Tankards
A tankard - even beer mug , beer mug , Krügel , Fast - is a drinking vessel , which has its origin in the 16th century in the German-speaking world. Other names are beer embellishments , stone jugs , for historical ceramics (especially made of faience ), roll jug . The expressions Halber (also in Northern Germany) and Henkel (sometimes in Berlin) exist in some regions . The most important shape feature is the cylindrical or conical , possibly slightly bulged body, mostly with a handle, often with a hinged lid, thumb rest (thumb rest, lid lifter) and a stepped foot ring. The tankard was and is mainly made of glass or stoneware , but also of silver , pewter , earthenware , faience, porcelain and other materials. Tankards are often provided with a relief or printed or painted with inscriptions, symbolic or scenic representations. They are preferably used to drink beer. There are tankards that hold up to five liters. The tankard ( English stone ) is considered to be a “typically German” object of representation and use overseas.
history
The tankard, as a cylindrical drinking jug with handle, thumb lifter and hinged lid, was created in the Renaissance. Almost simultaneously it appeared for the first time in the Hanseatic coastal cities of the north and in the bourgeois cultural centers of southern Germany around the middle of the 16th century. Wherever beer was drunk, among the bourgeoisie more than at court and in Germany more than in the Romanic countries, this type of form developed and prevailed. Made of earthenware , stoneware or glass, it has been part of everyday tableware ever since. There are also different developments and special forms in the field of handicrafts .
Tankard in the history of handicrafts
In addition to these listed materials, porcelain, which is sometimes designed with translucent lithophanes in the base or lid, is preferably used for handicraft products . To a small extent, rare materials such as ivory , Zöblitzer serpentine or amber are used.
silver
There are hardly any tankards among the magnificent vessels created for princely art chambers, a remarkable fact for the history of this type of vessel. The few remaining North German lidded jugs from the 16th century are slim and tall. In the 17th century they became wider and more powerfully proportioned. In the Scandinavian countries and the Baltic States , the silver tankard was valued well into the 18th century and, with its entwined ball feet and strong handles, was a special shape with a high recognition value. In the applied art of classicism , the "unantique" jug shape was little respected; it was only with the rediscovery of German bourgeois ideals in the neo-Renaissance of the late 19th century that its shape was occasionally chosen for silver or silver-plated honorary gifts and sports prizes. The historical name in England, where there is an important tradition of silver, slightly conical tankards, is tankard .
tin
Countless simple pewter tankards, also decorated with engravings, have been preserved from all epochs of modern times. In the guilds' drinking utensils, which were mainly made of pewter, there are cylindrical drinking mugs, but they do not have the same meaning as welcome or grinding jugs and have not developed the special shapes typical of the craft.
Stoneware
The jug plays a role in ceramic history most often and in the most varied of ways. In the late Middle Ages, the shape of the jug was still bulbous throughout. With the high speed made of stoneware (which, however, is usually not counted among the tankards due to its extremely steep proportions), the wall is straight. A smaller, special form in the Rhineland is the pint the size of a mug . The classic tankard shape and proportions are shown in the 17th century by the dark-glazed jugs from Creußen with their colored reliefs and the blue-decorated jugs made of the gray stoneware of the Westerwald . Early stoneware pumps are also known from other pottery centers (such as Duingen ).
Faience
Faience manufactories were founded in Germany in the second half of the 17th century, but it was only later that a noteworthy production of roller jugs (as faience tankards are preferred in technical terms) began. Between the middle of the 18th and the middle of the 19th century, the north German area was mainly supplied by the faience factory in Münden , and they were also part of the delivery program in almost all other factories. The pewter hinged lids were usually only attached to them at the point of final sale.
Earthenware
In the second half of the 19th century, earthenware was the predominant material for lavishly decorated tankards. The reservist jugs , brightly painted and printed, individually labeled memorabilia of discharged recruits from their military service were particularly common . The same applies to the jugs of the student associations made of various ceramic materials with their special customs. The company Villeroy & Boch , which sold jugs under the brand name Mettlach , the location of their headquarters , was the leader in the world market .
Glass
A terminological and type-historical peculiarity is noticeable with the glass tankards. Numerous early examples of how the painted with enamel colors Kurfürsten- and Imperial Eagle beaker are handleless vessels that accordingly no hinged lid, but removable glass lid had. They only differ from (lidded) cups in size and volume. Their heyday was between 1570 and 1670. Later glass pumps have handles and hinged lids made of silver or pewter with a thumb lifter. Their sanded or cut decoration often relates individually to the original owner. The same applies to the history of glass: With classicism, the tankard disappears as a bourgeois representational piece, only to return at the end of the 19th century both as a showcase object and as a functional vessel.
Already between the 16th and 17th centuries , tankards, drinking glasses and bottles made in the Fichtelgebirge were in demand . In bright enamel colors they carried coats of arms (especially the German imperial coat of arms), emperors and electors, apostles, hunting scenes, bourgeois figures, handicraft emblems and other things. Many glasses bore the Ochsenkopf (Fichtelgebirge) as a trademark.
Collector's jugs
Modern jugs made for the collector's market preferably carry motifs in the Bavarian region of local sights such as Königssee , Neuschwanstein Castle or the Munich City Hall and are then available as souvenirs. The 1-liter beer mug for the Munich Oktoberfest , which shows the current poster motif every year, has a long tradition as a collector .
Measure of capacity
Due to the use in the restaurant and beer garden, the vessels play the role of hollow dimensions.
- In Bavaria (both old Bavaria and Franconia ) a Seidel or a half beer is exactly half a liter of beer, previously 0.535 l. The word "Seidla" comes from the Latin situla (bucket) . It can also denote a bottle with a corresponding content.
- The "Seidel" (in the dialectal re-stamping "Seidla") with a half-liter volume is the common unit for serving beer in Franconia
- In old Bavaria the name is “die Maß” (in Bavarian the “Mass” with a short “a”, in contrast in Swabian and in Austria the “Maß” with a long “a”) with a volume of one liter. It is served in beer gardens and at the Oktoberfest mainly in glass jugs, sometimes also in clay jugs (see also: Schoppen ). In order to prevent fraud , however, glass jugs are now predominantly used at major events, since the guest can check the filling quantity himself using the filling line .
- In Austria a Seidel was around a third liter (0.354 l) and is still common in Eastern Austrian parlance (as 0.3 l). Usually a Seidel beer is meant, but it can also refer to wines (although rarely used in this context). Half a liter of beer is the "Krügerl" or the "Halbe".
- In Luxembourg a "tankard" is the unit of measurement for a standard beer glass shape with a volume of 0.4 liters.
literature
- Tankards. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 10 : H, I, J - (IV, 2nd division). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1877 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
Web links
- Tankard in PW Hartmann's art dictionary on beyars.com; accessed on March 9, 2018.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Carl Hernmarck: The Art of European goldsmiths and silversmiths from 1450 to 1830 . Beck [u. a.], Munich [u. a.] 1978, pp. 114-119.
- ↑ See the article in the English Wikipedia.
- ↑ Hans Ulrich Haedeke: tin . Braunschweig 1963, 230 ff., 296 f.
- ↑ Dieter Nadolski: Zunftzinn , Leipzig / Munich 1986, pp. 206 ff., Fig. 152 ff.
- ^ State Museum Württemberg Stuttgart
- ^ Gary Kirsner: The Mettlach Book - the Mettlach book. Illustrated Catalog. Coral Springs, 2005.
- ↑ Meyers 1905 (zeno.org)
- ↑ Oktoberfest collector's mugs
- ↑ Beer in bulk (Darmstadt beer gardens)