Lengyel culture

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Lengyel and the environment.

The three-phase Lengyel culture , also known as the Moravian Painted Ceramic Culture (MBK) in Austria , is a Neolithic culture that is primarily native to southwest Slovakia and western Hungary , but also to eastern Austria, Moravia and Croatia and later spread to Poland as well as Bavaria ( Münchshöfen ) expanded. The eponymous place Lengyel , where around 90 graves were examined between 1882 and 1888, is located in central Hungary in Tolna County . The name of the culture was introduced by Oswald Menghin in the early 1920s .

Main cultures of the late Neolithic in the Balkans

development

Venus of Langenzersdorf
Moravian painted ceramics (Western Lengyel district)

The Lengyel culture followed from 5000 BC. The linear band ceramics . Parallel cultures are north the stitch band ceramics , north-west u. a. the Rössen culture . The Lengyel culture is a complex that spawns different architectural, technical and artistic traditions. The settlements are surrounded by wide ditches. The typical painted pear-shaped vessels and foot shells are similar to those of the Danilo Hvar culture and the Butmir culture . Its emergence in the core area of ​​the Starčevo culture in Slavonia, Srem (Sirmia) and southern Hungary is due to increased exchange with the west, with Bosnia and Dalmatia on the Adriatic coast. From the early 5th millennium on, the population to the west and north of the central Danube shaped its own style of art. The ceramic phases of the Lengyel culture are divided into:

  • polychrome
  • bichrome
  • unpainted

This culture continues the production of figurines , which is common for Danubian cultures , and thereby achieves a particular diversity.

Daggers and cutting tools of cultures from Pulkau (Lower Austria), Krahuletz Museum in Eggenburg .
Bracelet made of a spondylus shell, from Pulkau , Krahuletz Museum in Eggenburg (Lower Austria).

In western Hungary it is followed by the Balaton complex, in Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia the Jordansmühler or Jordanów culture .

Finds

In addition to the eponymous site, cultural sites in Hungary are Aszód and Zengövárkony. In Slovakia Lužianky and Svodín . In the Czech Republic, the culture in the south of Moravia is represented in the form of Moravian painted ceramics ( moravská malovaná keramika ). a. in Kramolin and Jezeřany-Maršovice . In Poland, the place Brześć Kujawski (Brest in Kujawien) gave its name to a group of culture.

Langenzersdorf is one of the sites in eastern Austria . The Venus von Langenzersdorf is an unpainted figurine that was found 1955–1956 in the Burleiten district (excavation Ladenbauer-Orel). The Venus von Langenzersdorf was Austria's contribution to the world exhibition in Brussels in 1958. During the excavation in the Burleiten corridor, various settlement inventory was also found, including painted ceramics, stone tools, obsidian blades and bones from domestic animals. A dog victim was found in Bernhardsthal . In 1979 a double circular moat was excavated in Friebritz in the Lower Austrian Weinviertel . In 1995 a house was uncovered near Münchendorf near the Drei Mahden .

The Venus von Falkenstein is a painted, 13 cm high statuette of the Lengyel culture and dates from around 4,500 BC. On the plastic that was found in the bulwark near Falkenstein Castle, yellow paint on the skin as well as an apron, hair, a belt and a pendant under the chest can be seen. The head is abstract and sits on an overly long neck. The Venus figurine has been on view in the Museum of Prehistory of the State of Lower Austria in Schloss Asparn since September 29, 2009 . There are two almost identical figures from the Střelice u Jevišovic site in South Moravia .

literature

  • Alexander Binsteiner , The deposits and mining of Bavarian Jura chimneys and their distribution in the Neolithic of Central and Eastern Europe , Yearbook of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, 52, 2005, 43–155.
  • International Symposium on Lengyel Culture 1888–1988. Znojmo - Kravsko - Těšetice, October 3rd - 7th, 1988. Masarykova Univerzita , Brno 1994, ISBN 80-210-0961-6 .
  • Hermann Maurer : Archaeological evidence of religious ideas and practices of the early and middle Neolithic in Lower Austria. In: Idols. Art and cult in the Waldviertel 7000 years ago. Exhibition by the city of Horn in the Höbarthmuseum, June 6 to November 2, 1998, March 28 to November 2, 1999. Museum Association in Horn, Horn 1998, pp. 23–138.
  • Michael Doneus: The ceramics of the Middle Neolithic circular moat in Kamegg, Lower Austria. A contribution to the chronology of stage MOG I of the Lengyel culture. Dissertation. University of Vienna. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-7001-3015-5 ( communications of the Prehistoric Commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences 46).
  • Jaroslav Palliardi : The Neolithic settlements with painted ceramics in Moravia and Lower Austria. In: Communications from the Prehistoric Commission of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. 1, 1897, 4, ZDB ID 221456-8 , pp. 237-264.
  • Judit Regenye (Ed.): Sites and stones. Lengyel culture in Western Hungary and beyond. a review of the current research. Veszprém Megyei Múzeum Igazgotóság, Veszprém 2001, ISBN 963-7208-73-9 (Lengyel'99 and IGCP-442 in Veszprém, October 11-13, 1999).
  • Hertha Ladenbauer-Orel: The Neolithic female statuette from Lang-Enzersdorf near Vienna. In: IPEK. 19, 1954-1959, ISSN  0075-0468 , pp. 7-15.
  • The excavations in Lang-Enzersdorf and the discovery of the idol. In: Around the Bisamberg. A home book. 2, 1961, ZDB -ID 1256030-3 , p. 7ff.
  • Gregor-Anatol Bockstefl, Franz Mandl: The Venus of Langenzersdorf. Accompanying document to the exhibition of the original Venus in the festival hall of the market town of Langenzersdorf on September 21, 2008.
  • 900 years of Langenzersdorf. Published by the market town of Langenzersdorf. 2008, p. 149.
  • Franz Karl Schwarzmann (Ed.): 900 years of Langenzersdorf - history and local history. With contributions by Josef Germ and Erich Gusel. 2008, p. 51.
  • Thomas Plath: On the problem of the usage interpretation of Middle Neolithic circular moats. Dissertation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 2011

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eva Lenneis : The establishment of the reconstructed ceramic band building of Schwechat in the open-air museum of Asparn an der Zaya. The realization of a hypothesis. Pp. 166-183
  2. ↑ Prehistory and Early History Collection  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / members.aon.at  
  3. ↑ Finds of sacrifices from the late Lengyel culture (PDF file; 2.32 MB)
  4. ↑ Kreisgrabenanlage in Fiebritz ( Memento of the original from August 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fallbach.at
  5. ↑ Â. Carneiro, P. Stadler: The Neolithic House of Münchendorf, Drei Mahden, in Lower Austria (PDF file; 9.11 MB) accessed on June 28, 2011
  6. ↑ Report on Falkenstein-Venus in the Standard (accessed October 1, 2009)