14.15 min
8th AustriaAustria Austria
Rudolf Horn
Reinhold Feichter
Werner Vogel
Herbert Wachter
2: 12: 22.80 h
34: 54.64 min
33: 06.58 min
32: 57.12 min
31: 24.46 min
9 Germany BRBR Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Franz Betz
Georg Kandlinger
Walter Demel
Georg Zipfel
2:12: 38.96 h
35: 59.91 min
33: 05.50 min
31: 51.36 min
31: 42.19 min

Date: February 11, 1976
Difference in altitude: 95 m; Maximum ascent: 65 m; Total ascent: 350 m
16 relays at the start, 14 of them in the rating.

Cross-country women

5 km

space country sportswoman Time (min)
1 FinlandFinland FIN Helena Takalo 15: 48.69
2 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Raissa Smetanina 15: 49.73
3 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nina Baldycheva 16: 12.82
4th FinlandFinland FIN Hilkka Riihivuori 16: 17.74
5 SwedenSweden SWE Eva Olsson 16: 27.15
6th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Zinaida Amosova 16: 33.78
7th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Monika Debertshäuser 16: 34.94
8th NorwayNorway NOR Grete Kummen 16: 35.43
9 FinlandFinland FIN Marjatta Kajosmaa 16: 36.25
10 CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia TCH Blanka Paulů 16: 41.65
11 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Barbara Petzold 16: 42.44
12 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Veronika Hesse 16: 42.86
16 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Sigrun Krause 16: 55.54
21st Germany BRBR Germany FRG Michaela Endler 17: 08.68
33 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Iris Schulze 18: 04.81
38 AustriaAustria AUT Barbara Stoeckl 18: 49.16
40 Liechtenstein 1937Liechtenstein LIE Claudia Sprenger 19: 51.66
41 AustriaAustria AUT Gertrud Gasteiger 20: 14.94
42 AustriaAustria AUT Sylvia Schweiger 20: 17.43

Date: February 7, 1976
Difference in altitude: 53 m; Maximum ascent: 40 m; Total ascent: 234 m
44 participants from 14 countries, 42 of them in the rating. The originally third-placed Galina Kulakowa (URS) was disqualified for using a nasal spray containing ephedrine .

10 km

space country sportswoman Time (min)
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Raissa Smetanina 30: 13.41
2 FinlandFinland FIN Helena Takalo 30: 14.28
3 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Galina Kulakova 30: 38.61
4th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nina Baldycheva 30: 52.58
5 SwedenSweden SWE Eva Olsson 31: 08.72
6th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Zinaida Amosova 31: 11.23
7th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Barbara Petzold 31: 12.20
8th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Veronika Hesse 31: 12.33
9 FinlandFinland FIN Hilkka Riihivuori 31: 29.39
10 SwedenSweden SWE Lena Carlzon 31: 12.33
12 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Sigrun Krause 31: 39.76
14th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Monika Debertshäuser 31: 50.06
25th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Michaela Endler 32: 55.62
31 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Iris Schulze 33: 43.82
38 Liechtenstein 1937Liechtenstein LIE Claudia Sprenger 34: 57.03
40 AustriaAustria AUT Barbara Stoeckl 35: 28.99
41 AustriaAustria AUT Sylvia Schweiger 36: 32.93
44 AustriaAustria AUT Gertrud Gasteiger 37: 35.77

Date: February 10, 1976
Difference in altitude: 80 m; Maximum ascent: 55 m; Total ascent: 255 m
44 participants from 14 countries, all in the rating.

4 × 5 km relay

space Country / athletes Time (min)
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union
Nina Baldytschewa
Sinaida Amossowa
Raissa Smetanina
Galina Kulakowa
1: 07: 49.75 h
17: 31.01 min
17:02.81 min
16: 26.32 min
16: 49.61 min
2 FinlandFinland Finland
Liisa Suihkonen
Marjatta Kajosmaa
Hilkka Riihivuori
Helena Takalo
1:08:36.57 h
17:29.02 min
17:22.06 min
17:08.98 min
16: 36.51 min
3 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR
Monika Debertshäuser
Sigrun Krause
Barbara Petzold
Veronika Hesse

1:09 : 57.95 min 18:02.73 min
17:46.43 min
17:01.71 min
17:07.08 min
4th SwedenSweden Sweden
Lena Carlzon
Görel Partapuoli
Marie Johansson
Eva Olsson
1:10 : 14.68 h
17: 27.25 min
17: 32.41 min
17: 53.05 min
17: 21.97 min
5 NorwayNorway Norway
Berit Kvello
Marit Myrmæl
Berit Johannessen
Grete Kummen
1: 11:09.08 h
18:20.16 min
18:02.14 min
17: 33.56 min
17: 13.22 min
6th CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
Anna Pasiarová
Gabriela Sekajová
Alena Bartošová
Blanka Paulů
1: 11:27.83 h
18: 13.77 min
17: 34.71 min
17: 56.91 min
17: 42.44 min
7th CanadaCanada Canada
Shirley Firth
Joan Groothuysen
Sue Holloway
Sharon Firth
1: 14: 02.72 h
18: 14.69 min
18: 42.83 min
18: 38.29 min
18: 26.91 min
8th PolandPoland Poland
Anna Pawlusiak
Anna Gębala
Maria Trebunia
Władysława Majerczyk
1:14: 13.40 h
18: 44.10 min
18: 25.38 min
18: 53.49 min
18: 10.43 min
9 United StatesUnited States United States
Martha Rockwell
Jana Hlavaty
Terry Porter
Twila Hinkle
1: 17: 58.18 h
18: 44.86 min
19:06.32 min
19: 28.91 min
20: 38.09 min

Date: February 12, 1976
Difference in altitude: 53 m; Maximum ascent: 40 m; Total ascent: 234 m
9 relays at the start, all in the ranking.

Ski jumping

Normal hill

space country athlete Widths (m) Points
1 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Hans-Georg Aschenbach 84.5 / 82.0 252.0
2 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Jochen Danneberg 83.5 / 82.5 246.2
3 AustriaAustria AUT Karl Schnabl 82.5 / 81.5 242.0
4th CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia TCH Jaroslav Balcar 81.0 / 81.5 239.6
5 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Ernst von Grünigen 80.0 / 80.5 238.7
6th AustriaAustria AUT Reinhold Bachler 80.5 / 80.5 237.2
7th AustriaAustria AUT Toni Innauer 80.5 / 80.5 233.5
8th AustriaAustria AUT Rudolf Wanner 79.5 / 79.5 233.5
9 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Walter Steiner 80.0 / 78.5 233.2
10 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Alfred Grosche 80.0 / 80.5 231.9
13 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Hans Schmid 78.0 / 79.0 226.3
23 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Sepp Schwinghammer 75.5 / 76.5 215.3
32 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Bernd Eckstein 80.5 / 81.5 209.3
35 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Robert Mösching 75.0 / 75.0 207.6
44 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Henry Glass 80.0 / 79.5 203.8

Date: February 7th 1974
Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze , K-point : 84 m
55 participants from 15 countries, all in the valuation.

Large hill

space country athlete Widths (m) Points
1 AustriaAustria AUT Karl Schnabl 097.5 / 97.0 234.8
2 AustriaAustria AUT Toni Innauer 102.5 / 91.0 232.9
3 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Henry Glass 091.0 / 97.0 221.7
4th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Jochen Danneberg 102.0 / 89.5 221.6
5 AustriaAustria AUT Reinhold Bachler 095.0 / 91.0 217.4
6th AustriaAustria AUT Hans Wallner 093.2 / 92.5 216.9
7th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Bernd Eckstein 094.0 / 91.5 206.6
8th Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Hans-Georg Aschenbach 092.5 / 89.0 212.1
9 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Walter Steiner 089.5 / 93.0 208.5
10 FinlandFinland FIN Jouko Törmänen 091.0 / 87.5 204.9
16 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Alfred Grosche 089.5 / 84.5 193.1
20th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Hans Schmid 086.5 / 83.0 186.3
23 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Ernst von Grünigen 084.5 / 81.5 182.4
38 SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Robert Mösching 084.0 / 79.0 167.7

Date: February 15th
Bergiselschanze , K-point: 104 m
54 participants from 15 countries, all in the valuation.

Nordic combination

space country athlete Points
jumping
Points
running
points
total
1 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Ulrich Wehling 225.5 197.89 423.39
2 Germany BRBR Germany FRG Urban Hettich 198.9 220.00 418.90
3 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Konrad Winkler 213.9 203.57 417.47
4th FinlandFinland FIN Rauno Miettinen 219.9 191.40 411.30
5 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Claus Tuchscherer 218.7 190.81 409.51
6th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nikolai Nogovitsyn 196.1 210.34 406.44
7th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Valery Kopayev 202.9 203.24 406.14
8th NorwayNorway NOR Tom Sandberg 195.7 209.83 405.53
9 NorwayNorway NOR Pål Schjetne 204.4 198.19 402.59
10 FinlandFinland FIN Erkki Kilpinen 203.1 199.16 402.26
13 Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR GDR Günter Deckert 194.2 203.58 397.78
14th Germany BRBR Germany FRG Günther Abel 196.8 197.77 394.57
19th SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI Karl Lustenberger 202.5 175.60 378.10
26th AustriaAustria AUT Fritz Koch 189.1 174.52 363.62

Ski jumping: February 8, 1976
Toni-Seelos-Olympiaschanze, K-point: 84 m

Cross-country skiing 15 km: February 9, 1976
Difference in altitude: 180 m; Maximum ascent: 65 m; Total ascent: 535 m
34 participants from 14 countries, 33 of them in the rating.

literature

  • Cross-country skiing at the Olympic Winter Games: List of Olympic champions in cross-country skiing. Edited by the Bucher Group, General Books Verlag, 2010, 188 pages.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Peter Elstner: In the finish, Ivar Formo ran away from everyone . In: Arbeiter-Zeitung . Vienna February 15, 1976, p. 11 ( berufer-zeitung.at - the open online archive - digitized).
  2. Volker Kluge: Summer Olympic Games - Chronicle IV: Seoul 1988 - Atlanta 1996 . Sportverlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-328-00830-6 , p. 501 .