Warkworth Castle

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Enclosure and keep of Warkworth Castle

Warkworth Castle is a medieval castle in the village of Warkworth in the English county of Northumberland . The village and castle are in a loop of the Coquet , about 1 km from England's northeast coast. One is not sure when the castle was built. It is attributed to Prince Henry of Scotland in the mid-12th century, but it could also have been built at the behest of King Henry II of England when he conquered the northern counties of England. Warkworth Castle was first mentioned in a charter from 1157 to 1164 when Henry II gave it to Roger FitzRichard as a fief. The wooden castle was considered weak and was not defended when the Scots invaded in 1173.

Roger's son Robert FitzRoger inherited the castle and expanded it. Robert was a favorite of King John Ohneland ; he hosted the king in 1213 at Warkworth Castle. The castle remained in the family even though there were periods of guardianship when the heirs were too young to manage their property. King Edward I stayed at the castle in 1292 and John de Clavering , a descendant of Roger FitzRichard, bequeathed the castle to the crown. With the outbreak of the Scottish Wars of Independence , King Edward II invested in castles such as Warkworth Castle, where he had the garrison reinforced in 1319. In 1327 the Scots besieged the castle twice without success.

John de Clavering died in 1332 and his widow in 1345, bringing Warkworth Castle to Henry de Percy after King Edward III. had promised at Claverings' possessions. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , added the imposing keep that can be seen over the village at the end of the 14th century . Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland , had the buildings in the outer bailey remodeled and a collegiate church built in the castle, but work stopped after his death. Although Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland , supported the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War , the castle was damaged in this conflict. The last Earl Percy died in 1670. In the middle of the 18th century the castle found its way into the hands of Hugh Smithson , who married an indirect Percy heiress. He took the name "Percy" and founded the Dukes of Northumberland dynasty , in whose hands the castle remained. At the end of the 19th century the princes had Warkworth Castle restored and Anthony Salvin was entrusted with the renovation of the donjon. Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland , handed the castle over to the Office of Works in 1922 . English Heritage has been managing the property since 1994 and has listed it as a Grade I Historic Building and Scheduled Monument .

history

Early history

An Ordnance Survey map from 1945 shows Warkworth in the loop of the Coquet. Warkworth Castle is at the south end of the loop.

While the history of the settlement of Warkworth in Northumberland dates back to at least the 8th century, the first castle on this site was not built before the Norman conquest of England . The village and its castle were in a loop of the Coquet. The castle was built on the southern edge of the village and watched over the isthmus of the peninsula. A fortified bridge also protected access to the village. The surrounding lowlands were good for agriculture. The time of construction and the initiator of the castle are uncertain, but it is believed that Prince Henry of Scotland was responsible. During the civil war in South West England, King Stephen had to ensure the safety of northern England. The Treaty of Durham between Scotland and England in 1139 gave him this security. After this treaty, Henry of Scotland became Earl of Northumbria and had to give up control of Bamburgh Castle and Newcastle Castle to the English. Without these two castles, Henry needed a new seat from which to exercise his power, and Warkworth Castle may have met his needs. However, documents show that Heinrich held Bamburgh Castle even after the treaty was signed, and since Warkworth Castle was a rather modest castle for the time, it could also be that someone else had it built. Henry died in 1153 and his son, Malcolm IV - crowned King of Scotland in 1153 - inherited his lands. In 1157 Malcolm traveled to Peveril Castle in Derbyshire , where he paid his respects to the newly crowned King of England, Henry II . Malcolm gave Henry the northern counties of England including Bamburgh Castle, Carlisle Castle , Newcastle Castle, and presumably Appleby Castle , Brough Castle , Wark-on-Tweed Castle and Warkworth Castle. It is also possible that Henry II had Warkworth Castle built in 1157 to secure his Northumberland lands. Other castles were then built in this area for this purpose, e.g. B. Harbottle Castle .

The gatehouse of Warkworth Castle (left) dates largely from the 13th century.

Warkworth Castle was first mentioned in a charter from 1157–1164, where it is mentioned that Henry II gave the castle and the surrounding manor to Roger FitzRichard, a member of a noble Norman family. It is thought that the charter uses the term “castle” to describe a residential building of high status here, possibly from the Anglo-Saxon period, which in turn means that Roger had the castle built. He owned extensive estates and Warkworth may have had little importance in relation to his other holdings. When the Scots invaded Northumberland in 1173, Warkworth Castle was not defended by Roger FitzRichard's garrison, although the lord was in the country. The fortification of the castle was then described as "weak". In 1174 Duncan, 4th Earl of Fife attacked Warkworth. The contemporary source makes no mention of the castle and instead notes that the villagers took refuge in the church. When Roger FitzRichard died in 1178, his son `` Robert FitzRoger '' was still a child. A guardian took care of the family's lands until Robert came of age in 1191. In 1199 he paid the crown 300 marks to confirm his possession of Warkworth including the castle. Robert is credited with extensive construction work on Warkworth Castle. As the favorite of King John Ohneland , Robert housed this in 1213 at Warkworth Castle.

Warkworth Castle continued to be inherited within the family when Robert FitzRoger was succeeded by his son John in 1214 , who was in turn succeeded by his son Roger in 1240 . Roger died in 1249 when his son Robert was only 1 year old, so a guardian was appointed to look after the family's lands: William de Valence , a half-brother of King Henry III. The castle, which the historian Matthäus Paris described as "noble" at the time, remained under the administration of de Valence until 1268, when it reverted to Robert FitzJohn. In 1292 King Edward I stayed one night at Warkworth Castle. The English king had been asked to settle a dispute over the Scottish throne, but claimed it himself, which led to the Scottish Wars of Independence . After the Scottish victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, Robert and his son John de Clavering were captured. They were later released, and in 1310 John regained control of the family's estates. A year later, John decreed that if he died, all of his possessions would go to the king. From around 1310 to 1330 the English had to defend themselves against Scottish attacks on the north of their country. The importance of great castles in the Scottish Wars of Independence was so great that the Crown subsidized their maintenance and even their construction. In 1319, King Edward II paid for a garrison of four men-at-arms and eight light riders to reinforce the existing garrison of 12 men-at-arms. Ralph de Neville was the governor of Warkworth Castle in 1322. Since he was married to John's daughter Euphemia , he had hoped to inherit Clavering's estate, but this did not happen. Scottish troops besieged the castle twice in 1327 without success.

De Percy family

It was around this time that the de Percy family became the most powerful dynasty in Northumberland. Henry Percy, 2nd Baron Percy , was in the service of King Edward III. and received in the long run 500 marks per year for leading a company of soldiers in arms. In exchange for his annual wages, de Percy was promised the rights to Clavering's lands in 1328. Parliament declared such contracts unlawful in 1331, but after de Percy's request was initially rejected, he was given special permission to inherit de Clavering. John de Clavering died in 1332 and his widow in 1345, making the family estates the property of the de Percy family. Although the de Percys also owned Alnwick Castle , which was considered more prestigious, the family preferred to reside in Warkworth Castle. Under the de Percys, a park for hunting was created near the castle and two blocks of flats were created within the castle, which the historian John Goodall described as "of incomparable quality and finest education in Northumberland". Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy, died at Warkworth in 1352.

The donjon was built at the behest of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland .

In 1377, the 4th Baron Percy, Henry Percy , was named Earl of Northumberland in recognition of his extensive power in the marshland along the Anglo-Scottish border . This made the de Percys the first family in northern England to be awarded the dignity of Earldom. With their network of contacts and dependencies, the de Percys were the dominant family in northern England in the 14th century "because they always had the trust of the people of the north," in the words of contemporary historian John Hardyng . Henry de Percy commissioned the construction of a special donjon shortly after being named Earl of Northumberland. De Percy may have expanded his main castle to compete with John of Gaunt , who had the nearby Dunstanburgh Castle expanded, or with House Neville , a family growing in power in northern England who started a building program on Brancepeth Castle , Raby Castle , Bamburgh Castle , Middleham Castle and Sheriff Hutton Castle . Architectural similarities between the Warkworth Donjon and Bolton Castle and the residential buildings of Bamburgh Castle suggest that John Lewyn was the responsible builder for the Warkworth donjon. Earl Henry participated in the dethronement of Richard II and the enthronement of Henry IV. The Earl and his eldest son, Henry "Hotspur" Percy , fell out of favor with the new king and eventually rebelled. After Hotspur fell at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 , his father fled to Warkworth Castle. The earl finally went to York to submit to the king. He was captured and the king sent his own people to Alnwick Castle, Langley Castle , Prudhoe Castle and Warkworth Castle. The 14-year-old son of the Earl insisted that he was loyal to the king but did not have the power to formally hand over the castle, and so it remained under the de Percys' sphere of influence. Henry was pardoned in 1404.

Earl Henry rebelled again in 1405; this time he joined the unsuccessful revolt of Archbishop Scrope . While Henry fled north after the unsuccessful rebellion, his castles offered some resistance before surrendering to royal forces. Warkworth Castle itself was well manned and the garrison initially refused to surrender. But after only seven shots from Henry IV's cannon, the defenders surrendered, as the King wrote in a letter from Warkworth. The castle thus fell to the Crown and was used by one of the king's sons, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford , who had been appointed to rule the area. It remained in the ownership of the crown until Henry V returned it to the family in 1416 and at the same time appointed the son of Henry "Hotspur" Percy, another Henry , 2nd Earl of Northumberland. It is known that the 2nd Earl of Northumberland resided in Warkworth Castle and had construction work carried out there, but it is not known which parts of the building he is responsible for.

In the Wars of the Roses the de Percys supported the House of Lancaster and the second Earl and his successor, Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland , died in the Battle of St Albans in 1455 and the Battle of Towton in 1461 , respectively. The new King, Edward IV. , Revoked the family's civil rights and their property was confiscated. On August 1, 1464, the title of Earl of Northumberland was bestowed on the Yorkist John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu , as a reward for suppressing the rebellions of the House of Lancaster in the previous three years , and with it the castle. During his tenure he had a 7.5 meter high, rectangular tower built for defense purposes “with loopholes in the three outer walls”. This tower is still called "Montagu's Tower" today. His brother, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick , used Warkworth Castle as a base from which the attacks and sieges of the Lancastrian castles - Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle and Dunstanburgh Castle - were coordinated. In 1470 Edward IV gave the de Percys lands back to the eldest son of the third earl, who was also named Henry . A year later, Henry again received the title of Earl of Northumberland. Sometime after 1472, Henry had the outer bailey's buildings rebuilt. He also planned to build a collegiate church in the castle, but the work on this ceased with his death. When the fourth earl was assassinated in 1489, his son, Henry Algernon , inherited and continued to receive the castle. In the early 16th century, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland , was responsible for clearing up the remains of the collegiate church that his grandfather had started but his father had not finished. Thomas Percy , the brother of the sixth earl, was executed for his role in the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536. When Henry Percy died the following year without male heirs, the family's lands again fell to the Crown. Even if royal officers still used the castle, it was in ruins by 1550. In 1557 the de Percys lands were returned to the descendants of Thomas Percy and the nephew of the sixth earl, another Thomas Percy , received the earldom. He had the repair of the castle begin and "the knight's hall and other administrative buildings" were torn down.

William Turner painted Warkworth Castle in 1799. The ruins began to attract tourists in the mid-18th century.

The uprising of the north in 1569 was a rebellion of the Catholic nobles in northern England against the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I. The Catholic Thomas Percy joined the rebellion. The supporters met at Alnwick Castle and Warkworth Castle. Sir John Forster , Guardian of the March, ordered the residents to leave the castles and the castles were turned over to him. During the ensuing conflict, Warkworth remained under royal control. Forster looted the castle and removed all wooden parts and furnishings. At least the keep did not share the fate of the rest of the castle, but in April 1572 Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon , deplored the treatment given to the castles of the de Percys, and wrote to the Queen's Prime Minister: “It is a great harm, Watching Alnwick Castle and Warkworth Castle being spoiled by him (...) I was credibly informed that he actually wanted to deface them both. ”Thomas Percy's civil rights were revoked, so on August 22nd, as the Englishmen got hold of him without trial. As a result, his son was passed over in the line of succession, but according to the royal decree, his brother could inherit. In 1574, Elizabeth granted Henry Percy permission to inherit the family property and receive the title of Earl of Northumberland.

The castle formed the backdrop for various scenes in William Shakespeare's drama Henry IV. Another Henry Percy inherited the family's lands in 1585 and received the title of Earl of Northumberland. After the unsuccessful Gunpowder plot of 1605, the earl was imprisoned for dealing with Thomas Percy , one of the conspirators. Shortly before his conviction (fined £ 30,000 and imprisonment in the Tower of London ), the Earl leased Warkworth Castle to Sir Ralph Gray , who owned Chillingham Castle in Northumberland. Gray neglected the earl's castle and let it deteriorate further. The lead on the outer bailey was sold in 1607 to alleviate the earl's financial problems. When James I visited the castle in 1617 on his way to Scotland, his entourage was annoyed by the pitiable condition of the castle. With the unification of England and Scotland under one ruler, the Earls of Northumberland no longer needed to maintain two large castles on the Anglo-Scottish border. They maintained Alnwick Castle at the expense of Warkworth Castle. In the first quarter of the 17th century Donjon was used as a place of jurisdiction for the manor and for laying oats.

The details of Warkworth Castle's role in the English Civil War are unclear, but the conflict resulted in further damage to the structure of the castle. It was initially held by the royalists but was still important enough that when the Scots invaded England in 1644 they forced the surrender. Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland , supported the Parliamentarians , which may have prevented the Scots from doing serious damage to the castle. Troops loyal to parliament took over the castle in 1648. When they left it, they took all the doors and iron fittings with them, so that the enemy could no longer use the castle as a fortress. They may also have partially destroyed the castle and are thus responsible for its current condition. Algernon Percy tried unsuccessfully in 1649 to get his damage reimbursed.

Dukes of Northumberland and Present

The castle has been managed by English Heritage since 1984.

Josceline Percy , the 11th and last earl of the family, died in 1670. Two years after his death, his widow agreed that stones from the donjon could be reused as building material for Chirton Hall . A total of 272 wheelbarrow loads of stones were removed from the donjon. Josceline Percy's possessions fell to the Duke of Somerset by marriage . In 1698 the owners of Warkworth Castle decided not to renovate it after the cost of replacing the battlements, floors and windows was estimated at £ 1,600. Elizabeth Seymour inherited the property from her father in 1750. Her husband, Hugh Smithson , changed his name to "Hugh Percy" and the castle was inherited by the Dukes of Northumberland dynasty he founded.

In the 18th century the castle was allowed to deteriorate further. The southwest tower fell apart and around 1752 part of the curtain wall east of the gatehouse was demolished, but was rebuilt towards the end of this century. The settlement and its historic ruins became increasingly interested in tourists, especially since Bishop Thomas Percy wrote a poem called The Hermit of Warkworth . In the mid-19th century, Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland , had some maintenance work done. His successor, Algernon Percy , commissioned Anthony Salvin to restore the donjon. The work, which was carried out in 1853-1858, was not as extensive as Salvin had planned, and was limited to repairing the facades and installing new floors and roofs for two sleeping chambers on the second floor, which became known as Duke's Chambers . The Duke used these chambers occasionally for picnics when he came over from Alnwick Castle. Algernon Percy financed excavations at the castle in the 1850s, which unearthed remains of the collegiate church in the outer bailey.

In 1922 Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland , transferred the management of the castle to the Office of Works , which had been created for the management of ancient monuments. The Duke's Chambers remained in the direct sphere of influence of the de Percys. The Office of Works excavated the moat in 1924 and removed the guard from the gatehouse. English Heritage , who now manages the property, succeeded the Office of Works as administrator of the castle in 1984 and three years later the Duke's Chambers were also placed under their administration. The castle is now a Scheduled Monument , a "nationally important" historical building and a ground monument that is protected against unauthorized changes. In 1995 it was listed for the first time as a historical building of the first degree and recognized as an "internationally important" structure.

layout

The donjon at the northern end of the castle dates from the end of the 14th century. The main entrance to Warkworth Castle was in a gatehouse to the south. The curtain comes from the beginning of the 13th century.

Warkworth Castle has an irregular enclosure. The donjon is at the northern end above the settlement, the outer bailey is south of it. Today's donjon was built on an earlier earth wall known as the Motte . The curtain wall in the outer bailey dates from the beginning of the 13th century. There are four towers: Carrickfergus Tower in the southwest corner, Montagu Tower in the southeast corner, a drop-out gate tower in the west wall (north of the kitchen) and Gray Mare's Tail Tower , which is attached to the east wall. A stable was also built onto the east wall. In the northern half of the outer bailey, facing east-west, are the remains of the never completed collegiate church from the 15th century. It was demolished at the beginning of the 16th century. The kitchen was located directly to the west of the church in a corner of the curtain wall, where it turns from its north-south orientation towards the donjon. Along the western curtain wall, south of the kitchen, were the pantry, the knight's hall and the salons. The chapel was found in the southwest of the castle. With the exception of the north side, the castle was surrounded by a moat.

Gatehouse

The gatehouse in the middle of the southern curtain wall dates largely from the 13th century. It was originally accessed via a drawbridge and visitors had to go through two gates, each at one end of the passage, as well as through a portcullis . The semi-square protrusions on both sides of the gate passage are considered ornamental pieces. Between the projections and above the gate there were machikulis , openings for projectiles that could be fired at attackers. The rooms on either side of the passage were guard rooms. The only remaining openings on the front are loopholes at ground level. Loopholes on the other sides of the gatehouse and along the passageway enabled the gatekeeper to watch people approaching or entering the castle. The gatehouse was later changed in the 19th and 20th centuries when the castle guard lived there: loopholes at the front of the gatehouse have probably been closed.

Western building line

The Lion Tower from the 15th century.
The remains of the Little Stair Tower

The line of buildings along the western curtain wall dates from around 1480, when the fourth earl had the outer bailey rebuilt. The knight's hall was the social center of the castle, where the household gathered to eat. The building, which is now in ruins, replaced an earlier knight's hall in the same place, which was built around 1200, even if some of the stones are from the middle of the 12th century. The Earl probably entered from the south, from his private quarters, and the lower-ranking people through the Lion Tower . Inside, the knight's hall was divided into two wings of different widths. Both knights' halls were heated by open hearth fires, two of which have been preserved from the older knight's hall to this day. The opposite ends of the great hall were intended for people from opposite sides of the social leaders in the castle. The upper end (near the earl's private quarters) was reserved for the earl and his family, and the lower end (near the kitchen and other rooms for the servants) was reserved for the rest of the household. In the Middle Ages, the knight's hall was richly decorated with picture work .

The Lion Tower was the entrance on the north side of the great hall. Above the arch through the tower were heraldic coats of arms, symbols of the power of the de Percys as earls. The lion below was the emblem of the earls. Above the lion were old coats of arms of the Lucy family , whose possessions the de Percys inherited in the 1380s. Today they are badly damaged. Since the tower was accessible from the outer bailey, there was a passage on the right hand side to the collegiate church, which was never completed. To the left was the knight's hall and further south the salons. On the right were the drinks storage room, pantry, pantry and kitchen. Directly north of the kitchen was the sideline gate tower. It was built around 1200 and its upper floors were later converted into living spaces. The exit gate was a subordinate entrance compared to the gatehouse. Its location near the kitchen suggests that it served as the delivery entrance through which supplies were carried into the castle.

The Carrickfergus Tower in the southwest corner partially collapsed in the 18th century.

The square Little Stair Tower was the entrance from the outer bailey to the salons south of the great hall. On the first floor there was an entrance on each of the tower's facades. The chapel of the castle was located directly south of the east wall of the tower. The northern entrance led to the knight's hall, the western one to a cellar under the parade bedroom. Only fragments of the spiral staircase have survived to this day. Above the doorway there was a single room with an unknown purpose. It may have served as another chapel, guest room, or anteroom where guests had to wait for an audience with the Earl.

To the south of the knight's hall there was a two-story building with salons, dating from around 1200. There were narrow window openings into the outer bailey, which were later closed. The first floor was completely occupied by the parade bedroom, which was equipped with an open fireplace. In the southwest corner of the room was a door to a small room that may have served as a safe. The ground floor was used as a basement through which the Carrickfergus Tower could be entered. The polygonal tower could also be entered from the parade bedroom on the first floor. It was equipped with latrines and an open fireplace and was an extension of the stately apartment with the parade rooms .

South and east building lines

The Montagu Tower in the southeast corner was probably built by John Neville, Lord Montagu in the 15th century. Its upper rooms were living rooms equipped with latrines and open chimneys, probably for the more important members of the household. In the 16th century the ground floor was used as a stable. The purpose of the buildings on the south curtain between Montagu Tower and the gatehouse is unknown. To the north of the Montagu Tower, at the eastern curtain wall, are the ruins of the stables, which were two stories high. To the west of the stables there was a well house with a stone-set well that was about 18 meters deep. The Gray Mare's Tail Tower , probably built in the 1290s, has an arrow slit in each of its five facades, which allow views along the curtain wall.

Donjon

Floor plan of the first floor of the donjon from The Growth of the English House by John Alfred Gotch, 1909. North is on the left. 1 vestibule (from the entrance on the ground floor); 2 knight's hall; 3 chapel; 4 prime bedrooms; 5 kitchens; 6 pantry and beverage storage room.

Goodall describes the Warkworth Donjon as "a masterpiece of medieval architecture in England". It was built in the last quarter of the 14th century and was probably designed by John Lewyn . Its ground plan corresponded to a Greek cross and the donjon was crowned with battlements and possibly ornamental statues. Around the top of the structure, stone carvings in the form of angels holding signs have survived to this day. A large lion from the de Percys coat of arms looked out over the city from the north side of the donjon. The lion and sculptures were believed to have been originally painted and stood out from the rest of the building. Archaeologist Oliver Creighton believes that the rebuilding of the donjon and other construction work should demonstrate the continued rule of the owners. At the top of the donjon is a lookout tower, but it was less prominent before the roof of the donjon was removed.

Goodall says that the keep was only used for short periods of time and that the western flight of the buildings with the great hall was the preferred place of residence of the Lord during his extensive visits to Warkworth Castle. The ground floor was mainly used as a storage room for food and wine, but there was also a room with access to a basement room measuring about 2.7 m². It is thought that this was a counting room with a floor safe or a guard room with a dungeon in the floor. There is a sideline gate in the west wall of the donjon through which supplies came into the building. The kitchens occupied the west side of the first floor and were connected by stairs to the storage rooms immediately below. In the southeast corner was the knight's hall, which was originally heated with a central fireplace and extended over the first and second floors. A chapel next to the great hall led to a large parade room where the lord received guests. The second floor was reserved for domestic use and contained bedrooms and salons. In the 19th century, when the rest of Warkworth Castle was already in ruins, the rooms on the second floor were given a new roof and were used by the dukes on occasional visits. In the middle of the donjon there was a light shaft with windows to the surrounding rooms. At its base was a tank for rainwater that was used for cleaning purposes.

Individual evidence

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  41. ↑ Frequently asked questions. In: Images of England. English Heritage, accessed July 31, 2015 .
  42. ^ A b John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 49.
  43. ↑ Oliver Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, Sheffield 2002, ISBN 1-904768-67-9 , p. 71.
  44. ^ A b Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , pp. 14-15.
  45. ^ A b Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , pp. 12-13.
  46. ^ Warkworth Castle motte and bailey castle, tower keep castle and collegiate church. (PDF) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, pp. 1–2 , accessed October 29, 2011 .
  47. ^ A b John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 10.
  48. ↑ a b c d Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , p. 17.
  49. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , pp. 5-7.
  50. ^ Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , p. 19.
  51. ^ A b John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 11.
  52. ^ Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , p. 16.
  53. ^ A b John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 12.
  54. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 13.
  55. ^ Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , pp. 20-21.
  56. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 15.
  57. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 17.
  58. ↑ Oliver Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, Sheffield 2002, ISBN 1-904768-67-9 , pp. 71-72.
  59. ^ A b Anthony Emery: Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500 . Volume I: Northern England . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996, ISBN 0-521-49723-X , p. 144.
  60. ^ A b c John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , pp. 17-19.
  61. ^ A b Henry Summerson: Warkworth Castle . English Heritage, London 1995, ISBN 1-85074-498-X , p. 27.
  62. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , pp. 21-23.
  63. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 19.
  64. ^ John Goodall: Warkworth Castle and Hermitage . English Heritage, London 2006, ISBN 1-85074-923-X , p. 46.

literature

  • Glen Lyndon Dodds: Historic Sites of Northumberland and Newcastle upon Tyne . Albion Press, Sunderland 1999, ISBN 0-9525122-1-1 .

Web links

Commons : Warkworth Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 55 ° 20 ′ 42.7 "  N , 1 ° 36 ′ 42.8"  W.