Benzion Moissejewitsch Wul

Benzion Moissejewitsch Wul ( Russian Бенцион Моисеевич Вул ; * ^July 9th / May 22nd,  1903 ^greg. In Bila Zerkwa ; † April 9th 1985 in Moscow ) was a Ukrainian - Russian physicist .

Life

Wul's father was a Jewish blacksmith and wheelwright with a small workshop. Wul attended the Jewish two-class school, the upper secondary school and the high school Bila Tserkwa. In 1920 during the Russian Civil War he volunteered in the Red Army and fought in the 1st Red Cavalry Army . When he returned to Bila Tserkva, he was elected secretary of the local Komsomol . 1921 sent him Kiev provincial committee of the Komsomol on studying at the Electrical Engineering - Faculty of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute , where he continued the Komsomol work led. In 1922 he became a member of the CPSU . As a thesis projected it a thermal power plant for the future Dnepr - hydroelectric power plant . During his thesis which began postgraduate of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute at the Electrical Engineering Faculty. In January 1928 he finished his studies and publicly defended his candidate dissertation at the end of 1929 at the end of the aspirant .

In 1932 Wul went to Leningrad and worked in the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR, since 1991 Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN)), with which he moved to Moscow in 1934, when it together with the Institute of Mathematics the Lebedev Institute of Physics of AN-SSSR was. In 1935 he received his doctorate in physical-mathematical sciences . In 1939 he was elected a corresponding member of the An-SSSR. During the German-Soviet war he worked in the evacuation in Kazan . In 1944 Wul discovered the ferroelectric properties of barium titanate , which he investigated over a wide temperature range . This barium titanate was the first ferroelectric without hydrogen . Such ferroelectrics were used in particular in quantum electronics and microwave technology .

After the war, Wul played an essential role in the development of Russian semiconductor diodes and transistors . Together with Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow and Juri Michailowitsch Popow he initiated the development of the semiconductor laser , the excimer laser and the so-called quantum mechanical semiconductor generators. In 1962, Bassow and Wul presented the first gallium arsenide laser with a pn junction . In 1972 he became a full member of the AN-SSSR.

In 1973 Wul was one of the signatories of the Open Letter in Pravda against Andrei Dmitrijewitsch Sakharov , in which he was accused of his activities as a civil rights activist against Soviet domestic and foreign policy.

Wul was Vice President of the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics and an Executive Committee member of the European Physical Society . He attended the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs .

Wul was buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery. His daughter Jelena married the mathematician Jakow Grigoryevich Sinai .

Honors, prizes

• Order of Lenin (1945, 1953, 1963, 1969, 1973)
• Stalin Prize, 2nd class (1946) for the discovery of the ferroelectric barium titanate
• Lenin Prize (1964) for the semiconductor quantum generator
• Badge of Honor of the Soviet Union (1967)
• Hero of Socialist Labor (1969)
• Order of the October Revolution (1975)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1981)
• Gold medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} National Technical University of Ukraine: Bencion Moyseyovich Vul a Prominent Scientist in the Field of Dielectrics and Semiconductors (accessed February 23, 2019).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} N. G. Basov, AP Shotov, Yu. N. Venevtsev: Obituary in memory of Bentsion M. Vul, . In: Ferroelectrics . tape 74 , 1987, pp. 1–2 , doi : 10.1080 / 00150198708014489 ( tandfonline.com [PDF; accessed February 23, 2019]).
3. ↑ Ю. В. Копаев , Н. Н. Лойко: Полвека в твердотельной электронике ». К 100-летию со дня рождения академика Б. М. Вула . In: Вестник РАН . tape 73 , no. 4 , 2003, p. 330-334 .
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Landeshelden: Вул Бенцион Моисеевич (accessed on February 24, 2019).
5. ↑ ^{a b} RAN: Вул Бенцион Моисеевич (Историческая справк) (accessed February 24, 2019).
6. ↑ В. С. Багаев, Н. Г. Басов, Б. М. Вул, Б. Д. Копыловский, О. Н. Крохин, Е. П. Маркин, Ю. М. Попов, А. Н. Хвощев, А. П. Шотов: Полупроводниковый квантовый генератор на p – n- переходе в GaAs . In: Докл. АН СССР . tape 150 , no. 2 , 1963, p. 275–278 ( mathnet.ru [accessed February 24, 2019]).
7. ↑ Письмо членов Академии наук СССР (accessed February 20, 2019).
8. ↑ Материалы о Сахарове из "Хроники текущих событий:" ИНТЕРВЬЮ А.Д.САХАРОВА ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has not been checked automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (accessed on February 20, 2019).