Brown-stemmed striped fern

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Brown-stemmed striped fern
Asplenium trichomanes.JPG

Brown-stalked striped fern ( Asplenium trichomanes )

Systematics
Ferns
Class : True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order : Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family : Striped fern family (Aspleniaceae)
Genre : Striped Ferns ( Asplenium )
Type : Brown-stemmed striped fern
Scientific name
Asplenium trichomanes
L.

The brown-stalked striped fern ( Asplenium trichomanes ) is a species of the genus of the striped ferns ( Asplenium ) in the family of the striped fern plants (Aspleniaceae).

description

Frond underside

The brown-stemmed striped fern is a perennial plant that reaches heights of 5 to 30 centimeters. It forms a rhizome . The leaves are simply pinnate. The petiole is shorter than the blade. Both petiole and spindle are narrowly winged and shiny red-brown to black-brown in color almost to the tip. The feathers are 2–12 mm long, round or oval, somewhat unequal, bluntly toothed on the edge and stand in one plane. Each leaf has 15 to 40 leaflets; they stand alternately or approached in pairs and are short stalked.

The spores ripen in July and August.

Asplenium trichomanes subsp. inexpectans in Mallorca
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens in Mallorca

Occurrence

The brown-stemmed striped fern occurs on rocks and walls in warm to cool Europe and North America, South Africa, the Himalayas, New Guinea, Southeast Australia and New Zealand. He is a class character of Asplenietea trichomanis.

Systematics

There are several subspecies of the brown-stalked striped fern:

  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. coriaceifolium Rasbach & al. : It occurs only in Spain and Mallorca.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. hastatum (H. Christ) S. Jess. : She is a species of character of the order Potentilletalia caulescentis. The chromosome number is 2n = 144. It occurs in France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Greece and Romania.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. hexavalens
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. inexpectans Lovis : The chromosome number is 2n = 72. It occurs in Spain, the Balearic Islands, France, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova, European Russia, and the Crimea , in Greece, Crete, the Aegean and Sweden.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. maderense Gibby & Lovis : It only occurs on Madeira and La Palma.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. pachyrachis (H. Christ) Lovis & Reichst. : She is a species of character of the order Potentilletalia caulescentis. The chromosome number is 2n = 144. It occurs in Spain, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Sicily, Corsica, Slovenia, Serbia, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Albania, Greece and Crete.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens D. E. Mey. The latter is the most common subspecies in Europe, but it is extremely rare in New Zealand. After having been believed to have been lost there since the 1950s, 9 specimens of this subspecies were rediscovered in Hawke's Bay in 2008. It thrives on the bases silicate, gneiss, serpentinite and lime and is an Asplenietea class character. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Grünhorn in Vorarlberg up to 2000 m above sea level.
  • Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes : This subspecies only occurs on a lime-free base. It is a species of character of the order Androsacetalia vandellii. The chromosome number is 2n = 72.

use

The brown-stemmed striped fern is rarely used as an ornamental plant in rock gardens. There are few varieties of it.

Common names

In German-speaking countries, the following other trivial names are or were used for this plant species, sometimes only regionally : Aberthon, Abthon ( Erzgebirge ), Federhar, Frauenhaar ( Alsace ), Jungfrauenhaar, Red Saxifrage, Steinfarlin, Steinfarn, Steinfeder, Steinwurz, Stenvarn , Widerstoss, Widerthon, Black Widerthon ( Silesia ) and Widertod.

History. Analogy magic

"Red Saxifrage" - Asplenium trichomanes . Hieronymus Bock 1546. Further historical images:

Dioscurides and Pliny (1st century) made a distinction between a light and a black "adianton". Both were called «polytrichon» (many hairs), «kallitrichon» (fair hair), «trichomanes» (fine hair) and «capillus veneris» (venus hair). They should have an anti-toxic effect, drive urine and urinary tract stones, promote hair growth, cure chest diseases, jaundice, spleen diseases and skin diseases. Galen judged the "adiantum" from the point of view of the theory of humors as being balanced in heat and cold.

The northern European doctors of the 15th and 16th centuries found it difficult to assign plants from their environment to the "adianton", whose habitus was described insufficiently and inconsistently by the ancients. For example, B. Hieronymus Brunschwig in his small distilling book (1500) the “adianton” as “muer ruten” ( Asplenium ruta-muraria ) but also as “against tod krut” ( Asplenium trichomanes ). He attributed the indications given by Dioscurides and Pliny for the “adianton” to the “against death krut”.

Brunschwig derived the name “gegen tod krut” from the magic of analogy in folk medicine : “Simple people would praise that they will be penniless so soon they will wear the goose on their necks and they will be helped in wyder brought [...] including that [...] wear on the neck ſind [...] you will not be sore and we will overcome ſint. ”He called the Polytrichum commune “ güldin wyddon ”.

Also Hieronymus Bock wrote in his herb book the use of these plants in sympathetic magic :

“The old women have vil fantaſei with theses / and ſspeaking alſo / the red ſteynbrechlin with the lyns bletlin manol they call abthon / and the naked Jungfraw hor / ſol they call wdertthon / then you can claw both of them off / nem vnd widderthon jrs liked / who does not work the same every day vnd Philtra / we would like to have it written again and again. "

- Hieronymus Bock : Herbal Book 1539, I / 182.

swell

literature

  • Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Excursion flora from Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. tape 5 : Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ↑ a b c d e Christenhusz, M. & Raab-Straube, E. von (2013): Polypodiopsida. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2013.
  3. ↑ Marcus Lubienski, Stefan Jessen: Asplenium trichomanes and nothosubsp. lovisianum (Aspleniaceae) in Hagen (North Rhine-Westphalia). In: Yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association. Volume 6, pp. 54–62 ( PDF file; 4 MB ).
  4. ↑ Rare Native Fern Rediscovered In Hawke's Bay
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 .
  6. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 49 (online).
  7. ↑ "Adianton" - Asplenium trichomanes . Vienna Dioscurides 6th century sheet 41v ( picture link )
  8. ↑ Saxifraga Saxifrage - Asplenium trichomanes . Gart der Gesundheit 1485 ( image link )
  9. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs 1543. Widertodt - Asplenium trichomanes ( picture link )
  10. ↑ Julius Berendes : Des Pedanius Dioskurides medicament theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, Book IV, Cap. 134, Adianton (digitized version )
  11. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis historia . Book XXII, § 62-65 (Chapter XXX): Adianton (digitized Latin) ( digitized edition Külb 1840-1864 German)
  12. ↑ Pliny. Naturalis historia . Book XXVII, § 138 (Chapter CXI) (digitized Latin) ( digitized edition Külb 1840-1864 German)
  13. ↑ Galen . De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , lib. VI, cap. I / 7 (Kühn edition, Vol. XI, p. 814) (digitized version)
  14. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 78r, Muer ruten (digitized version )
  15. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 120r, Wider tod krut (digital copy )
  16. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 120r, Wider tod krut (digital copy )
  17. ^ Paul Sartori. Day off . In: Concise Dictionary of German Superstition , Vol. I / 21.
  18. ↑ Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli. Dismiss . In: Concise Dictionary of German Superstition , Vol. I / 123.
  19. ↑ Heinrich Marzell. Moss . In: Concise Dictionary of German Superstition , Vol. VI / 565.
  20. ↑ Heinrich Marzell. Widerton . In: Concise Dictionary of German Superstition , Vol. IX / 559.
  21. ↑ Asplenium trichomanes
  22. ↑ Golden women's hair moss
  23. ↑ Love spells
  24. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 181, Urnkraut Widdertod and Jungfraw hair (digitized)
  25. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . (Mainz 1485). Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485, cap. 88, Capillus veneris muerruten (digitized version )
  26. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . (Mainz 1485). Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485, cap. 354, Saxifraga Stein Brech (digitized version )
  27. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 310, Widertodt (digitized version )

Web links

Commons : Asplenium trichomanes  - album with pictures, videos and audio files