Anularius

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Roman gold ring in the Museo Nazionale GA Sanna , Imperial Era

The Anularius was a specialized goldsmith in Roman antiquity who was entrusted with the production of rings .

The wearing of rings was widespread in the Roman Empire, with the material used initially being strictly linked to social classes. In the beginning, gold rings were only allowed to be worn by senators . In 23 AD the right was also granted to the equites , the Roman knighthood, after all , in exceptional cases, freedmen were also allowed to wear gold rings. In addition, there were rings made of silver and bronze, but above all made of iron, which were considered a sign of military virtue. According to Herodian , Septimius Severus granted all soldiers the privilege of wearing gold rings in 197.

Rings were used as wedding rings, as signet rings and as a symbol of special distinction - such as the iron ring as part of the Roman triumph insignia , which was worn by both the triumphant and the slave accompanying him. They were worn by both men and women, on several fingers, preferably on the left hand. A distinction was even made between summer and winter rings, as Juvenal mockingly remarked, since the summer rings were lighter. The ring fashion was often the subject of satirical , such as Martial and Juvenal, or moral considerations, like Seneca and Quintilian .

The Anularius was therefore a craftsman who specialized in only one object category, but had to master various processing techniques. So cutting gems could be part of his job, in any case setting gems and gemstones into the ring. Anularii were found throughout the Roman Empire. Inscriptions they are out of Rome and from the rest of Italy , from Gaul and Germania known also from Asia Minor , where in a metric inscription of the Lydian Philadelphia a Ringmacher δακτυλοκοιλογλύφος daktylokoiloglýphos , German , engraver of rings' is called.

It is a poetic variant of the Greek δακτυλιογλύφος daktylioglýphos for the ring maker , as it has been handed down in literary terms as a professional title, so the father of Pythagoras is said to have been a Daktylioglyphos. In an Attic inscription from the 4th / 3rd centuries Century BC The term is also mentioned. Iulius Pollux passed on the term δακτυλιουργός daktyliurgós for the ring maker and relies on Pherekrates and Philyllios , both poets of the ancient comedy from the 5th century BC. Chr.

In Rome there was a college of ring makers. Whether in Suetonius mentioned Scalae anulariae the Roman Forum with the ring makers are to be connected, is uncertain. Nevio Degrassi associated the name of this staircase with the shops of the anularii , as jewelry shops can also be found near the Via Sacra there. Like most researchers, he sees it at the foot of the Palatine and connects it with the fragmentary mention of an urban Roman vicus in the 10th region of the city. The mention belongs to an inscription set in AD 26. He supplements the name of vicus with vicus anularius . Jörg Rüpke , for example, follows him in his prosopographical account of the priesthoods of Rome.

The well-known anularii were mostly freed, in Mainz a local is called, in Umbrian Amelia a slave is called. From the Middle Ages , the job title came back to life as a surname.

Known anularii
Surname Location was standing Art Dating
Lucius Bittius Paulinus Mainz Local Votive inscription 2nd / 3rd century
Gaius Camonius Gratus Bologna Freedman indefinite 1st century
Numerius Consius Dionysius Narbonne Freedman Epitaph 1st century
Quintus Mus. Primus Piacenza Freedman Epitaph 1st century
Trophimus Amelia slave Epitaph 1st century (?)
Marcus Tullius Secundus Brindisi Freedman Epitaph 1st century

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Pliny , Naturalis historia 33,32; Ségolène Demougin: L'ordre équestre sous les julio-claudiens (= Collection de l'École française de Rome. Volume 108). École française de Rome, Rome 1988, pp. 789-794 ( online ).
  2. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 33.9.
  3. ↑ Herodian, History of the Empire after Marc Aurel 3,8,5. For the ring jewelry of Roman troops see Peter Rothenhöfer: Status symbol - jewelry - gift - commodity: remarks on Roman rings with troop names. In: Margret Nollé et al. (Ed.): Panegyrikoi Logoi. Festschrift for Johannes Nollé on his 65th birthday. Habelt, Bonn 2019, pp. 399-426 ( online ).
  4. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 33: 11-12.
  5. ↑ Pliny, Naturalis historia 33.9.
  6. ↑ Juvenal 1.26.
  7. ↑ Martial 11:37:59.
  8. ↑ Seneca, Naturales quaestiones 7.37; Quintilian 11,3,142.
  9. ↑ a b CIL 11, 01235 .
  10. ↑ CIL 12, 04456 .
  11. ↑ CIL 13, 07249 .
  12. ^ René Cagnat : Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes . Volume 4. Leroux, Paris 1927, no.1648 ( digitized ).
  13. ↑ Philodemos of Gadara , De poematis P. Herc. 1676.5; Diogenes Laertios , vitae philosophorum 1.57; 8.1.
  14. ↑ Diogenes Laertios, vitae philosophorum 8.1; Suda , keyword Πυθαγόρας , Adler number: pi 3120 , Suda-Online ; Scholion of Plato , Politeia 600B.
  15. ↑ SEG 18, 36A, 138-139 .
  16. ↑ Pollux, onomasticon 7,179 ( Digitalisat , Greek).
  17. ↑ Pollux, Onomastikon 7,108.
  18. ↑ CIL 06, 09144 .
  19. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 72.
  20. ^ Nevio Degrassi: La dimora di Augusto sul Palatino e la base di Sorrento. In: Rendiconto della Pontificia Accademia Romana di archeologia. Volume 39, 1966-1967, pp. 77-116, here pp. 82 f .; see also Emanuele Papi: Scalae Anulariae for the jewelery shops to be located in this area . In: Eva Margareta Steinby : Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. Volume 4. Quasar, Rome 1999, pp. 238-239.
  21. ↑ See for example Emanuele Papi: Scalae Anulariae. In: Eva Margareta Steinby: Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae. Volume 4. Quasar, Rome 1999, pp. 238-239; Andrea Carandini : Le case del potere nell'antica Roma. Laterza, Rom / Bari 2010, p. 85. 98. 130. Fig. 55; Filippo Coarelli : Palatium. Il Palatino dalle origini all'impero. Rome 2012, pp. 357-358; different Timothy Peter Wiseman : Where did they live (eg Cicero, Octavius, Augustus)? In: Journal of Roman Archeology . Volume 25, 2012, pp. 657-672, here pp. 661-662, which locates them at the foot of the Velia .
  22. ↑ CIL 06, 30743 .
  23. ^ Nevio Degrassi: La dimora di Augusto sul Palatino e la base di Sorrento. In: Rendiconto della Pontificia Accademia Romana di archeologia. Volume 39, 1966-1967, pp. 77-116, here pp. 82 f.
  24. ↑ Jörg Rüpke : Fasti sacerdotum. Prosopography of the urban Roman priesthoods of Roman, Greek, Oriental and Judeo-Christian cults up to AD 499, Volume 2. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2005, p. 716 No. 382.
  25. ↑ Julián Santano Moreno: anularíus / anellarius en occitan et en français. In: Nouvelle revue d'onomastique. Volume 19-20, 1992, pp. 21-32 ( online ).
  26. ↑ CIL 13.07249 ; Altar inscription to Mars and Victoria ; see Gustav Behrens : Mars consecrations in the Mainz area. In: Mainz magazine. Volume 36, 1941, pp. 8-21, No. 17 Fig. 15; Leo Johann Weber: Inscribed consecrations to the gods from the area of ​​Roman Mainz. Augsburg 1966, p. 99; Andreas Kakoschke: The personal names in the two Germanic provinces. A catalog. Volume 1: Gentilnomina Abilius - Volusius. Marie Leidorf, Rahden / Westfalen 2006, p. 110; Krešimir Matijević : Transport of religion by soldiers in Upper Germany using the example of non-residents in Mainz / Mogontiacum and the surrounding area. In: Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica. Volume 15, 2009, pp. 71–144, here p. 94. 138 Fig. 25 ( online ).
  27. ↑ Herman Gummerus: The Roman Industry: I) The goldsmith and jewelry trade. In: Klio. Volume 14, 1914, pp. 129-189, here p. 183 No. 155; Gherardo Ghirardini in: Notes degli scavi di antichità. 1921, p. 34 No. 6 ( digitized version ); Gaetano Dall'Olio: Iscrizioni sepolcrali romane. Scoperte nell'alveo del Reno presso Bologna. L. Cappelli, Bologna 1922, pp. 28-31 No. 10 Fig. 7; AE 1976 (1980), p. 55 No. 205; a gens Camonia was based in Bologna, a Camonius Rufus was friends with Martial : Martial 6,85; 9,74.76; Edmund Groag : Camonius . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume III, 1, Stuttgart 1897, col. 1433.
  28. ↑ CIL 12.04456 ; Eric Dellong: Narbonne et le Narbonnais (= Carte archéologique de la Gaule. Volume 11.1). Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris 2002, p. 264 no.12.3.
  29. ↑ CIL 11, 04420 ; Daniela Monacchi: Le urn a cassa di Amelia: nuove acquisizioni. In: Archelogia Classica. Volume 51, 1999-2000, pp. 105-156, here pp. 133-135 No. 10 Fig. 11; for the less common name Trophimus see Heikki Solin : The Greek personal names in Rome. A name book. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1982, Volume 1: pp. 98-99; Volume 2: pp. 990-995.
  30. ↑ Giuseppe Nervegna in: Notizie degli scavi di antichità. 1892, p. 124 ( digitized version ); the inscription calls him M. Tillius Secunus.