Heavy transport

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License plate (Liechtenstein) for exceptional vehicles.
License plate (Switzerland) for exceptional vehicles.
This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

In Germany, freight transports that are not dimensionally and / or weight-correct are referred to as large-capacity and heavy transports (also: heavy goods transport ). In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, such transports are referred to as exceptional transports , while road vehicles are referred to as exceptional vehicles. The latter can be recognized in both countries by the brown license plates.

Road traffic

Germany

Heavy transport of a transformer, carrying spout (white) not coupled
Heavy transport of a transformer
Transport of a transformer with approx. 300 t, rail-compatible carrying jaws on two tractor units
Heavy transport of a column on the Rhine
Heavy transport with excess width

Large and heavy transports deviate from the regulations of the Road Traffic Licensing Regulations (StVZO) . There are four types:

  1. Large space = large dimensions and small weight (for example a sheet metal silo, tank, swimming pool)
  2. Heavy transport = small dimensions, but very high weight (e.g. concrete beams, crane ballast)
  3. Large-scale and heavy transports = a combination of 1st + 2nd (e.g. large transformers, turbines , gas-phase reactors)
  4. Long transports = goods longer than 20 meters (e.g. wooden roof trusses, wings of wind turbines, mast sections , a maypole )

These transports cause excessive road use and therefore require a permit in accordance with Section 29 (3) of the Road Traffic Regulations (StVO). A prerequisite for a permit in accordance with Section 29 Paragraph 3 StVO is, however, a special permit in accordance with Section 70 StVZO. Depending on the dimensions (height, length and width) of the truck and its load or trailer , escort vehicles (BF3) and / or escort by the police are required.

Such transports are only approved at certain times. The use of certain federal motorways is generally prohibited during the holidays . These times are called blocking times and are regulated according to the “RGST” catalog of requirements. The general rule:

Heavy transports may only be carried out on Mondays 9 a.m. to Friday 3 p.m. In the case of a width of up to 3.2 meters, the low-traffic time of day is usually approved, so that the transports may not be carried out between 6 a.m. and 8:30 a.m. and from 3:30 p.m. to 7 p.m. Almost all transports that go beyond these latitudes are carried out during the night between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

Since special transports may only take place with a valid permit, a permit must be obtained from the responsible public order office before the planned transport . For this purpose, an application for approval with the sender, recipient, load dimensions, weights (possible empty run dimensions), license plates, axle loads, center distances, number of wheels per axle, track width and the route description is sent to the office. The office gives this application for approval to the hearing (it is sent to the responsible federal states, which distribute the application) and waits for approval. Once all parties concerned have given their consent, which can take up to three weeks, the office will issue a permit summarizing the requirements of the bodies heard. This approval is valid until the end of the following month.

In Germany, it is common for heavy haulage companies to have a permanent permit, which they apply to the responsible regulatory office for one year. This approval is license-related. The length may be up to 23.0 m, the width up to 3 m, the height 4 m and the weight 41.8 tons. For this it is necessary to obtain a permit according to § 70 StVZO. In North Rhine-Westphalia, this chargeable exemption must be applied for from the regional councils in Arnsberg, Detmold, Düsseldorf, Cologne and Münster and will also be issued by them. In order to obtain this special permit , an expert opinion of the semitrailer with a special tractor unit (identical in construction) must be drawn up by the TÜV. As soon as one of the above If the dimensions are exceeded, individual approval must be obtained.

In 2017, the Federal Office for Goods Transport (BAG) was responsible for 393,572 applications, in 2016 it was only 359,534. The number of transports was significantly higher, since the transports with permanent permits were added.

For transport, special constructions such as carrying spout bridges (cargo stiff enough for the buckling moments of the beaks) or boiler bridges (extremely lowerable) are used.

At the beginning of 2008, VEMAGS (abbreviation for “process management for large and heavy loads”) was introduced. This is an internet-based procedure in which the applicant submits an application for approval in accordance with Sections 29, 46 of the StVO via a website to their competent authority. This authority in turn distributes the approval request to the bodies to be heard on the same platform. The great advantage of this process is that there is virtually no media loss due to illegible faxes. Further advantages are that the program carries out plausibility checks on the application and the entire process is more comprehensible online. However, not every authority is obliged to take part in VEMAGS. Cities and district offices have to pay monthly fees for this service. In Bavaria in particular, many applications are processed by GENOSK eG , an official "administrative assistant of the Free State of Bavaria".

Self-propelled trucks are low-loaders with a permanently attached engine or as required, which drives wheels loaded by the payload using hydraulic motors via hydraulic lines. The controlling person can sit up or go ahead on the street. The low loader is not stressed selectively by the pulling force of a tractor. The road is spared the additional burden of the weight of a tractor, which can be particularly important on bridges. Self-propelled vehicles typically have pairs of wheels that are individually hydrostatically sprung and are all individually steerable. With suitably coordinated steering, a self-propelled driver can turn or drive at an angle to his longitudinal axis. Self-propelled vehicles can typically be coupled to one another on the front side lengthways as well as laterally on the same type.

An example of a special self-propelled transport a few hundred meters on land and in the flowing Danube plus lifting to a height of a good 10 meters above the water level are shown in videos of the construction of the bypass bridges to the VÖEST bridge in Linz in 2019.

stretch

Routinely transported MAN Diesel marine engines from the factory Augsburg to Neckar - Port Heilbronn where the Schwergutkai was expanded to 350 tons. Aerospace companies are also based in Augsburg. At the beginning of 2010, a 267-ton heavy transport with a 25 m long and 8 m wide autoclave furnace for aircraft construction (large-capacity aircraft Airbus A350 ) was brought from Lauffen am Neckar to Augsburg by the shipping company Voss International . The transport took three weeks in winter weather for the almost 200-kilometer route on partly winding paths that were already explored in 2008 (stages include: Mickhausen, Schwabmünchen, Oberottmarshausen).

The main road in 1066 in the district of Schwäbisch Hall is part of the proven heavy-duty and large-capacity transport route between Ravensburg and Heilbronn, which helped in Fichtenberg building which opened in November 2010 bypass. In addition, Bundesstrasse 39 , Bundesstrasse 14 (Mainhardt to Sulzbach an der Murr), Bundesstrasse 19 (Gaildorf-Unterrot to Neresheim) are used. Things don't always go smoothly. In 2005 a transport at Abtsgmünd got off the road. In November 2010, a 390-ton, 70-meter-long transport was held up for a few days on the Rems-Murr district boundary near Fornsbach because the center distance of the truck was less than approved.

North America

In the USA and Canada , pilot cars are used as support vehicles for heavy haulage.

Job of the Year

The European umbrella association for heavy haulage and crane specialists (ESTA) announces the ESTA Awards of Excellence every year . For this purpose, the most demanding and difficult heavy transports are sought, which were carried out in the past year. The ESTA awards nine prizes in different categories to crane and heavy haulage companies.

Big loads

Rotrain transported a 406.9 t Siemens transformer for Eskom in South Africa around 800 kilometers from the coast inland to Kwazulu , Natal, in a Schnabel wagon with two 14 axle lines one behind the other . Six tractors, five of which were pre-tensioned, one in push, resulted in a 160 m long combination with a total mass of 1100 t and a total engine power of 6000 hp.

Megalift Pty Ltd , Australia transported six autoclaves with a weight of 530 t each around 20 years ago .

The German manufacturers Goldhofer and Scheuerle build heavy-duty platforms made up of modules with typically 15–45 tons of load per axle line, and - combined - for up to over 10,000 tons of payload. The individually steerable axle units each contain two wheels or two twin wheels. The approximately 6-axis modules, each 2½ to 3 m wide, can be coupled rigidly one behind the other and also "parallel" next to one another. A gooseneck couples with a tractor, the rear axles of which take on the load. Rigidly coupled bridges are adapted to the shape of the payload: low bed, frame-shaped for boilers and narrow ones for vehicles that are only picked up between the wheels or caterpillars. The wheels of self-propelled vehicles are hydraulically (hydrostatically) driven and individually hydraulically suspended. Particularly long loads are supported with or without a pallet at two points by two self-propelled vehicles, so the load can protrude over areas next to the paved road in curves.

The blade of a wind turbine is typically only supported on one side, sometimes articulated and swiveled upwards and sideways by hydraulics, in order to be able to overcome various obstacles and tight curves. With a 56 m long blade for repowering the Tauern wind farm, a ballasted transport platform overturned on a winding mountain road in 2018 .

Heavy transport by rail

A transformer heavy transport for the company Amprion , intended for the substation Dauersberg , with a diesel locomotive of the DB class V100 on the Hellertalbahn between Zeppenfeld and Neunkirchen (November, 2018)

In the railway sector , heavy haul rail transports are referred to using the English term Heavy Haul . These are often railway lines specially designed for heavy goods traffic with axle loads over 22.5 t / axle ( route class D4) with trains that weigh over 10,000 t and are several kilometers long.

Apart from these special railways, there are also heavy rail transports that have exceeded the loading gauge or the train length of which exceeds the usual length for the route. Operational measures such as blocking opposing tracks or ensuring free travel must be carried out in order to be able to carry out the goods transport.

In 2017, 9,735 transports were requested on the rail network, in 2016 the number was 9,691.

In order to be able to transport a heavy and maximally large transformer on the rail, it is made with four brackets on the front and rear face each (at stiff points near the square corners). Each support spout is articulated via jaws and bolts at these four points and moves the line of action of half the payload (plus spout weight) protruding far to the front or back so that this load can be distributed over multiple bridging girders to a sufficient number of wheel axles. Both the vertical beak bend, in order to raise the load at the top of the rail sufficiently, and the lateral position of the beak tip resting on the wagon bridge, in order to push the long and wide load outwards on tight curves and to maneuver through side bottlenecks, are hydraulically adjustable.

Heavy haulage in shipping

Transport within a continent is also possible with inland waterways if there are shipping routes .

literature

  • Lothar Husemann: Heavy transport . Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-613-01987-6 .
  • Michael Schauer: The heavy transport book . Podszun, 2001, ISBN 3-86133-263-9 .
  • Erich Hoepke: Heavy haulage on the way through the centuries. The fascination of construction machinery . Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-02363-6
  • Lutz Schulz, Wolfgang Draaf: Large / heavy transport - guidelines for practice . Verlag Günter Hendrisch, 2007, ISBN 978-3-938255-31-5 .
  • Thomas Andres, Klaus Peter Leg: Large and heavy transports . Verlag deutsche Polizeiliteratur, 2006 (3rd updated edition 2012), ISBN 978-3-8011-0676-8 .

Web links

Commons : Heavy Haulage  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Re. § 29 Excessive road use (Part 2) Re. Paragraph 3 Large-scale and heavy traffic - http://www.sicherheitestrassen.de/VwV/V29-2.htm
  2. ↑ Eckhard-Herbert Arndt: More heavy cargo, less coal · 2nd SPC specialist forum on special transports · Inland shipping must rethink . In: Daily port report of November 21, 2018, p. 3
  3. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ghi5PuHzXXA Sonnen Ronny: Multilift SPMT Selbstfahrer - A Geno heavy transport through Erfurt, youtube.com Video 3:12 min, June 4, 2015. Accessed August 10, 2015.
  4. ↑ voestbrücke bypasses linzer bridges trilogy, youtube.com, July 5, 2019, accessed November 13, 2019.
  5. ↑ voestbrücke bypasses linzer bridges trilogy, youtube.com, June 21, 2019, accessed November 13, 2019. - Swim-in and hub.
  6. ^ The four-stroke engines produced in Augsburg are taken to Heilbronn by truck. There they are loaded onto ships sailing down the river Neckar. - http://www.mandieselturbo.com/category_000277.html
  7. ↑ Backnanger Kreiszeitung dated February 4, 2010: 267-tonne train rolls through the district [1] photo series
  8. ^ Precise to the millimeter through the bottleneck, BR-Online from February 19, 2010 ( Memento from February 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ http://www.rp-stuttgart.de/servlet/PB/menu/1259612/index.html
  10. ↑ http://www.stimme.de/heilbronn/nachrichten/region/art16305,1752030
  11. ↑ a b A heavy transport with a giant engine blocks the B 19 ( Memento from March 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ bkz-online.de: November 20, 2010 Monster heavy transport stranded in Fornsbach  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / murrhardter.bkz-online.de
  13. ↑ bkz-online.de: November 24, 2010 all-clear for road train  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / murrhardter.bkz-online.de
  14. ↑ The Most Powerful Road Train in The World YouTube video, ExtremeTV, September 9, 2016, accessed September 18, 2016.
  15. ↑ Comment on youtube video "The Most Powerfiul Roadtrain ..." roostewrum, September 18, 2016, approx. 6 am UTC.
  16. ↑ Goldhofer> Heavy Load Modules> Drawn Tower Storage Website from Goldhofer, accessed on September 18, 2016.
  17. ↑ Truck accident: several 100,000 euros in damage orf.at, August 11, 2018, accessed on October 1, 2018.