Biological plant protection

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The biological control is not uniformly defined in the literature. Scientifically, one defines biological plant protection as "the use or use of living organisms (including viruses) as well as biological agents and principles". This includes the conservation, promotion, settlement and spreading of beneficial organisms (biological measures), the use of pheromones (biotechnical processes) and, in some definitions, the use of natural substances, organic and inorganic substances as plant protection and tonic.

A broader definition equates biological plant protection with ecological plant protection and understands by this the non-chemical plant protection of cultivated plants against harmful organisms and other destructive influences. This broader definition also includes physical and cultural measures as well as the use of non-synthetic chemical pesticides. It is important to consider the needs of plants, animals, soil, climate and air ( biotic and abiotic eco-factors) and their interactions with one another and strive for a stable balance. In this sense, natural, stable ecosystems are used and interventions in biological plant protection should not disturb ecosystems as far as possible and should be carried out without poison. The protection is primarily preventive and strengthening of plants and beneficial organisms aligned only secondarily direct measures against pests make. The plant protection in organic farming provides a legally defined form is of organic crop protection, apply to the exact on the general principles of addition, provisions as regards the approved pesticides.

meaning

Biological pest management is of great importance in integrated pest management , where biological, chemical and physical measures are combined, and also in organic agriculture , where chemical measures are not allowed.

Biological crop protection including biological pest control are gaining importance again as an alternative to pesticides . Due to their persistence, the latter leave residues in nature and lead to the accumulation of harmful substances that have a negative impact on human and ecological health. In addition, pests can become resistant to poisons. After food has been treated with pesticides, a waiting period must also be observed so that the concentrations of harmful substances can break down. If non-specific pesticides are used, this can also have the consequence that, according to the third Volterra rule, the population of pests grows faster than that of their predators, which can shift the balance unfavorably. In addition to pest control, many beneficial organisms also have the task of pollination or soil improvement. In addition, the more different organisms and species act on them, the more stable they are. As a result, pests also make their contribution to the balance, as they ultimately feed the beneficial insects. In contrast to poison, the use of beneficial insects is more targeted, but it is also more complex than spraying with poison. A long-term study in Kenya, carried out by the Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the Kenyan state-owned agricultural research institute ICIPE and supported by the Biovision Foundation, shows that organic farming with lower input costs increases the yields and higher prices on the market increase the income of farmers sustainably increased.

Preventive action

Plant environment, cultivation technique and plant care

Tree protection in Japan using bamboo

Pathogens primarily attack weak plants. Accordingly, pests are understood as bioindicators for weak plants in unfavorable locations or with improper care.

Variety selection : Certain varieties are resistant to diseases such as powdery mildew . When making the selection, however, it must also be ensured that a variety can also have disadvantageous properties with regard to its future location and management method. Races of pests can also develop against which resistance is no longer effective.

Site conditions : sowing dates, plant spacing and choice of site influence the growth conditions of the plant and its susceptibility to pests. With the correct sowing time, the flight time of pests can also be avoided. Protection therefore begins with choosing the right variety and location at the right time. Melioration is intended to improve the growth conditions of plants in unfavorable locations. Temperatures in greenhouses not only have an impact on plant health, but also on population developments of pests and beneficial insects. So underfloor heating can promote introduced , tropical nematode species . Nematode introduction can occur via contaminated soil, for example on machines.

Plant- appropriate fertilization strengthens the plant and it can form its own defense substances against pests. For these reasons, easily soluble mineral fertilizers, which are easily absorbed by the plant and which can lead to overfertilization and flooding of the plant tissue and the subsequent susceptibility to diseases and pests, are largely avoided in organic cultivation. Nutrients from organic fertilizers as plant manure , animal or vegetable fertilizers such as green manure , however, are available generally slower.

Promotion of beneficial insects and soil life : Green manure also offers space for beneficial insects, including weeds that should not be completely removed. The latter also covers and protects the soil and, as a pointer plant, indicates the nature of the soil. The main purpose of fertilization is to feed the soil organisms, which on the one hand enrich the soil with nutrients through their excretions and on the other hand contribute to aeration and loosening of the soil. A layer of mulch also helps to protect the soil and soil organisms. The ground cover has the forest floor as a natural model and can be advantageous in that it prevents the emergence of weeds, but must not be too high in order to guarantee air circulation and not provide a shelter for voles. Above all, however, the layer protects against sun rays and drying out, which leads to higher colonization of the soil organisms and a looser soil and is therefore beneficial to the plant's metabolism. As a result, damp earth is not blown away by the wind.

Crop rotation : As a preventive measure, one does not use monocultures , which encourage one-sided propagation of pests. Mixed cultures , on the other hand, make it more difficult for pests to find food and, on the other hand, they reduce the pressure of competition among plants. The effect of allelopathy is also used in mixed cultures . If plants are grown too often in the same place, this favors the infestation of diseases and pests, which can be remedied with crop rotation .

The tillage has a decisive influence on the extent to which pests survive in the soil (e.g. wireworms), crop residues are decomposed or continue to provide food for pathogens (many fungal diseases), and on the pressure of weeds.

The resistance of the plants is further increased by a high quality of the seeds , plant strengtheners and correct pruning and training measures.

Technical and physical measures

These measures are sometimes distinguished from biological pest control in the literature.

Structural facilities also make a preventive contribution to plant protection: fencing around property or individual trees protects against wild damage (at least 1.5 m high), snail fences keep snails away. Greenhouses protect against the weather and allow precise control of humidity and temperature. Bird damage can be prevented with coarse nets over plants. The birds get used to tinfoil strips and colored ribbons, however. Birds can also be driven away with acoustic measures .

Frost protection for plants that are not hardy can be achieved through various measures . Hedges protect sensitive plants from wind and emissions such as air pollutants from nearby roads. Clippings from hedges contaminated in this way should not be composted or used as mulch.

With collars made of cardboard or plastic, the cabbage fly can be prevented from laying eggs at the root neck of cabbage plants.

Direct control of harmful pathogens

Despite preventive measures, severe disease and pest infestation can occur, especially in unfavorable weather or careless anthropogenic interference, which requires direct measures. The aim is not to completely kill the pathogens in every case, but only to reduce it to an economically acceptable residual infestation. Successful plant protection, however, requires unequivocal identification of the pests, for which identification aids with information on biological regulation options of the pests can be used.

Physical measures

These measures are sometimes distinguished from biological pest control in the literature.

Mechanical measures include, among other things, mechanical weed control through hoeing, harrowing and tillage. This also includes manual or mechanical removal of pests or infected or diseased parts of plants. The further multiplication of the pathogens can also be prevented by collecting discarded plant parts, especially fruit mummies . It depends on the biology of the pathogen whether such removed plant parts have to be burned, composted or can remain in the field.

With sand to potted plants to be protected from pests, which lay their eggs in the damp earth, z. B. Sciarid gnats . The substrate surface is completely covered with sand. This dries quickly after watering and prevents the pests from laying their eggs in the moist soil or substrate. The population is falling rapidly and may even disappear completely. The sand method has the following advantages over other methods: it is cheap; it has a lasting effect as long as the surface remains covered with sand; no toxic substances are required; no waste is generated. This method is suitable both for prevention and for direct control of an existing infestation.

Thermal measures use heat or cold, for example when weeds are checked using flame burners, seed treatment with hot air or hot water, or the treatment of storage areas with heat or frost. Soils heavily contaminated with pathogens can be sterilized by solarization . You can take action against ant nests with boiling water (in contrast to wood ants, meadow ants and garden ants are more likely to be pests in the garden). Heat or steam is also used to kill harmful organisms in the earth, such as nematodes. Lice can be hosed off with a sharp jet of water.

Optical and acoustic measures serve to deter pests by means of noises or reflective mulch pads.

Biotechnical measures

The biotechnological pest control uses species-specific technical measures for pest control. These include animal traps , including attractant traps , beer traps, and rings of glue . You can also catch nudibranchs by laying out boards, jute sacks, rhubarb leaves, etc., under which the snails hide during the day and can then be collected. Shell snails, on the other hand, are considered beneficial insects that not only eat rotting but also the egg clusters of the slugs . With catch belts that are placed around tree trunks at a height of 1 meter, insects or caterpillars are caught that crawl up the trunks. The belt can be made of prepared corrugated cardboard and is intended to serve as a hiding place for the animals, which is removed and destroyed in due course. For example, the belt is used against apple blossom sticks from March to April and against fruit maggots at the end of May .

The males are misled by species-specific pheromones and therefore no longer find females (see confusion method, especially in viticulture).

With fine nets over cultures (culture protection nets), the influx of pests and the laying of eggs can be prevented. Fine nets are also beneficial for early harvesting or for preventing cracks from forming due to shading. Azadirachtin from the neem tree is a biotechnologically active insecticide , it influences the hormonal system of the insects in such a way that they no longer develop into adult animals and die.

In the self-destruction process , also known as the autocidal process , a large number of artificially sterilized insects are introduced into a population. This reduces the likelihood that wild females will mate with fertile males and lay fertile eggs. The goal is to achieve an economically justifiable pest population. The method must be used with a small pest population and the additional pests should only cause minor damage.

Biological pest control

The ladybug: a beneficial insect that eats aphids
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Australian ladybird) eats up mealybugs and is commercially available in Germany
Australian ladybug larva

In biological pest control , beneficial insects , especially predators , parasitoids or parasites , are used specifically against harmful organisms. Beneficial insects are encouraged by creating hiding places and vegetation, including decoy plants and hibernation areas, or by hindering the beneficial insects natural enemies. In addition, attention must be paid to non-specific toxins and gentle management appropriate to the beneficial organism. Beneficial insects are also propagated industrially and released in pest-infested crops. Isolated or geographically unfavorable cultures, for example a garden, make it difficult to build up a population of beneficial insects.

If animal food is no longer available, some beneficial insects can switch to vegetable food and become pests; or they benefit from it apart from plant food. Examples are earwigs, bed bugs, birds and hedgehogs. In the targeted application of beneficial insects, beneficial insects are used that have no chewing tools or digestive systems for plant material.

A distinction is made between macrobiological pest control and microbiological pest control, where bacteria, fungi and viruses are used specifically against pests. These methods are considered to be beneficial and sustainable.

Beneficial insects and pests are included in the list of beneficial insects .

Pesticides

Insecticides : In order for insecticides to have a beneficial effect on beneficial insects, they should break down quickly, as is the case with many active herbal ingredients. In addition to beneficial stomach poison are: act predominantly as a contact poison and degrade rapidly, whereas synthetic chemical control agents as a stomach poison effect and have longer degradation times. Poisons are absorbed by the pests when they eat and therefore have a more specific effect. Contact poisons act on the nervous system, they can damage beneficial organisms that search for food in the cultivated plants and come into contact with the active substances. They should therefore be used cautiously. They are preferably not sprayed until the evening so as not to endanger beneficial organisms such as bees, and should not be applied to flowering plants. Herbal insecticides are made from the neem tree (azadirachtin, hormonally acting, beneficial insect-friendly food poison), tansy , wormwood (repellent to deter), chrysanthemums ( pyrethrum , broadly effective contact poison), Rotenone (not permitted as a pesticide due to its fish toxicity) or quassia ( Repellent to deter).

Fungicides : Fungal diseases cause a large part of the phytopathogenic damage in organic farming. Copper preparations, sulfur, microorganisms as well as mineral and vegetable oils are permitted. Copper salts were used as fungicides long before synthetic fungicides were discovered. Pierre-Marie Alexis Millardet published in 1885 that Bordeaux broth , a mixture of copper sulphate and lime broth, was suitable for combating downy mildew. Copper has the disadvantage of damaging soil life and accumulating in the groundwater, which is why the use of copper salts is criticized by water authorities. Milk of lime, the second substance in Bordeux broth, also acts as a fungicide, as it creates an alkaline environment on the leaf surface.
Sulfur works well against powdery mildew, but it can cause burns and chemical burns to the leaf surface and flower organs.
Microorganisms are mainly used to combat the Sclerotinia species. The effectiveness of microorganisms is controversial because they also serve as a food source for pathogenic bacteria and can even help them infect plant tissue.

Biological acaricides against mites (e.g. vegetable oils), bactericides against bacteria (e.g. copper compounds) and molluscicides against snails (iron phosphate) are also available. In organic farming, only approved plant protection products may be used whose active ingredients are listed in the EU organic regulation . The manufacturers of organic plant protection products meet annually for the ABIM exchange of experiences in Basel .

Plant strengtheners

Herbal and plant extracts, bacterial and fungal concentrates, essential oils and animal protein (hydrolyzed slaughterhouse waste) are used as plant additives. Extracts from comfrey, field horsetail, nettle, wormwood and tansy, as well as animal proteins, microorganisms and sugar promote the bacterial density on the leaf surface. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria multiply in an uncontrolled manner.

Research in the field of biological plant protection

See also

literature

  • Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X .
  • Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz, Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 .
  • Marie-Luise Kreuter: The organic garden . BLV, Munich 1983.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Julius Kühn Institute (Ed.): Status Report Biological Plant Protection 2013 . doi : 10.5073 / berjki.2014.173.000 ( julius-kuehn.de [PDF]).
  2. a b Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 272.
  3. ^ Marie-Luise Kreuter: The organic garden . BLV, Munich 1983, pp. 15, 28.
  4. a b Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition. Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 14.
  5. Johannes A. Jehle: Institute for Biological Plant Protection . Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  6. Ulrich Weber, Süßen (Ed.): Biology upper level, complete volume. 1st edition. Cornelsen Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-464-04279-3 . P. 338.
  7. ^ Paul Gerhard Wilhelm: The garden book for everyone . Eugen Ulmer Verlag , Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-8001-6092-7 . P. 215.
  8. a b Ulrich Weber, Süßen (Ed.): Biologie Oberstufe, complete volume. 1st edition. Cornelsen Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-464-04279-3 . P. 337.
  9. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 13; 18th
  10. Ulrich Weber, Süßen (Ed.): Biology upper level, complete volume. 1st edition. Cornelsen Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 978-3-464-04279-3 . P. 339.
  11. Philipp Löpfe: How these small organic farmers depend on industrial agriculture - in EVERY respect. watson, July 12, 2016, accessed December 20, 2016 .
  12. a b Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 16.
  13. Martin Koller and Martin Lichtenhahn ( FiBL ): Plant protection recommendations for organic vegetable cultivation 2010 . Publication and distribution: Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick, ISBN 978-3-03736-005-7 . P. 47.
  14. Martin Koller and Martin Lichtenhahn ( FiBL ): Plant protection recommendations for organic vegetable cultivation 2010 . Publication and distribution: Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick, ISBN 978-3-03736-005-7 . P. 29.
  15. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 15.
  16. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 308.
  17. a b Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 216.
  18. Thanks to high-tech, produce organic tomatoes all year round . Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  19. Brockhaus Encyclopedia . Brockhaus, Mannheim 2006, Volume 4, p. 337
  20. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition. Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 53.
  21. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition. Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 98.
  22. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 207
  23. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 273.
  24. Martin Koller and Martin Lichtenhahn ( FiBL ): Plant protection recommendations for organic vegetable cultivation 2010 . Publication and distribution: Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL), CH-5070 Frick, ISBN 978-3-03736-005-7 . P. 2.
  25. ↑ Identification aid for pathogens . In: oekolandbau.de . February 12, 2018 ( oekolandbau.de [accessed June 20, 2018]).
  26. ^ Siegfried Stein: Vegetables from grandmother's garden . BLV Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-405-13677-6 . P. 47.
  27. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 216
  28. ^ Marie-Luise Kreuter: The organic garden . BLV Verlag, Munich 1983, p. 132
  29. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition. Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 217
  30. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 283.
  31. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 24.
  32. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . P. 207
  33. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 16.
  34. Manfred Fortmann: The great cosmos book of beneficial insects . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06588-X . P. 273.
  35. Otto Schmid, Silvia Henggeler: Biological plant protection in the garden . 7th edition, Verlag Wirz Aarau, ISBN 3-85983-033-3 . Pp. 226-228
  36. Biological plant protection ( Memento of the original dated August 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. - Institute for biological plant protection of the JKI. Retrieved July 12, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jki.bund.de
  37. FiBL Research Institute for Organic Agriculture. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  38. ^ David Signer: Agriculture in Kenya . In: NZZ , July 10, 2016; Retrieved December 20, 2016
  39. Homepage , accessed on December 20, 2016.
  40. The winners of 2002 ( Memento of the original from December 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved July 12, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dbu.de