Israelite religious society

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Israelite Religious Society (also: Adass Jisroel or Adass Jisroel , Hebrew עדת ישראלaccording to Exodus 12, or Adass Jeschurun ,ש ישורוןAccording to Deuteronomy 32:15, literally translated as “Community of Israel”), this is what new Orthodox Jewish exit congregations called themselves from the 1860s in German-speaking countries. Emerging from Minyanim , who opposed the modernization of liberal Reform Judaism such as organ music and mixed choir singing in the synagogue or changes in the prayer book , and in contrast to community orthodoxy , which nevertheless remained as a strictly religious group in the unified community , the exit orthodoxy also established itself legally from around 1870 in the form of their own corporations. The model was the Kehilla in Frankfurt am Main , headed by Samson Raphael Hirsch .

history

As early as the middle of the 19th century, especially from Frankfurt am Main , there were orthodox efforts based on the principle of “Torah in derech erez”. This programmatic sentence ( Hebrew יפה תלמוד תורה עם דרך ארץfrom Proverbs of the Fathers 2.2) can be freely translated as a plea for the "study of the laws of religion together with attention to the requirements of the present". The practical aspects of Halacha , the way of life according to the commandments codified in the Shulchan Aruch, are emphasized.

Unlike the “Old Orthodoxy” of Polish- Galician character, in which the focus was more on repetitive “learning” and the emotional reference to Ashkenazi customs, the New Orthodox - often referred to as “Israelites” at the time - sought a more rationalistic, reflective approach to religion the fathers and mostly had a German-Austrian, partly Hungarian background. One of the earliest initiators of the movement was Jakob Ettlinger , a Karlsruhe rabbi in Altona and teacher of SR Hirsch and Esriel Hildesheimer . Raw Hildesheimer clearly shows the close connection to German-Hungarian Judaism. Born in Halberstadt, he began his career in Eisenstadt , then Hungary , and later trained numerous candidates from Hungary at the rabbinical seminar in Berlin who had a decisive influence on the exit orthodoxy.

With that of Eduard Lasker won Prussian concerning the law of 28 July 1876th withdrawing from the synagogue communities (secession law) was "toratreuen" Jews possible from religious concerns, without exit from Judaism itself, by the criticized unified community to solve and to form their own community structures. After the Frankfurt model and under the strong influence of the writings of SR Hirsch, communities with their own synagogues a. a. in Berlin , Heilbronn , Karlsruhe , Cologne, Mainz, Wiesbaden, Washington Heights (New York City) , Vienna ( Schiffschul ) and Zurich .

Only a few of the Eastern European rabbis who came to Germany with the migration flows since the late 19th century and the waves of refugees before the pogroms in Poland and Ukraine joined the New Orthodox. Her supporters with roots in Hasidism and at home in the Yiddish language received various aids for integration from the High German-speaking, western-educated members of the “Frankfurt” exit movement, but also met with rejection because of their behavior, which was sometimes perceived as loud and rude. While the "Eastern Jews" with their Talmudic scholars and their religious devotion remained rather isolated in the enlightened West, those families who adhered to community orthodoxy and followed the "Würzburg Raw" Seligmann Bär Bamberger , who among the Orthodox for staying , distanced themselves advertised in the ancestral communities. The exit orthodoxy remained restricted to individual families of the upper middle class and, despite its openness to other currents, did not find much resonance.

In 1938, the Nazis destroyed the Israelite Religious Society and its sister communities in their sphere of influence through the November 1938 pogroms and subsequent coercive measures and looting. The only exit community in Germany is currently (2014) Kahal Adass Jisroel in Berlin, founded in 2013 .

Big communities

Synagogue of the Israelite Religious Society in Karlsruhe, around 1900

Berlin

The Adass Jisroel synagogue , founded in 1869, was initially located on Gipsstraße and from 1904 on Artilleriestraße 31 (later Tucholskystraße 40 ) in Berlin-Mitte . Esriel Hildesheimer (1822–1899) was its first rabbi. In 1880 a separate cemetery was set up in Weißensee . The Kehilla was recognized as a corporation under public law in 1885 , which was confirmed by the Federal Court of Justice in 1997 after a legal dispute with the State of Berlin . In 2013, the Kahal Adass Yisroel was founded in the tradition of the exit community.

See main article Israelite Synagogue Congregation Adass Yisroel in Berlin

Frankfurt am Main

The first synagogue building of the German-speaking Exit Orthodoxy was built around 1853 in Schützenstrasse in Frankfurt. The successor building Friedberger Anlage 5–6 (built 1905–1907) was one of the most spacious Jewish sacred buildings in Europe. It was not until 1928 that the Frankfurt Israelite Religious Society became an independent body.

Karlsruhe

The Karlsruhe Israelite Religious Society (Adass Jeschurun) established itself in 1869/70 after a successful legal battle; thus it was formally the first in the German-speaking area to consistently complete the separation. The “Austrittler” bought their own cemetery in 1872, and in 1881 the synagogue at Karl-Friedrich-Straße 16 was built.

See main article Israelite Religious Society (Karlsruhe)

Cologne

In 1884 the Cologne exit community in St. Apern-Str. 29-31 have their own prayer and teaching house . In 1908 the Cologne religious association Adass Jeschurun was given legal independence as a corporation. Initiated from their circles were a teachers' seminar with an attached Moriah practice school (from 1907) and the private Jawne grammar school (from 1919).

Königsberg in Prussia

In 1893, the Königsberg exit congregation Adass Jisroel opened an Orthodox synagogue at Synagogenstrasse 14-15. The interior of the Orthodox synagogue was devastated during the November pogrom. But since the other two synagogues, the old and the new synagogue of the liberal congregation, were burned out, a congregation hall set up as a prayer room in Adass Jisroel's synagogue building subsequently served the Königsberg Jews as a meeting place for prayer.

Mainz

In 1879, on the initiative of its preacher Raw Marcus (Meyer) Lehmann , the Israelite Religious Society in Mainz built its own synagogue at Flachsmarktstrasse 23, which could accommodate 300 people. Its architect was the Mainz city architect Eduard Kreyssig .

Munich

In the second half of the 19th century there was already an orthodox movement that split from the main community in 1876 and built its own synagogue ( Ohel Jakob ) in 1892 on Herzog-Rudolf-Straße . Your first rabbi was Heinrich Ehrentreu .

Destroyed Ohel Jakob synagogue in Munich, 1938

Nuremberg

Founded in 1874 as an association in the unified community , Adas Jisroel and the Israelite Religious Society built their own synagogue in 1902 at Essenweinstrasse 7.

Synagogue Adas Jisroel in Nuremberg

Vienna

The Viennese ship school with its organization Adas Jisroel was built from 1858 to 1864 from a small prayer house . She was one of the earliest kehillot of the Brexit movement. The first rabbi was Salomon (Schlomo Salman) Spitzer (1811-1893), who had headed the community since 1853 and, due to his rejection of modernization, was always in conflict with the Vienna Jewish community . His request to found his own exit congregation was rejected by the imperial ministry in 1874. Further attempts to establish this legally have remained unsuccessful up to the present.

Zurich

See main article Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft Zürich .

Colleges, newspapers and organizations

Several yeshivot are closely related to Exit Orthodoxy. Esriel Hildesheimer founded the rabbinical seminary in Berlin in 1873 . Salomon Breuer , SR Hirsch's son-in-law, initiated the Talmud University in Frankfurt in 1893 . The Agudas Jisroel as ideological and political lobby group as well as newspapers such as Jeschurun , founded by SR Hirsch, Der Israelit , founded by Marcus Lehmann (Mainz) and the Jewish press published in Vienna and Bratislava also belonged in this context.

Adass Jeschurun synagogue in Cologne

literature

  • Mordechai Breuer : Jewish Orthodoxy in the German Reich 1871-1918: Social history of a religious minority . Edited by the Leo Baeck Institute. Frankfurt: Jew. Verlag bei Athenäum, 1986. ISBN 3-7610-0397-8 .
  • Adass Jisroel , in: Jüdisches Lexikon , ed. by Georg Herrlitz and Bruno Kirschner, Berlin 1927, Bd. 1, Sp. 89ff u.ö.
  • The Israelite , 1860–1938 Online version

Individual evidence

  1. B. Rosenthal: Homeland history of the Baden Jews. Bühl: Konkordia, 1927, p. 373.
  2. Michael Wieck , testimony to the downfall of Königsberg: Ein "Geltungsjude" reports ( 1 1990), Munich: Beck, 8 2005, (Beck'sche Reihe; vol. 1608), p. 81. ISBN 3-406-51115-5 .
  3. Michael Wieck, testimony to the downfall of Königsberg: Ein «Geltungsjude» reports ( 1 1990), Munich: Beck, 8 2005, (Beck'sche Reihe; vol. 1608), pp. 81 and 194. ISBN 3-406-51115-5 .
  4. cf. Report on the initiation in Der Israelit , No. 23, 1879, pp. 1 ff.

Web links

Commons : Religious Society of Israel  - Collection of images, videos and audio files