Brougham Castle

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Brougham Castle from the northeast, across the Eamont

Brougham Castle is the ruins of a medieval castle about 3 kilometers southeast of Penrith in the English county of Cumbria . The castle was built at the behest of Robert de Vieuxpont in the early 13th century. The site at the confluence of the Eamont and Lowther rivers was already chosen by the Romans as the site of a fort called Brocavum . The castle, together with the remains of the Roman fort, is considered a Scheduled Monument (entry: "Brougham Roman fort and Brougham Castle").

In its earliest form, the castle consisted of a stone donjon with an enclosure of an earth wall and a wooden palisade fence . When the castle was built, Robert de Vieuxpont was one of the few loyal lords in the region. The Vieuxponts were a powerful family of landowners in the north-west of England; they also owned the castles at Appleby and Brough . During the Second War of the Barons, Robert de Vieuxpont's grandson, also a Robert, died in 1264 . The guardianship of his eldest daughter fell to Roger de Clifford , who married her in 1269 to his son of the same name, Roger . Brougham Castle and other properties thus fell to the Clifford family .

With the start of the Scottish Wars of Independence in 1296, Brougham Castle became an important military base for Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford . He began to have the castle fortified again: the wooden outer defenses were replaced with stronger, more impressive stone walls and a large stone gatehouse was added. So important were Brougham Castle and Robert de Clifford that it hosted King Edward I in 1300 . The 2nd Baron de Clifford was executed as a traitor in 1322 and so the family estates came into the property of King Edward II , but were returned when Edward III. came to the throne. The region was often threatened by the Scots and in 1388 they took the castle and plundered it.

After that, the Cliffords began to spend more time in their other castles, particularly Skipton Castle in Yorkshire . Brougham Castle was inherited within the family and temporarily served as a residence. But in 1592 it was in a state of decline as George Clifford spent more time in the south of England in his role as Queen's Champion . At the beginning of the 17th century the castle was restored for a short time, to the point that King James I could be entertained there in 1617. In 1643 Lady Anne Clifford inherited the family estates including the castles of Brougham, Appleby and Brough and began having them restored. Brougham Castle was kept in good condition shortly after Anne Clifford's death in 1676, but the Earl of Thanet , who had inherited the Clifford's estates, sold the castle's furnishings in 1714. The empty building was left to decay as it would have been too costly to maintain. As a ruin, Brougham Castle inspired William Turner's painting, was also mentioned at the beginning of William Wordsworth's poem The Prelude , and was featured in Wordsworth Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford, the Shepherd, to the Estates and Honors of his Ancestors celebrated . In the 1930s, the family left the castle to the Ministry of Works . Today it is managed by the successor organization English Heritage .

background

Brougham Castle was built in the northern part of a Roman fort near the confluence of the Eamont and Lowther rivers.

Brougham Castle had been fortified since the Romans built Fort Brocavum at the crossroads of three Roman roads. The confluence of the Eamont and Lowther to the west of the castle provided natural fortifications and the area was fertile and easy to cultivate. A civilian settlement developed around the fort. When the fishing rods appeared in the area, they called the place “Brougham” (Eng .: village by the castle). From the end of Roman rule in the 5th century to the Norman conquest of England in the late 11th century, Cumbria was a troubled area. Even if the area was easy to defend, there is no evidence of a re-fortification during this period. In 1092 William II (also called William Rufus ) conquered Cumbria south of the Solway Firth and drew a new frontier far north of Brougham. The Brougham site remained unpaved. Carlisle Castle secured the border and the castles of Appleby and Brough , both southeast of Brougham, protected the lines of communication from Carlisle to Yorkshire. In 1203 the Barony of Westmorland - including the castles of Appleby, Brough and Brougham - was bestowed on Robert de Vieuxpont by King John Ohneland . As the favorite of King John Ohneland, Vieuxpont was one of only a few loyal noblemen in the north of England, whose population was dissatisfied with the king's government and finally revolted. Around 1214, Vieuxpont gained control of additional estates, including half of the manor of Brougham. During this uncertain time, the cornerstone of Brougham Castle was laid.

Under the Vieuxponts

Vieuxpont was one of only a few supporters of the king in northern England and he believed that construction of Brougham Castle began as soon as he acquired the land. At that time the castle was surrounded by an earth wall and a picket fence built on it . The first three floors of the keep date from this time. Access was on the first floor via a porch. To the east of it was a stone building, probably a knight's hall . The stone construction was an expensive and time-consuming construction. There are no records of the cost of building Brougham Castle, but there are records of other stone buildings. So has z. B. The stone keep of Peveril Castle in Derbyshire cost around £ 200 to build in the late 12th century and a much larger building, like Château Gaillard , cost an estimated £ 15,000 to £ 20,000 and took several years to build.

In 1216, when a Scottish army invaded the Eden Valley and Alan, Lord of Galloway occupied Westmorland, Brougham Castle played no part in the national defense, presumably because it was not yet completed. Construction was suspended until Alan of Galloway withdrew to Scotland in 1217. Vieuxpont gained control of the king's income in Cumberland and this helped him pay for the construction of the castle. When Robert de Vieuxpont died in 1228, his only son John was still a minor and so his property was placed under a guardian

John de Vieuxpont died in 1241 before he came of age. The new heir, John's son Robert, was not old enough to inherit and so the family's estates remained under guardianship. During this time the buildings fell into disrepair, probably including Brougham Castle. When Robert de Vieuxpont came of age around 1257, he inherited considerable debts. He was one of the nobles from the north who supported Simon de Montfort in his revolt in the Second War of the Barons (1264-1267). In June 1264, Vieuxpont was dead and, viewed as a traitor, King Henry III confiscated it . his possessions. In 1266 the king pardoned Vieuxpont posthumously and his two daughters were able to inherit the family's lands. The guards of the two girls, who were too young to marry at the time, divided up the lands in the expectation that they would come into possession of the girls after each marriage. Isabel Vieuxpont was married to Roger de Clifford , the son of her guardian. With her, the administrative sovereignty of Westmorland and the castles of Brougham and Appleby passed to the Cliffords.

The Clifford family

Brougham Castle from the east. Robert de Clifford had the gatehouse (right) built, as did the stone wall that enclosed the castle. The keep next to the gatehouse is a holdover from the time when Brougham Castle was founded by Robert de Vieuxpont.

In 1269 Roger de Clifford married Isabel Vieuxpont and became the owner of Brougham Castle and her other estates, which were inherited within the Clifford family. Roger de Clifford died in 1282, before his wife, who then died in 1292. At 18, her son Robert was not old enough to take possession of the land. While he was a minor for three years, the lands suffered from neglect and poaching. When the Scottish Wars of Independence began in 1296, Robert de Clifford played a crucial role in the conflict. As the northernmost of his castles, Brougham Castle became his main base and he spent much of his time there. At that time, he also had an extensive construction program carried out. The wooden palisade fence was replaced by a stone curtain wall. A four-story residential tower called the Tower of League was built in the southwest corner of the castle. The keep was given a fourth floor and a double gatehouse was added on the north side. The construction of a new, stone knight's hall south of the donjon can be seen as a sign that a stronger garrison was in the castle in times of war than in times of peace. But it can also be that this knight's hall was built in anticipation of a royal visit. In July 1300, King Edward I - himself a well-known castle builder - visited Brougham Castle with a large train and the heir to the throne. While it is not certain whether the king himself was at the castle, historians think it is very likely. In 1309 Robert de Clifford received royal permission to fortify Brougham Castle (license to crenellate). This is taken as an indication that the construction of the castle was completed by this time. These permits are also considered to be evidence of good relations with, or a privilege of, the monarch who alone could grant such permission.

Edward I died in 1307 and his successor, Edward II , was distracted from the war with Scotland by international conflicts, allowing the Scots to advance further south through England. In 1310 or 1311 Robert de Clifford got Skipton Castle as a fief. This castle was further from the Scottish border than Brougham Castle. At a time when Scottish raids were ravaging Westmorland, Clifford spent more time and effort expanding Skipton Castle. Clifford fell at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, which ended in a Scottish counter-offensive to England. When Robert died, his son, Roger, was only 14 years old and too young to inherit. So a guardian was appointed again, but the lands suffered so much from Scottish attacks that King Roger de Clifford provided £ 200 to maintain his castles. Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere , was responsible for the maintenance of Brougham Castle and some other Clifford estates such as Appleby Castle. From 1316 to 1318 he spent £ 363 on the garrisons of Brougham and Appleby and was additionally supported by the King for these purposes with £ 1270. Funds for the maintenance of the garrisons were not easily diverted from the proceeds of Clifford's lands and they were accused of poaching and pillaging. In 1320 Roger de Clifford received his inheritance, but probably spent more time at Skipton Castle. He was executed as a traitor in 1322 after being captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge . Brougham Castle was confiscated along with the other lands of the family and given to Andrew Harclay for assisting the king during the uprising. But in 1323 Harclay was also executed as a traitor and so the castle came into the possession of King Edward II. In May 1323 an armistice between Scots and English was signed, which made it possible to reduce the garrison strength in the whole of northern England.

Floor plan of Brougham Castle

When Edward III. Eduard II succeeded Robert Clifford , Roger's younger brother, most of the lands that had been confiscated. In 1333 Robert had brought under his control all the lands that had once belonged to the Vieuxpont family. Hostilities between Scotland and England flared up again in 1332 when Edward Balliol invaded to ascend the Scottish throne himself. He was expelled from Scotland in December 1333. When he came to Westmorland, he sought refuge with the Clifford family and spent some time at the castles at Appleby, Brough, Brougham and Pendragon . Robert Clifford was not heavily involved in the renewed conflict, even though he took part in the battles in 1332, 1337 and 1342. When his fortune was estimated at his death in 1344, it was found that the Brougham estates had suffered from the war and Brougham Castle had fallen into disrepair in the 1340s with no funds to pay for repairs. Two minor heirs followed until Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford , came of age in 1354. Another armistice between Scotland and England was signed in 1357; this time it lasted until 1384. Although Roger de Clifford fell time at Appleby Castle, which was the county seat, he was responsible for rebuilding the residential buildings of Brougham Castle, including the great hall. The King ordered him to maintain a garrison of 40 men-at-arms and 50 mounted archers on the west end of the Scottish border, some of which are believed to have been stationed at Brougham Castle. The need for additional living space was probably the reason Clifford began the reconstruction. In August 1388 the Scots carried out an attack on England, with some of the troops advancing in the east and later placed at the Battle of Otterburn in Northumberland , and some advancing in the west and even reaching Brough, 20 miles to the southeast. During this time, Brougham Castle was briefly captured by Scottish troops.

Roger de Clifford died at Skipton Castle in 1389 and the Clifford family began to lose interest in Westmorland. The Cliffords preferred their Yorkshire holdings to their crumbling castles in Westmorland, which had been sacked in the wars with the Scots. Brougham Castle was not mentioned as a residence again until 1421 when a man was charged with forging coins at the castle. While little is known about this time at Brougham Castle, historians believe that repairs were undertaken and rivalries arose between the Clifford family and House Neville that would later have ramifications for Brougham Castle. The family enmity meant that the Earl of Salisbury , a Neville, used his position as Lord of Penrith to fight the Cliffords. Presumably because of its proximity to Penrith, a garrison was kept at Brougham Castle. In the Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) the two families stood on different sides, with the Cliffords supporting the House of Lancaster and the Nevilles supporting the House of York . When the Yorkist Edward IV took the throne in 1461, the lands of John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford , were confiscated. In 1471 Edward IV gave Sir William Parr Brougham Castle and other lands that had belonged to the Cliffords as a fief. A year later, Henry Clifford , John's son and heir, was pardoned and, when the Lancastrian Henry Tudor overthrew the Yorkists and Henry VII took the English throne, Henry Clifford demanded the return of his family's lands. It was granted to him in November 1485.

Henry Clifford lived until 1523. Under him and his son - also a Henry who was later named Earl of Cumberland - the castle temporarily served as a family seat. After Brough Castle was destroyed by fire in 1521, it is believed that Brougham Castle became the new administrative center and focus for local rule. As Earl of Cumberland, Henry was also under Penrith Castle and Carlisle Castle , although he was an unpopular lord. When the north of England rose in the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 , Henry Clifford was one of the targets for the rebels. He placed the rebel leaders in Kirkby Stephen in February 1537 and retired to Brougham Castle after his defeat. After the suppression of the Pilgrimage of Grace, there were reforms of the regional government of the Northwest. One of the results of these reforms was that the title of Earl of Cumberland Clifford no longer gave power over Penrith Castle and Carlisle Castle, making Brougham Castle the northernmost castle of the Cliffords.

Henry died in 1542 and his son, Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland , inherited the family lands. During the Rising of the North , when Catholic magnates rebelled against Queen Elizabeth I , Henry remained loyal to the king, even though the Cliffords were a Catholic family. He had Appleby Castle dismantled so it would not be used against royal troops, while also making Brougham Castle available to Elizabeth's government even if there was no fighting over the castle. The castle still served as a residence under the second and third earls, Henry and George , with the third earl even being born at Brougham Castle. But under George Clifford, the building began to decline again and in 1592 it was abandoned. George spent his time either in the south of England in his role as Queen's Champion or at Skipton Castle. An inventory of the castle's equipment in 1595 showed that it was a neglected, sparingly furnished place and that the little furniture that was available was old and broken.

The widows of Clifford

Portrait of Lady Anne Clifford's Family; she herself can be seen on the left and right panels, once 15 years old and once 56 years old. The middle panel shows her parents, George and Margaret Clifford, and their two brothers, who died in childhood.

When George Clifford died in 1605, his wife Margaret became a widow countess and began repairs on Brougham Castle, which became their preferred residence. Margaret had to fight the property claim of her brother-in-law Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland , on the family lands, but kept Brougham Castle. Her daughter, Lady Anne Clifford , continued restoring the castle and other family estates. The only survivor of Margaret's three children, Anne inherited the Clifford lands after their mother died in 1616. The inheritance process was not that simple. The Earl of Cumberland renewed his claim on the Clifford lands, but the Privy Council chose Anne. This solution was short-lived, for in April 1617 the king ruled that the Earl of Cumberland was the rightful owner of the lands and they went to Francis Clifford. James I visited Scotland later that year, returning home to Carlisle Castle, Brougham Castle and Appleby Castle, where expensive banquets were held in his honor. The festivities are believed to have cost around £ 1200. After that, Brougham Castle was simply forgotten and neglected by its owner.

Francis Clifford died in 1641 and the death of his son Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland , in 1643 left this line with no direct male heirs. Then the Clifford lands reverted to Lady Anne. The English Civil War broke out in 1641. Brougham Castle was one of several castles in mostly royalist Cumberland and Westmorland that were garrisoned by royal troops. Sir John Lowther, the garrison commander, stated that he had taken over Brougham Castle, not because it was strategically important, but because he wanted to prevent the Roundheads from using the castle. While her castles were under the control of the royalists, Lady Anne donated the income from her lands for the maintenance of the castles. In June 1649 Appleby Castle was besieged for four days and then had to surrender to parliamentary forces, but the sparsely manned Brougham Castle was more easily defeated by the troops of Colonel John Lambert . While many of the castles in Cumberland and Westmorland were torn down so that they could no longer be used as strongholds, Brougham Castle was spared that fate, presumably because it was not strategically important. In 1650 Lady Anne began repairing Brougham Castle and Appleby Castle. Most of the repairs were completed in 1653 but continued for a number of years, bringing the total to £ 40,000. At that time, Brougham Castle was no longer a serious fortress and had become Lady Anne's country house. She created a garden on the site of the old Roman fort, which led to the discovery of Roman artifacts such as coins and three altars. A 3.2 meter high stone wall was built around the garden, fencing in an area from the gatehouse to the southern end of the old Roman fort.

Picturesque ruin

Brougham Castle in mezzotint by William Say after William Turner (1825).

Lady Anne Clifford died at Brougham Castle in 1676 and her grandson, Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet , inherited the Clifford lands. He died in 1679, and for the next five years his inheritance gradually passed to his three younger brothers. Brougham Castle was particularly neglected by his youngest brother, Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet . In 1714 he decided Appleby Castle was a sufficient residence for him and sold the contents of Brougham Castle for £ 570. Only the Tower of League was left untouched, but in 1723 its contents were also sold for £ 40 In the 1750s, Brougham Castle was only used as a source of building blocks for the village of Brougham, which flourished thanks to the investments of the Earl of Thanet. In 1794, a report on the neglected condition of the castle mentioned that "a large part of the interior walls had recently been removed, also to build houses in the neighboring village."

In the late 18th century, the Lake District became a popular tourist attraction, and romantic sensibilities glorified historical ruins like Brougham Castle. In William Wordsworth's poem The Prelude , the author relates how he explored the ruins of Brougham Castle as a teenager with his sister. Wordsworth wrote in his poem, published posthumously in 1850:

"(...) That river and those mouldering tower
Have seen us side by side, when, having clomb
The darksome windings of a broken stair,
And Crept along a ridge of fractured wall,
Not without trembling, we in safety looked
Forth, through some Gothic window's open space,
And gathered with one mind in a rich reward
From the far-stretching landscape (...) ”
(Eng .: “ (...) have seen that river and this ruined
tower side by side When we had climbed the
dark turns of a broken staircase
And crawled along the ridge of a broken wall
Not without trembling we looked
ahead in safety , through the openings of some Gothic windows
And found ourselves of courage in rich reward
Through the far-reaching landscape (...) " )

Brougham Castle also provided the inspiration for another of Wordsworth's poems, the song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford, the Shepherd, to the Estates an Honors of his Ancestors . The crumbling castle attracted day trippers and historians such as William Gilpin and Richard Warner . In his 1779 Journey to the Lake District from Cambridge diary , William Wilberforce described Brougham Castle as "a very beautiful ruin". The painter William Turner visited Brougham in 1809 and 1831, and on his first visit he made a sketch that is considered the starting point of a later watercolor . To prevent further deterioration of the castle, Charles Tufton, 10th Earl of Thanet , invested £ 41 in structural repairs in 1830 and his successor, Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet , had additional repairs carried out in the late 1840s, the £ 421 cost.

Henry Tufton died in 1849 and the castle fell to the Hothfields . Maintaining the buildings was too expensive for the family and in 1859 cattle were kept in the gatehouse and visitors complained that parts of the romantic ruins could no longer be entered. Without sufficient investment, the castle quickly fell into disrepair.

In 1915 the Ancient Monuments Board declared Brougham Castle a monument "the preservation of which was considered of national importance". With the introduction of bus routes in the region, the castle attracted even more public interest and around 20,000 visitors annually in the late 1920s. In 1927 the 2nd Baron Hothfield transferred the management of Brougham Castle to the Office of Works , but retained ownership of the castle. The organization had them repaired for £ 5,925. In the 1930s an additional £ 1,050 went to the removal of the walls that were added in the 1840s.

Brougham Castle remains essentially as it was when major repairs were completed in the 1930s. The castle is a Scheduled Monument , which means that it is a "nationally important" historical building and excavation site that is protected against unauthorized changes. There was little archaeological research on Brougham Castle until 1984, when a survey of the remaining ruins was taken. This recording was part of a monograph on the castle, which shows its history and the chronology of its buildings. Brougham Castle is one of the few castles in Cumbria that has undergone extensive archaeological research. Today the castle is open to the public and there is a museum run by English Heritage , the successor to the Office of Works .

layout

Path to the 14th century gatehouse. The 13th century donjon can be seen on the left.

The access route to Brougham Castle runs east to west. To the south of it (or to the left of the visitor) are the earthworks of the Roman fort. This is where the 17th century garden was located. The terrain is terraced and slopes down to the north towards the Eamont . A moat runs along the east, south and west boundaries of the castle. Its width varies between 10 and 15 meters and its depth is up to 3.4 meters. Even if the moat is dry today, it was probably filled with water earlier. The castle has the shape of an irregular square and measures about 68 meters on the west side, 72 meters on the south side, 48 meters on the east side and 54 meters on the north side.

Brougham Castle is entered through a three-story, double gatehouse. Originally the coat of arms of Roger Clifford and his wife was stamped over the entrance to the gatehouse, but in the 19th century it was replaced by the inscription "This Made Roger" by Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, now visible today. This inscription was originally located above the entrance to the Great Hall, which was built by Roger Clifford, 5th Baron Clifford. On the slope down to the river Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, had the gatehouse built at the beginning of the 14th century. The complex had three parts, the inner and outer gatehouse, and the courtyard in between. The inner gatehouse is preserved today with a remaining height of 12.5 meters in the east. The passage on the ground floor is vaulted and there was a portcullis at the east end. The exit gate was hidden behind a buttress on the north side of the gatehouse and offered the opportunity to leave the castle unobserved. The floors above the passage each consisted of a single, large room and were connected to the donjon so that one could move between the two buildings without having to go outside. In the 17th century, Lady Anne Clifford had the top floor converted into her bedroom. Like the inner gatehouse, the outer one has a square floor plan and the upper floors each consisted of a single room. The building is 14.5 meters high in the east. There was a torture cellar under the outer gatehouse and a guard room on the first floor on the north side. The large rooms in both gatehouses probably served as living spaces. Even if the upper part of the gatehouse is no longer preserved today, one can assume that it was provided with machicolations .

The outer wall of Brougham Castle. The donjon can be seen in the background.

Attached to the gatehouse is the 13th century donjon. A keep housed the main living quarters in a castle, usually for high status residents, and was also used as a last refuge after the rest of the castle had fallen in an attack. Brougham Castle's keep is square in plan and is now between 19 and 20 meters high, although it was originally taller. Access to each floor was provided by a spiral staircase in the northeast corner and each floor consisted of a single room. The lavatory was in the northwest corner. Because of its simple construction, it was long assumed that the donjon was built in the last quarter of the 12th century: the square floor plan, the use of narrow longwall struts at the corners and an entrance through a porch coincide with other donjons from the late 12th Century. By the 13th century, the Brougham Castle keep was already old-fashioned compared to the polygonal residential towers introduced in that century. But historian Henry Summerson , who examined the castle's historical documents, believed that construction of the keep could not have begun before the first quarter of the 13th century. The wooden ceilings are no longer preserved today and the use of the rooms can only be guessed, but it is likely that the ground floor served as a storage room, the 1st floor as the entrance hall and living room for the guards and the 2nd floor as a room for the rule . A third floor was finally added in the 14th century. The donjon is entered through the first floor from the east side, where a porch is attached. Despite the importance of a donjon to the castle, little of that of Brougham Castle remains today.

South-east of the donjon was the knight's hall, which Roger Clifford had built at the end of the 14th century to replace an earlier knight's hall. It provided space for the castle garrison, which had been reinforced because of the Scottish Wars of Independence. There the lord of the castle ate his meal with the soldiers. The great hall had large windows that made it vulnerable to attack. However, it was found that the windows must have had large wooden shutters. The kitchen that supplied the entire castle was in the south-east corner of the fortress. Further living rooms, a fountain and a chapel were arranged along the southern wall, the latter another extension by Roger Clifford. In the southwest corner of the castle was the Tower of League , which Roger Clifford had built around 1300. It housed additional living quarters, but was specially designed for defenders firing at enemies who had already entered through the gatehouse. With its four floors and a single room with an open fireplace and toilet bay on each floor, the tower was probably intended for high-ranking guests. The square floor plan of the tower was typical of such buildings in northern England at the time; one can also find oneself in castles such as Warkworth Castle and Egremont Castle . They contrasted with the round towers preferred in southern England.

Individual references and comments

  1. ↑ `` Brougham Roman fort (Brovacom) and civil settlement and Brougham Castle ''. Historic England. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  2. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 7-8.
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  24. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 26-27.
  25. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 28-29.
  26. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 32.
  27. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 32-34.
  28. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . P. 6.
  29. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 57.
  30. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 40-43.
  31. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 43-44.
  32. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 46-47.
  33. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 49.
  34. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 50-54.
  35. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 54.
  36. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 58.
  37. ^ A b Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 160.
  38. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 62.
  39. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 65.
  40. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . P. 7.
  41. ^ A b Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 68.
  42. ^ A b c Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . P. 8.
  43. ^ Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford, the Shepherd, to the Estates and Honors of his Ancestors . Poetry Foundation. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
  44. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 65, 78.
  45. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 71.
  46. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . Pp. 7-8.
  47. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 72.
  48. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 74.
  49. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 76.
  50. ↑ Brougham Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  51. ↑ Scheduled Monuments . In: Pastscape . English Heritage. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
  52. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 1.
  53. ^ Caron Newman: The Medieval Period Resource Assessment in Mark Brennand: The Archeology of North West England . The Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers and English Heritage with The Council for British Archeology North West, 2006. Volume 8. ISSN  0962-4201 . Pp. 142-143.
  54. ^ Matthew Johnson: Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance . Routledge, London 2002. ISBN 0-415-25887-1 . P. 48.
  55. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 80-81.
  56. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 81.
  57. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . Pp. 9-10.
  58. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 21, 71.
  59. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 13, 108-109.
  60. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 109-111.
  61. ^ A b Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . Pp. 89-98.
  62. ↑ Stephen Friar: The Sutton Companion to Castles . Sutton Publishing, Stroud 2003. ISBN 978-0-7509-3994-2 . P. 163.
  63. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . Pp. 16-17.
  64. ^ Henry Summerson, Michael Trueman, Stuart Harrison: Brougham Castle, Cumbria in Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Research Series . No. 8. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, 1998. ISBN 1-873124-25-2 . P. 106.
  65. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . Pp. 14-15.
  66. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . P. 13.
  67. ^ Henry Summerson: Brougham and Brough Castles . English Heritage, London 1999. ISBN 1-85074-729-6 . P. 12.
  68. ^ David James Cathcart-King: The Castle in England and Wales: an Interpretative History . Croom Helm, London 1988. ISBN 0-918400-08-2 , p. 153.

Web links

Commons : Brougham Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 54 ° 39 '14.4 "  N , 2 ° 43' 8.8"  W.