Dunstanburgh Castle

Dunstanburgh Castle from the southeast

Dunstanburgh Castle is a 14th century fortress on the coast of Northumberland, England, between the towns of Craster and Embleton . The castle was built by Earl Thomas of Lancaster 1313-1322 building, where he the defensible location of the property and existing earthworks good a Wallburg from the Iron Age exploited. Thomas was one of the leaders of a noble party opposed to King Edward II and presumably wanted to use Dunstanburgh Castle as a safe haven in case the political situation in southern England worsened. The castle also served as a symbol of the earl's wealth and influence and invited comparisons to the neighboring royal Bamburgh Castle . Thomas probably visited his new castle only once before being captured in the Battle of Boroughbridge after attempting to escape royal troops to the safety of his castle. Thomas was executed and the castle became the property of the Crown. It later fell to the Duchy of Lancaster .

In the 1380s the defenses of Dunstanburgh were strengthened by John of Gaunt , the Duke of Lancaster , in light of the threat from Scotland and the peasant revolt of 1381. The castle was maintained by the Crown in the 15th century and formed a bulwark in this strategically important northern region during the Wars of the Roses , ownership of it changed several times between the rival parties of the House of Lancaster and House of York . The fortress never recovered from the sieges of the time, and in the 16th century the Lord Warden of the Scottish Marches described it as "in a marvelous great decay". As the border with Scotland stabilized, the military use of the castle steadily declined and King James I finally sold the property to private hands in 1604. Subsequently, Dunstanburgh Castle belonged to the Gray family for several centuries . The increasingly decaying castle became a popular object for painters, such as B. Thomas Girtin or William Turner . In 1808, Matthew Gregory Lewis also wrote a poem about her.

In the 1920s, the then owner, Sir Arthur Sutherland , could no longer afford to maintain the castle and in 1930 transferred it to the state. When World War II broke out in 1939 , efforts were made to defend the Northumberland coast against a possible German invasion . The castle served as an observation post and was re- fortified with trenches , barbed wire , pillboxes and a minefield . The Dunstanburgh Castle Golf Course was built on the property around 1900 and was expanded by Sutherland in 1922. Today the castle is owned by the National Trust and managed by English Heritage . The ruins are classified as Grade I Historic Buildings under UK law, are part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest and provide an important natural habitat for birds and amphibians.

Dunstanburgh Castle was built in the middle of a landscaped medieval landscape and is surrounded by three man-made lakes called Meres , covering an area of ​​4.25 hectares. The curtains enclose an area of ​​9.96 hectares and make Dunstanburgh Castle the largest castle in Northumberland. The most visible part of the castle is the Great Gatehouse, a massive three-story fortification considered by historians Alestair Oswald and Jeremy Ashbee to be "one of the most imposing structures in an English castle." Several rectangular towers protect the castle wall, e.g. For example, the Lilburn Tower , which points towards Bamburgh Castle, and the Egyncleugh Tower , which sits above Queen Margaret's Cove . Three complexes of buildings inside the castle - now only ruins - once served the household of the earl, the household of the constable of the castle and the operation of the surrounding property. A port was built in the southeast of the castle, of which only a stone quay is preserved today.

history

Early period - 13th century

The site of what will later become Dunstanburgh Castle in northeast Northumberland was probably first settled in prehistoric times . A Promontory Fort with a weir made of earth walls was built at the same place at the end of the Iron Age and was probably from the 3rd century BC. Occupied until the Roman period . In the 14th century, the ramparts had long been abandoned and the land was used as cultivated soil . Dunstanburgh was part of the parish of Embleton, a village inland, west of the castle, owned by the Earl of Lancaster .

The origin and the earliest use of the name "Dunstanbrugh" are unclear. Versions of the name, "Dunsanesburghe" and "Donstanburgh", were in use at the time the castle was built. The name "Dunstanburgh" could be a combination of the local village name "Dunstan" and the old English word "Burh" which means fortress.

Early 14th century

construction

Drawing from the manuscript of Thomas of Lancaster (left) with Saint George

Thomas of Lancaster had Dunstanburgh Castle built between 1313 and 1322. He was an immensely powerful English baron , the second richest man in England after the king, and owned large estates throughout the kingdom. He had tumultuous relations with his cousin, King Edward II, and was one of the ringleaders in the capture and execution of Edward's favorite Piers Gaveston in 1312.

The exact reason Thomas of Lancaster built Dunstanburgh Castle is unknown. While the castle is in a location that is easy to defend, it is quite a distance from any settlements or other places of strategic value. Thomas of Lancaster owned some estates in Northumberland, but these were unimportant compared to his other estates in the Midlands or Yorkshire , and until 1313 he paid little attention to them

In the years after Gaveston's death, however, civil war never seemed far away, and it is currently believed that Thomas may have wanted to create a safe retreat a safe distance from Edward's troops in the south. He also hoped to erect a prominent status symbol that displayed his wealth and influence and challenged that of the king. He may also have hoped to found a proposed town near the castle and relocate the people of Embleton there.

Construction work on the castle began in May 1313. The workers began digging the moat and building the buildings inside the castle. Part of the outer wall may have been built by workers from Embleton as part of their feudal duties to Thomas. The work was done by the builder "Master Elias", presumably Elias de Burton , who had previously worked on the construction of Conwy Castle in North Wales . Iron, coal from Newcastle and Scandinavian wood were brought in for this project. By the end of the year £ 184 had been spent and the work continued for several years. A license to build a fortification was issued by Edward II in 1316 and a constable for the castle was appointed in 1319, whose duties consisted of defending the castle and the two manors of Embleton and Stamford. In 1322 the castle was probably finished.

The castle obtained in this way was huge, protected on one side by cliffs and surrounded on the other by a stone kurtine , a massive gatehouse and six towers. A harbor was created on the south side of the castle so that it could also be reached by sea. Northumbria was then a lawless area and suffered from the nuisance of thieves and "Schalvaldours", a type of border brigade , many of whom came from the household of Edward II. The port was arguably a safer way to get to the castle than it was by land.

loss

The great gatehouse of Dunstanburgh Castle (above) was inspired by that of Harlech Castle in North Wales (below).

Thomas of Lancaster made little use of the castle; his only visit may have been in 1319 when he was on his way north to join the king's campaign in Scotland . In 1321 a civil war broke out between King Edward and his enemies among the barons. After the initial success of the royal troops, Thomas fled the south of England to Dunstanburgh in 1322, but was captured by Sir Andrew Harclay , resulting in the Battle of Boroughbridge, in which Thomas was captured and later executed.

The castle came under royal control and Edward saw it as a useful fortress to protect against threats from Scotland. Initially, the castle was administered by Robert de Emeldon , a merchant from Newcastle, and protected by a garrison of 40 armed men and 40 light riders. Roger Maduit , a politically rehabilitated former member of Thomas' army, was appointed constable. He was followed in 1323 by Sir John de Lilburn , a "Schavaldour" from Northumberland, who was in turn replaced by Roger Heron .

Maduit and the castle garrison took part in the Battle of Byland in 1322 . The garrison was then increased to 130 men, mostly light riders, and played a key role in the northern line of defense against the Scots. In 1326 the castle was returned to Thomas' brother Henry of Lancaster ; Lilburn returned as constable. For the next several decades the castle continued to serve as a defense against Scottish invasions.

Late 14th century

The remains of the Konstablerhaus and a building complex (left) and the Konstablerturm (right)

By marrying Henry of Lancaster's granddaughter Blanche , John of Gaunt acquired Dunstanburgh Castle in 1362. Gaunt was the younger brother of King Edward III. and as the Duke of Lancaster, one of the richest people of his generation. He became Lieutenant of the Scottish Marshes and visited his castle in 1380.

Dunstanburgh Castle was not a primary strategic target for the Scottish attack as it was located far from the main routes through the region, but was always well garrisoned during the Scottish Wars. The surrounding manor Embleton had to suffer from Scottish failures and Gaunt worried about the state of the fortifications of the castle. He ordered the construction of additional fortifications around the gatehouse. Parts of the land surrounding the castle were probably used for agriculture, either to feed the growing garrison or to protect the grain from Scottish attacks.

In 1381 the Peasants' Revolt broke out in England, while the Gaunt was identified by the rebels as a particularly hated member of the administration. In the early stages of the revolt, he found himself stranded in the north of England, but found Dunstanburgh Castle not being adequately secured as a safe haven. He was therefore forced to turn to Alnwick Castle , where he was not admitted because it was feared that his presence would cause the rebels to attack.

This experience encouraged Gaunt to continue building the fortifications at Dunstanburgh Castle over the next two years. A large number of works were carried out under the direction of the constable Thomas of Ilderton by the builder Henry of Holme , including the walling up of the entrance to the gatehouse to turn it into a donjon . In 1384 the Scottish Army attacked the castle but did not have the means to siege and could not take the fortifications. Gaunt lost interest in the property after giving up his role as Lieutenant of the Scottish Marshes . Dunstanburgh Castle remained part of the Duchy of Lancaster, but that Duchy was annexed to the Crown when Gaunt's son, Henry IV, came to the throne of England in 1399.

15th and 16th centuries

Lilburn Tower from the edge of the outer bailey

The Scottish threat continued and in 1402 the constable of Dunstanburgh Castle, presumably accompanied by his garrison, took part in the Battle of Humbleton Hill . Henry VI. inherited the throne in 1422 and over the next few decades numerous repairs were made to the castle's buildings and outer weirs, which had fallen into disrepair. The Wars of the Roses , a dynastic conflict between the House of Lancaster and House of York , broke out in the mid-15th century. The castle was initially occupied by the supporters of the House of Lancaster and the constable, Sir Ralph Babthorpe , died in the Battle of St. Albans in 1455 when he fought for Henry VI, i.e. on the side of the House of Lancaster.

The castle formed part of a series of fortifications protecting the eastern route to Scotland and in 1461 King Edward IV attempted to loosen the stranglehold on the Lancasterians. Sir Ralph Percy , one of the united constables, defended the castle until September 1461, but eventually had to surrender to the supporters of the House of York. In 1462 the wife of Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou , invaded England with French troops and landed in Bamburgh . Percy then switched sides and declared himself a Lancasterian.

The Gull Crag Cliffs and Lilburn Tower

Another Army of the House of York was sent north in November under the combined command of the Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Worcester and Ralph Gray . She besieged the castle that surrendered to her Christmas. Percy remained in office in Dunstanburgh as part of Edward IV's attempts to pacify, but switched sides again the following year, returning the castle to the Lancasterians. Percy died at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor in 1464, and the Earl of Warwick retook the castle after a brief siege in June of that year.

The castle was probably damaged during the wars, but apart from minor repairs in 1470, no money was spent on repairs and the castle fell into disrepair. In 1470 it still served as a base of operations for pirates, and in the 1520s its lead roof was stolen and used when Wark-on-Tweed Castle was expanded. Additional lead and wood from Dunstanburgh Castle was used to build the Assembly Hall at Embleton. In 1538 the castle was described in a report to Henry VIII as "a very ruinous house and of little strength" and it was reported that only the gatehouse was still habitable. Sir William Ellerker , the king's treasurer, had some work done on the castle walls, but another report from 1543 showed that they were still in disrepair.

In 1550, the Lord Warden of the Marches , Sir Robert Bowes , described Dunstanburgh Castle as "in wonderful great decaye" (Eng .: at the stage of a wonderful, great decay). A report from 1584 calculated a cost of £ 1000 for Queen Elizabeth I to restore the castle, but said it was too far from the Scottish border for it to be worth repairing. Alice Craster , a wealthy widow, occupied the castle from 1594 to 1597, where she presumably lived in the gatehouse, carried out repairs there and tilled the surrounding fields. For most of the 16th century, local farmers bought the right to use the outer bailey as a cattle shed in the event of Scottish attacks for sixpence a year.

17th to 19th century

A sketch of the castle by Thomas Girtin (1796)

In 1603, the union of the Scottish and English crowns made Dunstanburgh Castle no longer a royal fortress. The following year, King James I sold the castle to Sir Thomas Windebank, Thomas Billott and William Blake , who in turn sold it to Sir Ralph Gray , a local landowner, a year later . Ralph Grey's son, William Lord Gray , was confirmed to own the castle in 1625.

The castle remained in the Gray family and fell to Lady Mary Grey's branch in 1704 following a court decision . Wheat , barley and oats were grown in the fields around the castle and outer bailey. Stones from the castle walls were used to build other buildings. A small settlement called Nova Scotia was formed around the castle harbor, possibly by immigrants from Scotland. Various engravings of the castle were published in the 18th century, e.g. B. 1720 a somewhat inaccurate illustration by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck and others in 1773 by Francis Grose and 1776 by William Hutchinson .

The large gatehouse 1884 with the partially blocked passage

Mary Grey's descendants, the Earls of Tankerville , continued to own the castle until the heavily indebted Charles Bennet , 6th Earl of Tankerville, sold it to the trustees of the late Samuel Eyres' estate for £ 155,000 in 1869 . At the beginning of the 19th century there were several attempts to restore the castle and in 1885 the passage through the gatehouse was changed and reopened. The historian Cadwallader Bates conducted research on the castle in the 1880s and published a comprehensive work on it in 1891. In 1893 a professional plan of the ruins was drawn up. Nonetheless, in 1898 a property representative expressed concern about the condition of the castle to the Society of Antiquities in Newcastle upon Tyne. He pointed out the largely poor condition of the masonry and the importance of the ongoing maintenance work on the property.

The ruins of Dunstanburgh Castle became a popular motif for artists from the end of the 18th century.´ Thomas Girtin traveled through the region and painted the castle. His image is dominated by what historian Souren Melikan calls “the unleashed forces of nature” with “wild waves” and dark clouds swirling around the ruins. William Turner was influenced by Girtin and when he first painted the castle in 1797, he also focused on depicting the wind and waves around the ancient ruins to make the castle appear in its ancient grandeur. Turner referred to this visit in the future and painted other works in oils , watercolors , as etchings or as sketches up to the 1830s, making Dunstanburgh Castle a template for his complete works.

20th and 21st centuries

A concrete - pillbox type 24 from the Second World War, north of the castle

A golf course was built alongside the castle in 1900 and the property was sold to Sir Arthur Sutherland , a wealthy ship owner, in 1919 . Sutherland opened another golf course at the castle in 1922, designed by the Scottish golfer James Braid . The property's maintenance costs became too much for him and, after eight years of clarification work in the 1920s, he placed the castle under state control in 1930, with the Commissioners of Work taking over the administration. Archaeological research was carried out as part of H. Honeyman's clearing work in 1929 , with additional parts of the main gatehouse discovered, and further work was carried out by Robert Bosanquet in the 1930s . Walter de Aitchison took aerial photographs for the Ordnance Survey .

Shortly after the outbreak of World War II , the British government feared a German invasion of the east coast of England . The bays immediately to the north of Dunstanburgh Castle were worthwhile targets for enemy landing forces and so efforts were made in 1940 to fortify the castle and its surroundings. This was part of a larger line of defense built by Sir Edmund Ironside .

The castle itself was occupied by a unit of the Royal Armored Corps , which acted as an observer; the soldiers seem to have relied on the stone walls for protection rather than on trenches and, as is customary elsewhere, additional loopholes were not broken into the walls. The surrounding beaches were barbed equipped, ditches and rectangular with command posts and pillboxes from concrete additionally reinforced north and south of the castle, which at least partially from 1 battalion of regiment Essex were created.

A ram in the Site of Special Scientific Interest around the castle

A 6 meter wide moat was dug around the northern end of the moat to prevent tanks from breaching and not allowing them to follow the path south past the castle. Also presented to 166 m × 46 m large mines field to the southwest to hold them to foot soldiers to bypass the defenses of the castle and down to Craster penetrate. After the war ended, the barbed wire was removed by Italian prisoners of war, but the two pillboxes, the remains of the anti-tank trench and some of the trenches and command posts are still there.

In 1961 Arthur Sutherland's son, Sir Ivan Sutherland , transferred the property to the National Trust . Archaeological surveys were carried out by the University of Durham in 1985, 1986 and 1989 , and English Heritage staff carried out extensive archaeological surveys on the 35-acre site around the castle from 2003-2006 .

In the 21st century, the remains of the castle are still owned by the National Trust and managed by English Heritage. The property is a Scheduled Monument and the ruins are protected as Grade I Historic Buildings under British law. They are located within the Area of ​​Outstanding Natural Beauty on the Northumberland coast and are part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest , with parts of the property also forming a Special Protection Area (SPA) for the conservation of wild birds. The National Trust provided incentives to keep the land around the exterior of the castle moist to allow for amphibian and bird species conservation . The areas inside the castle may not be grazed to encourage birds to nest.

Architecture and landscape park

Landscape park

Surrounding landscape: A - northern pond; B - north gate; C - east bank; D - west gate; E - western pond and fish ponds; F - dam; G - southern pond; H - south gate; I - port

Dunstanburgh Castle covers 27.5 acres of land within 246 acres of the National Trust's coastline. The castle sits on a prominent promontory, part of the Great Whin Sill , a geological formation. On the south side of the castle there is a gentle slope over a low lying damp ground, on the north side, however, the Gull-Crag cliffs form a natural barrier up to 30 meters high. The cliffs are interrupted by many cracks resulting from weakening of the black basalt rock , e.g. B. from well-known rumble churn .

The landscape park around the castle was carefully designed as a deer park or foreland in the 14th century and must have looked similar to that around the other castles from this period, e.g. B. that of Framlingham Castle , Kenilworth Castle , Leeds Castle or Whittington Castle . Kenilworth Castle in particular was arguably a model for Dunstanburgh Castle. The area around the castle was dominated by three artificial, shallow ponds called “Meres”, which were accessible through the three gates to the north, west and south. The meres were fed by a freshwater spring 600 meters inland, which was connected to them by an underground stone channel. The Meres were originally connected by banks and trenches formed with sod , which are now heavily eroded and up to 1 meter high. The main route to the castle was from the village of Embleton through the west gate.

The northern pond is 2.25 hectares in size and is closed with a sod bank at its northern end, adjoining the northern gate of the castle. The southern half has the shape of a 101-meter-long trench, which was proven to be 5.5 meters deep in the Middle Ages and ended at the west gate. The northern part of this pond occasionally fills up in the 21st century and thus forms a lake for a limited time, while the trench-shaped part usually contains a few puddles of water. The western pond covers an area of ​​1 hectare, extends away from the western gate and is closed off with a small stone dam at the western end . Three rectangular fish ponds were created along the western pond, with one pond for the rearing of fish being fed with fresh water from the western pond. A protective earth bank, probably originally reinforced with a wooden palisade , ran about 150 meters on both sides of the west gate, where a gatehouse was probably built. At the southern end of this complex of artificial lakes was the southern pond with an area of ​​1 hectare. The south gate was on its eastern corner.

A port was created in the southeast of the castle. Initially it was used to land building material, later that of older members of the castle household or important guests. All that remains of this port today is a 75-meter long quay made of basalt stones. Presumably, the port was not in frequent use in the Middle Ages because it could only be used safely in good weather. To the west of the castle is a later mountain pasture , the remains of the earth foundations of a long house . To the south of it is another, rectangular earth foundation with walls over 1 meter high. This could have been a fortification for the siege in 1462. If it was actually a matter of such a fortification, it would be a unique relic from this time in England.

architecture

Floor plan of the castle: A - North Sea; B - rumbling churn; C - Gateway to Castle Point; D - Gull Crag Cliffs; E - Lilburn Tower; F - outer bailey; G - farm; H - back door; I - Huggam's House; J - John of Gaunt's gatehouse; K - core castle; L - constable house; M - Egyncleugh Tower; N - Queen Margaret's Cove; O - Great Gatehouse; P - constable tower

The buildings of Dunstanburgh Castle surround the outer bailey of the fortress and are framed by a stone curtain wall that encompasses an area of ​​4.03 hectares. This makes Dunstanburgh Castle the largest castle in Northumberland. Probably from the beginning of the construction of the castle, but certainly from the 1380s, the buildings of the castle formed three distinct complexes for the household of the earl, for that of the constable and for the administration of the manor of Embleton. The interior of the outer bailey still shows signs of earlier strip cultivation, which can be seen especially in winter.

The southern and western parts of the castle wall were originally clad with ashlar from the sandstone of the area, with the wall core consisting of basalt rubble. Most of the sandstone came from the Howick quarry . The sandstone has now been removed from the western parts of the castle wall and the sandstone along the eastern end of the castle wall reveals small limestone blocks that were originally only 3.3 meters high with a 1.5 meter high parapet, but later with additional ones Basalt blocks were topped up, probably at the time of the Wars of the Roses . It is not certain that the curtain originally continued above the cliffs along the north side of the castle.

If you walk counter-clockwise, starting from the northwest, around the curtain wall, the first thing you will see is the rectangular Lilburn Tower , which stands over Embleton Beach . The tower was named after an early constable of the castle, John de Lilburn, but was probably built under Thomas of Lancaster; it was supposed to serve as a flat for high-ranking personalities, was 18 meters high, square with a side length of 9.1 meters, had 1.8 meters thick walls and a guard room for soldiers on the ground floor. The rectangular towers of Dunstanburgh Castle were built according to a Northumberland tradition and are similar to those at nearby Alnwick Castle . Further along the curtain wall are the remains of a small tower, which according to local tradition is called Huggam's House . Ground foundations on the inside of the curtain support the theory that there was once a building complex between Lilburn Tower and Huggam's House.

The gatehouses of the castle are located in the southwest corner of the curtain wall. The most important is the large gatehouse, a massive, three-story fortification with two drum-shaped towers made of stone, originally 24 meters high. This gatehouse was built by those from the Edwardian period in North Wales such as the Harlech Castle , for example , is heavily influenced but contains unique details such as the front towers and is considered by historians Alastair Oswald and Jeremy Ashbee to be "one of the most impressive structures in an English castle". In the 1380s, this gatehouse was further fortified with a 9.4 meter long barbican , of which only the 70 centimeter high rubble foundations remain today.

The passage through the gatehouse could be closed by a portcullis , probably made of wooden gates. The first floor contained two guard rooms, each 6.4 meters wide, and latrines . There were spiral staircases in the corners leading up to the upper floors. On the first floor there were well-lit chambers with open chimneys, presumably for the officers of the garrison. The second floor contained the castle's great hall, an anteroom and a bedroom, which were originally intended for Thomas of Lancaster and his family. Four towers on the lead-covered roof towered over the gatehouse by a further two floors and provided a good overview of the surrounding area. This construction may have influenced that of Henry IV's gatehouse at Lancaster Castle .

Floor plan of the great gatehouse

Directly west of the great gatehouse is John of Gaunt's gatehouse, originally two or three stories high. But only the foundations have survived to this day. This gatehouse replaced the large gatehouse as the main entrance to the castle and probably received a porter's lodge, which was protected by a combination of a portcullis and a 25-meter long barbican. A 23 meter by 15 meter core castle, protected by a 6 meter high mantle wall , was built behind John of Gaunt's gatehouse and the large gatehouse in the 1380s. This complex included a vaulted, inner gatehouse measuring 9.1 meters × 9.1 meters and six other buildings, such as an anteroom, a kitchen and a baking house.

Further along the south side of the curtain wall is the Konstablerturm, a tower with a square floor plan, which offered the constable of the castle a comfortable apartment, even stone seats at the window. On the inside of the curtain wall are the foundations of a hall and a chamber, which were built in 1351 as part of an approximately 18 meter by 18 meter building complex that was used by the constable and his household. To the west of the Konstablerturm there is a small turret that towers above the upper wall - an unusual detail similar to that in Pickering Castle - and a lavatory bay on the wall. To the east of it is a small, elongated turret with a single chamber, 3.28 meters by 2.3 meters.

In the southeast corner of the curtain wall , the Egyncleugh Tower - whose name means "Eagle's Hollow" in the dialect of Northumbria - offers a good view of Queen Margaret's Cove , a wood below. The three-story, square Egyncleugh Tower with 7.6 meters diagonal served as a residence for an official of the castle and contained a small passage and a drawbridge into the castle, which were used either by the constable or by local residents.

There is a back door in the east curtain wall that was built in the 1450s and another doorway in the northeast corner, accessed via Castle Point and the Gull-Crag cliffs below. Along the inside of the curtain are the foundations of a courtyard, 61 meters by 30 meters, and a rectangular building that was probably a farm or barn. It was believed to be used for the administration of the Embleton manor and housed a room for the auditor and other facilities.

interpretation

Dunstanburgh Castle is reflected in the remains of the southern pond

Earlier analysis of Dunstanburgh Castle was limited to its qualities as a military defensive facility, but more recent work also considered the symbolic aspects of its construction and the surrounding landscape. Even if the castle was intended as a safe haven for Thomas of Lancaster in the event that something went wrong in the south of England, it was "clearly not an inconspicuous hiding place," as the English Heritage research group pointed out: it was spectacular construction in the middle of a magnificent, carefully laid out, medieval landscape park. The castle walls and towers were reflected in the ponds around the castle; these "meres" practically turned ledge into an island, creating what historians Oswald and Ashbee called "awe-inspiring and wonderful sight".

The various elements of the castle were also positioned to create a special effect. The orientation of the large gatehouse to the southeast, away from the main road, was unusual, so that its extraordinary architectural details remained hidden. This may be because Thomas of Lancaster was planning to build a new settlement in front of the castle, but the gatehouse should also be seen from the harbor, which is where most of the older visitors should arrive. The Lilburn Tower was positioned so that it was clearly - and provocatively - visible from Edward II's Bamburgh Castle, 15 km up the coast. It appeared elegantly framed by the entrance to the great gatehouse to every visitor. It also lay on top of a group of natural basalt pillars which, although difficult to build on, added to its dramatic appearance and reflection in the ponds.

The style of the castle probably alluded to the Arthurian legend , which provided ideals popular at the time for the ruling class in England. Thomas of Lancaster seemed to have taken a liking to the Arthurian legend and used the pseudonym "King Arthur" in his correspondence with the Scots. Dunstanburgh Castle, with its old fort in the middle framed by water, may have been an allusion to Camelot and so in turn to Thomas's demand for political power over the stumbling Edward II. It also resembled contemporary images of Sir Lancelot's Joyous Castle Guard .

Folk tales

Matthew Lewis , author of the poem Sir Guy the Seeker

Dunstanburgh Castle has been closely associated with the legend of Sir Guy the Seeker since the early 19th century at the latest. Different versions of the story differ slightly in their details, but are typically about a knight , Sir Guy, who arrives at Dunstanburgh Castle, where he meets a wizard who lets him in. There he passes a noble woman who is locked in a crystal tomb and guarded by a sleeping army. The magician offers Guy the choice between a sword and a horn to free the woman. He falsely chooses the horn that wakes the sleeping knights. Sir Guy finds himself outside Dunstanburgh Castle and spends the rest of his life trying to find a way back into the castle.

It is not clear when this story first emerged, but similar stories, possibly inspired by medieval Arthurian legend, have existed in the neighboring parishes of Hexham and Eildon Hills . Matthew Lewis wrote the poem Sir Guy the Seeker , which made the story famous in 1808. Modified versions of it were published by WG Thompson in 1821 and James Service in 1822. This legend is told in the area around the castle.

Various other legends about the castle have survived to this day. One of them tells of a child locked in the castle who escaped and threw the key to his prison in a nearby field - sometimes equated with the ledge northwest of the castle - that was barren from then on. Another legend is about a man named Gallon , whom Margaret of Anjou entrusted with the guarding of the castle and its jewelry. He was captured by the Yorkists but escaped and later came back to reclaim six Venetian glasses. Historian Katrina Porteous noted that there were records of tax collectors and estate managers in the castle in the 14th century called Galoun , possibly related to the origins of the gallon in that saga.

There are tales of tunnels from Dunstanburgh Castle to Craster Tower, Embleton and Proctor Steads , as well as a tunnel going far west from the castle. These stories could be linked to the existence of a sewer system around the castle.

Individual references and comments

1. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955.
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 5.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 25.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Prehistory . English Heritage. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
5. ^ ^{A b c d} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 17.    
6. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 27-29.
7. ^ Michael Prestwich: The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377 . 2nd Edition. Routledge, London and New York 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-30309-5 . Pp. 75-76.
8. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 92.    
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 27.    
10. ^ Research on Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
11. ^ Michael Prestwich: The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272-1377 . 2nd Edition. Routledge, London and New York 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-30309-5 . Pp. 76-79.
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 93.    
13. ^ ^{A b} Constructing the Castle at Dunstanburgh . English Heritage. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 33.
15. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 17-18.    
16. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 16.
17. ^ ^{A b c d} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 18.    
18. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 27.
19. ↑ It is impossible to accurately compare prices or incomes from the fourteenth century with today's prices or incomes. As a comparison, however, it may be used that £ 184 at that time was about a third of the annual income of a nobleman, e.g. B. Richard le Scrope , whose lands made about £ 600 a year.
20. ↑ Chris Given-Wilson: The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages . Routledge, London 1996. ISBN 978-0-203-44126-8 . P. 157.
21. ^ Andy King, M. Prestwich (Editor), R. Britnell (Editor), R. Frame (Editor): Thirteenth Century in England . Volume 9. Boydell, Woodbridge 2003. Chapter: Bandits, Robbers and Schavaldours: War and Disorder in Northumberland in the Reign of Edward II . Pp. 115-128.
22. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 97.    
23. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 29.
24. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 6.
25. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 30.    
26. ^ ^{A b} David Cornell: English Castle Garrisons in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the Fourteenth Century . Durham University, Durham 2006. p. 108.
27. ^ David Cornell: English Castle Garrisons in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the Fourteenth Century . Durham University, Durham 2006. pp. 8-9, 20-21, 260.
28. ↑ ^{a b c d} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 30.
29. ↑ ^{a b c d} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 8.
30. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 45.
31. ↑ Alastair Dunn: The Great Rising of 1381: The Peasants' Revolt and England's Failed Revolution . Tempus, Stroud 2002. ISBN 978-0-7524-2323-4 . Pp. 67-79.
32. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 30-32.
33. ^ ^{A b c d} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 22.
34. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 32.
35. ^ David Cornell: English Castle Garrisons in the Anglo-Scottish Wars of the Fourteenth Century . Durham University, Durham 2006. p. 258.
36. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. pp. 8-9.
37. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 9.
38. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 34.
39. ↑ ^{a b c d} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 10.
40. ^ ^{A b} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. pp. 10-11.
41. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 35.
42. ^ ^{A b} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 11.
43. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 24.
44. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 23-24.
45. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 20.    
46. ^ The Wars of the Roses . English Heritage. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
47. ^ G. Tate: Dunstanburgh Castle in History of the Berwickshire Naturalist Club . Volume 6. 1869-1872. P. 91.
48. ^ CJ Bates: Border Holds of Northumberland in Archaeologica Aeliana . Volume 14. 1891. p. 187.
49. ^ ^{A b} Estate records of the Earls Gray and Lords Howick . Durham University. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
50. ^ G. Tate: Dunstanburgh Castle in History of the Berwickshire Naturalist Club . Volume 6. 1869-1872. Pp. 91-92.
51. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 36.
52. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 25.
53. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 9.    
54. ^ G. Tate: Dunstanburgh Castle in History of the Berwickshire Naturalist Club . Volume 6. 1869-1872. P. 92.
55. ↑ £ 155,000 in 1869 is now between £ 13 million and £ 244 million, depending on the financial measure used.
56. ↑ Lawrence H. Officer, Samuel H. Williamson: Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present . MeasuringWorth. 2014. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 11, 2015. 
57. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 37.
58. ↑ List Entry . English Heritage. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
59. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 9-10.    
60. ^ The Society of Antiquities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Dunstanburgh Castle in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquities of Newcastle-upon-Tyne . Issue 8. No. 14, pp. 113-114.
61. ↑ ^{a b c} Matthew Imms: JMW Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolors . Tate. 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
62. ^ Souren Melikian: London Exhibition: A Draftsman's Sense, an Artist's Sensibility , The New York Times. 2002. Accessed March 11, 2015. 
63. ^ Julius Bryant: Turner: Painting the Nation . English Heritage, London 1996. ISBN 978-1-85074-654-6 . P. 64.
64. ^ Sarah Richardson: JMW Turner's 'Dunstanburgh Castle': poetry, imagination and reality . Tyne and Wear Museums. 2012. Accessed August 23, 2014.
65. ^ ^{A b} Research on Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
66. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 69.
67. ^ ^{A b} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 53.
68. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 33-34.
69. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 34.
70. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 11-20.    
71. ↑ ^{a b} Into the 20th century . English Heritage. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
72. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 13.    
73. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 15.    
74. ^ ^{A b c d} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 87.    
75. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009 .S. 52.
76. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 87-89.    
77. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 89-90.    
78. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009 p. 56-58.
79. ^ Acquisitions up to 2011: An Historical Summary of Trust Acquisitions (Including Covenants) . The National Trust. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 11, 2015. 
80. ^ ^{A b} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 5.
81. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 16.    
82. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 7.
83. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 7-8.
84. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 4-5.    
85. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 4, 7.
86. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 4.    
87. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 17.
88. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 42.
89. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 93-95.    
90. ^ ^{A b c} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 44.
91. ↑ The earlier doctrine was that the Meres were originally saltwater ponds that were connected to the northern pond via the moat and to the sea at both ends. Investigations in 2003 completely refuted this theory and showed that the Meres were always freshwater ponds.
92. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 65-73.    
93. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 65.    
94. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 34.    
95. ^ ^{A b c} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009 p. 43.
96. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 22.
97. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 70.    
98. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 22, 40.    
99. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 43-44.
100. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 71.    
101. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 64.    
102. ↑ ^{a b c} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 12.
103. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 80.    
104. ^ ^{A b} Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 48.
105. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. pp. 48-49.
106. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 61.    
107. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 96.    
108. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 5, 15-16, 19.
109. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 13.
110. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 60.    
111. ↑ There is historical evidence from 1543 of an earlier castle wall along the north side of the castle, but it is described there as having been washed away by the sea for many years and the claim that it originally existed could not be relevant. It is also not certain whether this claim relates to a curtain wall for defense, of which no trace has been preserved, or to a simpler wall for the protection of livestock. The cliffs have been washed out since construction began on the castle, but not much has changed there since 1861, and so it is rather unlikely that the washout by the sea would have been enough to completely destroy a castle wall that was originally there.
112. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 18.
113. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 17
114. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 55.    
115. ^ ^{A b} Significance of Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
116. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 19.
117. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 5, 7, 10.
118. ↑ ^{a b c} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 16
119. ^ John Goodall: The English Castle . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-11058-6 . P. 249.
120. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 5, 7.
121. ^ ^{A b} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 14
122. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 40-41.    
123. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 6.
124. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 6-8.
125. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 15
126. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 8-10.
127. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 5, 9-10.
128. ^ John Goodall: The English Castle . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-11058-6 . P. 342.
129. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 19-20.
130. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 20.
131. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 51.    
132. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 20-21.
133. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 14.
134. ^ ^{A b} C. H. Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 20
135. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. pp. 20-21
136. ^ John Goodall: The English Castle . Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2011. ISBN 978-0-300-11058-6 . Pp. 249, 453.
137. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 15.
138. ↑ The Egyncleugh Tower was also called Margaret Tower after Queen Margaret's Cove for a while.
139. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 54.    
140. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 15, 17.
141. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 16-17.
142. ^ CH Blair, HL Honeyman: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland . 2nd edition, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1955. p. 18
143. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 92-93.    
144. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 22-23.
145. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 23.
146. ^ Penny Middleton, Caroline Hardy: Historic Environment Survey for the National Trust Properties on the Northumberland Coast: Dunstanburgh and Embleton Bay, Report No .: 0058 / 4-09 . Archaeo-Environment, Barnard Castle 2009. p. 20.
147. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 13, 22.
148. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 13.
149. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 55-56.    
150. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 57-58.    
151. ^ ^{A b} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 93-94.    
152. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . P. 28.
153. ↑ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee: Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage, London 2011. ISBN 978-1-905624-95-9 . Pp. 23, 28.
154. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . P. 21.    
155. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 24-25.    
156. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 21-22.    
157. ^ Alastair Oswald, Jeremy Ashbee, Katrina Porteous, Jacqui Huntley: Dunstanburgh Castle, Northumberland in Archaeological, Architectural and Historical Investigations . English Heritage, London 2006. ( Memento of the original from September 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ISSN 1749-8775 . Pp. 27-28.    

Web links

Commons : Dunstanburgh Castle  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Dunstanburgh Castle . National Trust.
• Dunstanburgh Castle . English Heritage.

Coordinates: 55 ° 29 ′ 27.6 "  N , 1 ° 35 ′ 34.8"  W.