Alfred Nissle

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Alfred Nissle (born December 30, 1874 in Cöpenick [today: Berlin-Köpenick], † November 25, 1965 in Freiburg im Breisgau ) was a German doctor and scientist who dealt early with the role of the intestinal flora of humans in the development of diseases busy.

Life

Nissle attended middle school in 1885, then the local grammar school in Prenzlau until 1892. He passed the Abitur examination in 1893 at the grammar school in Görlitz . From 1893, Alfred Nissle studied medicine at the University of Berlin and attended lectures a. a. with Emil Fischer , Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer , Rudolf Virchow and Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond . From 1896 he continued his studies in Freiburg i. B. continued, finished this there in 1898 and received his doctorate in 1899 on "Diseases of the sphenoid sinus ".

From 1899 to 1900 Nissle did his military service in the Queen Augusta Guard Grenadier Regiment No. 4 in Berlin . He then worked for two years at the Physiological Institute of the Friedrich Wilhelms University under Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann and then until March 1906 under Max Rubner at the Institute for Hygiene. During his time in Berlin, he married Margarete Giesler in 1903.

From 1906 to 1911 Nissle worked at the Institute for Hygiene at the University of Munich under the racial hygienist Max von Gruber . His next station was the Hygiene Institute in Königsberg in 1911 , where his Munich colleague Martin Hahn had accepted a professorship. In 1912 Nissle completed his habilitation in Königsberg, and from February 1912 Nissle was a university lecturer in hygiene and bacteriology there. Shortly afterwards he followed Hahn as his assistant at the Institute for Hygiene at the University of Freiburg . From 1915 to 1938 Nissle was head of the Baden Medical Examination Office for Infectious Diseases in Freiburg. This office was attached to the university institute, the difficulties arising from the construction accompanied almost the entire tenure of Nissle. Since 1917 he also held an extraordinary professorship there.

On June 20, 1916, Nissle gave a lecture in Freiburg on the fundamentals of a new causal control of the pathological intestinal flora . The therapeutic use of Escherichia coli - strains was henceforth one of his main areas of research.

In 1917 he isolated an E. coli strain from the intestines of a non-commissioned officer in the Balkan War , after the latter, unlike his comrades, did not suffer from diarrhea . This so-called Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 ( DSM 6601) served as the basis for Nissle's Mutaflor preparation, which had been commercially available since 1917 and which was used to treat intestinal and other diseases with varying degrees of success. Nissle had already registered the Mutaflor trademark in 1916. The distribution of the preparation through the "Handelsgesellschaft Deutscher Apotheker" (HAGEDA) caused a lot of disagreement.

At the university institute, Nissle initially held events on tropical diseases, from 1920 he read about genetic biology, racial hygiene (including important chapters on racial studies) and their importance for population policy and was the first lecturer to offer an event on " Racial Hygiene " in Freiburg. Nissle's racial ideological orientation is also recognizable in the 1922 publication Guidelines and Proposals for a rebuilding of the forces and achievements of our people . From the winter semester 1925/26 with an official teaching assignment, after the " seizure of power " by the National Socialists, the lecture in the summer semester 1933 became a compulsory course for all students. Nissle endeavored to expand his teaching assignment; the responsible ministry wanted “that the area of ​​racial hygiene should primarily be taught by the National Socialists.” The extension of the teaching assignment also failed because of the attitude of the new Freiburg rector, Martin Heidegger ; Instead of Nissle, the health officer in the Baden Ministry of the Interior, Senior Medical Officer (and SS-Sturmbannführer ) Theodor Pakheiser , received the teaching assignment. Appointed honorary professor in 1934, Nissle held the lecture in the previous scope until 1938.

Due to disputes with Hermann Dold , who had been his superior since Paul Uhlenhuth's retirement in 1936, he left the medical examination office and founded his private bacteriological research institute in Freiburg in 1938, of which he was director until his death in 1965. The institute was in the era of National Socialism the National Socialist German Medical Association . The start-up financing of 70,000  marks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 302,000 euros) he received from the Reich Chancellery on personal instructions from Adolf Hitler , who, like Rudolf Hess and Hitler's personal doctor Theo Morell, was one of the supporters of the Mutaflor preparation.

In 1945, the military government removed Nissle from the personnel directory of the University of Freiburg. At the same time he was removed from his position as head of research. Nissle initiated revision proceedings, but the faculty did not support him. It was not until 1952 that he became an honorary professor again.

After the death of Nissle's wife in 1948, he married his second wife, Erna Mueller, in 1951, who continued his institute until 1970 after his death. His rights were sold to the company Ardeypharm in Herdecke .

Publications (selection)

  • The diseases of the sphenoid sinus . Wolff, Berlin 1899 (also Med. Diss., Univ. Freiburg i. B., 1899)
  • About the importance of economic conditions in terms of strengthening our people's strength . In: Public Health Care . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1916, pp. 561-583.
  • About the basics of a new causal control of the pathological intestinal flora . In: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1916 (42) pp. 1181–1184
  • The antagonistic treatment of chronic intestinal disorders with coli bacteria . In: Medical Clinic , 1918 (2) pp. 29-33.
  • Guidelines and suggestions for rebuilding the strengths and achievements of our people . Groß, Freiburg i. B. 1922
  • More about the basics and practice of Mutaflor treatment . In: Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift , 1925 (44) pp. 1809-1813
  • The intestinal flora. Report on Prof. Alfred Nissle's in Freiburg i. B. invented preparation Mutaflor, ed. from the United gelatin capsule factories . Berlin 1925
  • The normal intestinal bacteria and their importance for the organism and The coli bacteria and their pathogenic importance . In: Wilhelm Kolle , Rudolf Kraus , Paul Uhlenhuth : Handbook of pathogenic microorganisms . 3rd edition, volume 6, part 1. Fischer, Jena 1929
  • About the detection of colon dysbacteria and its treatment with Mutaflor . In: Hippokrates , 1937, 8 (41), pp. 1009-1014
  • To clarify the relationships between the cause of the disease, symptoms and rational therapy . In: Medical World , 1966 (17), pp. 1290-1294

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Florian Bär: Influence of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on the in-vitro motility of human colon muscles , dissertation at the Medical Faculty Lübeck 2009, p. 2.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Biographical summary of Nissle in: Karl Irrgang, Ulrich Sonnenborn: The historical development of Mutaflor therapy . Ardeypharm GmbH, Herdecke 1988 ( English version (PDF) ( Memento of September 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive ))
  3. ↑ a b c d Eduard Seidler : The medical faculty of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg im Breisgau. Basics and developments. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-540-53978-6 , p. 227.
  4. ↑ Seidler, Faculty , pp. 227, 267 f.
  5. ↑ As presented in Nissle: The antagonistic treatment of chronic intestinal disorders with coli bacteria . In: Medical Clinic , 1918 (2) pp. 29-33.
  6. ↑ Seidler, Faculty , p. 330 f. Here also on Nissle's efforts after 1933.
  7. ^ Silke Seemann: The political cleansing of the teaching staff of the Freiburg University after the end of the Second World War (1945–1957). Rombach, Freiburg im Breisgau 2002, ISBN 3-7930-9314-X , p. 23.
  8. ↑ Quoted from Seidler, Faculty , p. 331.
  9. ↑ GA 16, p. 269.
  10. ↑ a b Helmut Heiber, Peter Longerich, Hildegard von Kotze: files of the party chancellery of the NSDAP. Part I. Munich 1983. ISBN 3-598-30261-4 . P. 406 ( GBS )
  11. ↑ Florian Bär: Influence of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 on the in-vitro motility of human colon muscles , dissertation at the Medical Faculty Lübeck 2009, p. 2 f.
personal data
SURNAME Nissle, Alfred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German doctor and scientist
DATE OF BIRTH December 30, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Cöpenick
DATE OF DEATH November 25, 1965
Place of death Freiburg in Breisgau