Framlingham Castle

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Framlingham Castle courtyard and lower courtyard from the north west

Framlingham Castle is a castle in the market Framlingham in the English county of Suffolk . An early motte or ringwork was built there by the Normans in 1148 , but this structure was destroyed by Henry II in the aftermath of the 1173–1174 revolt . Roger Bigod , the Earl of Norfolk , had a replacement built. The new castle had - unusual at the time - no central donjon , but instead curtains with 13 wall towers to defend the inner castle . Nevertheless, the castle was captured by Johann Ohneland in 1216 after a brief siege. By the end of the 13th century, Framlingham Castle had become a luxurious residence surrounded by extensive parks that were used for hunting.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Framlingham Castle was one of the most important estates of the powerful Mowbray and Howard families . Two artificial lakes, called Meres , were created around the castle, which, as was modern at the time, was expanded using brick construction. The castle's large, wealthy household bought goods from all parts of England and also imported luxury goods from international markets. Extensive pleasure gardens were created in the castle and older parts of it were converted so that visitors could enjoy the resulting views. At the end of the 16th century, however, the castle fell into disrepair and, after the last owner of the Howard family, Theophilus , got into financial difficulties, the castle and the surrounding property were sold off.

In 1636, Framlingham Castle was given to Pembroke College as a philanthropic gesture . The inner buildings were then demolished to make way for a poor house to be built on the site. In this way the castle was used until 1839 when the poor house was closed. The castle then served as a drill hall and county court . In 1913 Pembroke College transferred Framlingham Castle to the Commissioner of Works . During World War II , the castle was used by the British military as part of the regional defense against a possible German attack. Today Framlingham Castle is a Scheduled Monument , has been listed as a Grade I Historic Building by the new owner, English Heritage , and serves as a tourist attraction.

history

11th and 12th centuries

The population of Framlingham increased dramatically after the Norman Conquest and the village became a small town of at least 600 people surrounded by valuable land in one of the country's most prosperous regions. The region belonged to the powerful Hugh d'Avranches , Earl of Chester , who in turn gave it as a fief to Roger Bigod, who was then High Sheriff of Suffolk . A ringwork or moth was erected either in the 11th century or at the beginning of the 12th century in the northern half of the inner courtyard of today's castle.

The first written mention of a castle in Framlingham dates from 1148, but the actual year of construction is uncertain and there are three possibilities that have been suggested by historians: The first possibility is that the castle was built by Roger Bigod either at the end of the 11th century or around 1100 at the same time as the construction of Bigods Caput baroniae , the nearby Eye Castle . A second possibility is that Roger Bigod's son, Hugh Bigod, had the castle built on the site of an existing mansion during the Anarchy of the 1140s ; the castle would then be similar to Bigod's Bungay Castle . A third possibility is that there actually were two castles: the first built in the late 11th century and then destroyed by Hugh Bigod in the 1160s to make way for a new, larger castle. Historian Magnus Alexander has hypothesized that the castle may have been built over some pre-existing Anglo-Saxon prestigious buildings, a practice that was common elsewhere in East Anglia , possibly similar to the approach at Castle Acre Castle ; this would be most likely if the castle was built in the 11th century.

The inner courtyard with the wall towers open to the rear

At the end of the 12th century, the Bigod family dominated Suffolk. She had the title of Earl of Norfolk and owned three other castles in addition to Framlingham Castle, Bungay Castle, Walton Castle and Thetford Castle . The first group of stone buildings, such as B. the first knight's hall, were built inside the castle in the 1160s. The tensions between the crown and the bigods continued to frot over the entire period. Hugh Bigod belonged to a group of renegade barons during the anarchy in the reign of King Stephen and after Henry II became king, he tried to bring the entire region back under royal influence. As part of that effort, Henry confiscated all four of the Bigod's castles in 1157 but returned Framlingham Castle and Bungay Castle to Hugh Bigod after paying a heavy fine of £ 666.

Hugh Bigod then joined the revolt of Henry's Sons (1173–1174). The attempt to overthrow Henry II was unsuccessful and as a punishment the king ordered the destruction of various bigodic castles, including Framlingham Castle. The king's military engineer, Alnoth , demolished the fortifications at Framlingham Castle and filled in the moat between 1174 and 1176, at a cost of £ 16 s 11 d 12, although it probably filled in rather than destroyed the buildings inside.

Hugh's son, Roger Bigod, was out of favor with King Henry. He initially denied him the title of earl and the right to the family estates, such as Framlingham. Roger Bigod eventually regained royal favor when Richard the Lionheart came to the throne in 1189 . Roger then began building a new castle in Framlingham; the work was carried out very quickly and the castle was ready by 1213 at the latest. The new castle had an inner courtyard with 13 wall towers, an adjoining lower courtyard with smaller walls and towers and a large outer bailey with wooden fortifications. At that time there was a castle guard system in Framlingham, in which land was given to local nobles as fiefs and they kept knights and soldiers to guard the castle.

13th Century

The Mere , one of the two lakes that were probably created in the late Middle Ages

The first barons' war began in 1215 between Johann Ohneland and a group of rebellious barons who opposed his reign. Roger Bigod became one of the ringleaders of the resistance against Johann Ohneland, because he railed against Johann's demand for military service. Royal troops sacked the surrounding land and John's army arrived on March 12th, followed the next day by King John himself. With King John's permission, reports were sent from the castle to Roger on March 14th, remembering the fate of Rochester Castle the year before, the garrison of 26 knights, 20 sergeants, seven archers and a priest gave permission to surrender without a fight. John's troops moved on to Essex and Roger later retook his castle. His grandson, another Roger , inherited Framlingham Castle in 1225.

A large medieval deer park called "Great Park" was built around the castle; this park is first mentioned in a document in 1270, but was probably created a little earlier. The Great Park was 243 hectares, stretched two miles north of the castle and was bordered by moats, which was common in England but very unusual in Suffolk. A lodge was built in the park, around which a recreational garden was later laid out. Like other parks from this period, the Great Park was not only used for hunting, but was also used for other purposes: There are records that say that there e.g. B. 1385 charcoal was made. There were four other, smaller parks near the castle, adding to the hunting opportunities along the long belt of parkland that ran east-west.

In 1270 Roger Bigod , the 5th Earl of Norfolk, inherited the castle and had it extensively renovated. He lived there in considerable luxury. The bigods were still very rich, but had to borrow money first from the Jewish community in Bungay and then, after the expulsion of the Jews, from Italian merchants. By the end of the century, Roger Bigod also owed a great deal of debt to King Edward . Hence Roger led the barons who rebelled against Edward's demands for additional taxes and assistance in his wars against France. Eduard responded with the confiscation of Roger's lands and gave them back to him only on condition that Roger would give them to the Crown after his death. Roger agreed and Framlingham Castle therefore fell to the Crown after his death in 1306.

At the end of the 13th century a large prison was built in the castle; it was probably built in the northwest corner of the lower courtyard and was dominated by the prison tower. In the Middle Ages z. B. Poachers from the area detained, and in the 15th century religious dissidents such. B. the followers of the lollards .

14th Century

The walls of the inner courtyard from the 12th century

Edward II gave the castle to his half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton , the Earl of Norfolk. Records show that Framlingham Castle was only partially furnished at the time, although it is not known whether the reason for this was the sporadic use of the castle, the fact that fixtures and fittings and furniture traveled from castle to castle with its residents, or the castle simply and was simply refurbished. The castle complex continued to flourish, but after Thomas' death in 1338 it fell first to his widow and then to the Ufford family in 1362 . William de Ufford , the Earl of Suffolk, owned the castle during the Peasant Revolt in 1381. This peasant revolt largely took place near Framlingham. The castle was inherited from the Uffords to Margaret Brotherton and then to Thomas de Mowbray , the Duke of Norfolk. The Mowbrays appear to have used Framlingham Castle as their headquarters for most of the 15th century.

With up to 83 people living there at the same time, the castle played an important role in the economy of the surrounding area. Large quantities of food and drink were required there. In the years 1385 and 1386, e.g. B. £ 1000 spent on this and u. a. We procured 129,870 liters of beer and 70,321 loaves of bread . In the 14th century, the castle sourced goods from all over western Europe, wine from France, game from parks to Northamptonshire and spices from the Far East through merchants in London . The castle bought some goods such as B. Salt , at the annual Stourbridge Fair in nearby Cambridge , one of the largest economic events in Europe at the time. Some of these expenses were generated by the Fronhof an der Burg, which comprised 168 hectares of land and on which about 5000 man-days were performed by serfs per year . At the end of the 12th century a vineyard was laid out near the castle and in the 14th century a bakery and a Göpel were built there . Surrounding manors also delivered their agricultural products to the castle. In 1275 and 1276, £ 434 was spent on goods from the wider region.

Two large lakes, called "Meres", were created along the castle by damming the watercourses there with dams. The southern lake, still visible today, had its origin in a smaller, natural lake. When this was dammed, it covered 9.4 hectares and had an island on which a dovecote was created. The meres were used for fishing and boating. They were also very aesthetic to look at. It is not possible to say for sure when exactly the meres were first created. One theory suggests that the Meres were laid out in the early 13th century, but they are not mentioned for the first time until the 1380s. Another theory suggests that they were only created in the first half of the 14th century, around the same time as the lower courtyard. A third possibility is that the Howard family introduced the Meres in the late 15th century as part of the modernization of the castle.

15th and 16th centuries

Brick masonry from the Tudor period in the inner courtyard, with an ornate brick fireplace

In 1476 the castle passed to John Howard , the Duke of Norfolk , who began a series of improvements to the buildings that spanned the Tudor period . Under the Howards, the castle was significantly modernized: for the modernization, modern brickwork was used at the time, ornate chimneys were added, the battlements were cut so that they no longer towered above the height of the walls, and the Howards family crest was attached to the gatehouse. At that time the parade bedroom was probably built over the inner courtyard and connected the knight's hall with the chapel and the bedrooms on the east side of the castle; in 1524 there were at least 29 different rooms in the castle. The drawbridge in front of the gatehouse was replaced in the years 1524–1547 by the fixed bridge that can be seen today. The crescent-shaped, stone defense structure for the bridge was also built during this period. At the end of the 16th century, an ornamental garden with several ornamental ponds and terraced paths was created in the lower courtyard. Presumably there were fruit trees, herbs and fountains in the garden. Another ornamental garden was created in the outer bailey, as well as a second bridge over the moat, in order to create direct access from this garden to the inner courtyard. The prison tower was converted into a viewing gallery from which one could see the new formal gardens below.

The Wars of the Roses in the 15th century led to protracted battles for the English throne between the House of York and the House of Lancaster . John Howard, a Yorkist, died at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 and as a result his son Thomas was accused, lost his rights and that of his heirs to the family's lands and titles, and was thrown into the Tower . The Lancasteran victor of the Battle of Bosworth, Henry VII , gave Framlingham Castle as a fief to John de Vere , but Thomas eventually won the favor of successor Henry VIII , after whom he had successfully fought for him at the Battle of Flodden Field in 1513 . Framlingham Castle was returned to Thomas Howard and the Duke used it as a retirement home. He had his table there decorated with the gold and silver dishes that he had taken from the Scots at Flodden Field. During this time the castle was lavishly decorated, e.g. B. with tapestries , sacred objects made of velvet and silver and luxury bed linen . 100 pieces of armor were stored in the castle and over 30 horses stood in the stables.

The 3rd Duke of Norfolk, whose name was also Thomas , used the castle much less as his headquarters were first Stoke-by-Nayland and then Kenninghall . In 1547 Thomas was accused of having supported Mary I in her fight for the throne of England, but Henry VIII died the day before his planned execution in the Tower and his successor, Mary's half-brother Edward VI. , pardoned Thomas, but kept him prisoner in the Tower and gave Framlingham Castle to Maria. When Maria came to power in 1553, she gathered her troops at Framlingham Castle and from there invaded London. Thomas Howard was dismissed from the Tower by Queen Mary as a reward for his loyalty, but then retired to Kenninghall rather than Framlingham. Framlingham Castle was given as a fiefdom, but when the 4th Duke of Norfolk, another Thomas , was executed for treason by Elizabeth I in 1572 , it again fell to the Crown.

From 1540 onwards, little repairs were probably made to the castle and after Maria left Framlingham Castle the castle went downhill quickly. A report from 1589 mentions that the castle walls, wood and masonry are in desperate need of repairs and would probably cost £ 100. The "Great Park" was converted into fields in 1580. When the religious laws against the Catholics increased from 1580, the castle became a prison. In 1600 there were 40 prisoners in the castle, Catholic priests and other people who refused to join the Anglican denomination.

17th to 21st century

The poor house with the Red House wing (left), the middle wing from the 18th century and the remains of the great hall (right)

In 1613, King James I gave the castle back to Thomas Howard , the Earl of Suffolk, but it had fallen into disrepair by that time and the earl chose to live at Audley End House instead . Thomas' son, Theophilus Howard , got into deep debt and sold the castle, estate and earlier Great Park to Sir Robert Hitcham for £ 14,000 in 1635 . Like many other parks, e.g. B. that of Eye Castle , Kelsale or Hundon , the Great Park was divided into different plots. Hitcham died the following year, leaving the castle and manor to Pembroke College , Cambridge on condition that the college demolish the buildings in the castle and build a poor house in their place, which would operate after the Poor Law , which came into force in 1601 .

After the collapse of power in the Howard family, Suffolk was controlled by an oligarchy of Protestant gentry in the 17th century and did not play an important role in the English Civil War of 1642–1646. Like many other English castles, Framlingham Castle was not demolished during this period . Hitcham's legacy was now being tried in court, and work on the poorhouse didn't begin until the late 1650s. The buildings inside the castle were demolished and the stones recycled. The chapel was demolished in this way in 1657.

The first poor house in Framlingham, the Red House, was eventually built in the courtyard and served as a home for poor families. It turned out to be insufficient and was closed due to the poor management of the poor house foundation and instead turned into a pub . The maintenance of the “Meres” was also discontinued at this time and most of the area was converted into a meadow. In 1699 another attempt was made to open a poor house at Framlingham Castle, in 1700 the parade bedroom was destroyed. This poor house was also unsuccessful and in 1729 a third attempt was made: The knight's hall was demolished and the poor house that is still preserved was built in its place. Opposition to the Poor Law grew and in 1834 that law was changed to reform the welfare system. The workhouse at Framlingham Castle was closed in 1839 and residents were relocated to the workhouse at Wickham Market .

The lower courtyard (left) and the back gate (right)

The castle continued to serve various local functions. When the plague broke out in 1666, the castle served as an isolation station and during the Napoleonic Wars as a storage facility for the Framlingham volunteer regiment. After the poorhouse was closed, the castle was used as a drill hall and county court . The community jail and stick were also located there.

In 1913, the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act was passed and Pembroke College took the opportunity to transfer Framlingham Castle to the Commissioner of Works . The corrugated courtyard was smoothed to its present form as part of the maintenance work that followed. During World War II , Framlingham Castle was an important defense facility for the British armed forces. At least one concrete pillbox was built near the castle as part of a line of defense against a possible German invasion. Nissen huts were built and the outer bailey became a parking lot for trucks.

Today Framlingham Castle is a Scheduled Monument and the new owner, English Heritage , has listed it as a Grade I Historic Building and operates it as a tourist attraction which includes the Lanman Museum of the history of the area. The castle's “mere” is owned by Framlingham College and operated by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust .

architecture

Framlingham Castle Floor Plan: A - Courtyard; B - lower courtyard; C - outer bailey; D - city walls; E - poor house; F - location of the former knight's hall; G - location of the former chapel; H - well; I - location of the former kitchen; J - back gate; K - prison tower

construction

Framlingham Castle lies on the steep bank above the River Ore and today consists of three parts, the inner courtyard, the outer bailey and the lower courtyard. It is surrounded by the remaining "Mere" and farming land.

The outer bailey lies south of the inner courtyard, which is provided with castle walls, and was originally surmounted by a wooden palisade and earth walls; the latter have been preserved to this day. The outer bailey was probably accessible via the east gate and contained a number of buildings, probably e.g. B. a bedchamber for the sergeants, a bedchamber for the knights, stables, barn and a granary. Today visitors enter the castle complex through the outer bailey from the south, where there is also a car park.

The inner courtyard (also known as the main castle ) lies behind the outer bailey and can be reached via a bridge from the 15th century that replaced an earlier drawbridge. The gate tower that forms the entrance is of a rather simple design and dates from the 12th century. It wasn't until shortly afterwards that it became fashionable to build much grander gatehouses. The 2nd Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Howard, had the gate tower rebuilt in the 16th century and had his family crest and additional decorations on the walls. The patio has a 10.5 m high and 2.3 m thick curtain wall from local flint and Septaria- concretion , the square of 13, open at the back wall towers is surmounted, each about 14.3 m high and corners sandstone has . The curtain has a handle.

Originally there were several buildings along the inside of the curtain wall. If you walk clockwise from the entrance to the courtyard, you can still see the foundations of the 12th century chapel. According to the rules of the time, a chapel had to be oriented in a north-east-south-west direction, which is why it extends far into the outer bailey, something like the White Castle . Next to the chapel (further clockwise) is the first stone knight's hall, which was built around 1160. In the 16th and 17th centuries, a cannon was probably also mounted on the tower of the chapel.

Opposite the entrance is the poor house in the inner courtyard, which was built in place of the knight's hall from the 12th century. It has three wings, the "Red House" from the 17th century in the south, the middle wing from the 18th century and the north wing, which contains parts of the old great hall. The entire building was renovated in the 19th century. Five hewn medieval stone heads taken from older buildings in the castle were placed in the facade of the poor house. Further clockwise along the curtain wall is the back gate that leads to the prison tower. The prison tower - also known as the west tower - is a remarkable fortress structure that received significantly larger windows in the 16th century. In the middle of the inner courtyard is the 30 m deep fountain of the castle.

A number of ornate Tudor-era brick chimneys can be seen around the courtyard, each with its own design. All but three of them were only there for decoration and the historian R. Allen Brown describes them as “unfortunate” additions to the castle from an architectural point of view. Two of the connected chimneys from the Tudor period use the chimneys from the mid-12th century; they are round and represent the earliest of their kind in England that have survived to this day.

One of the “meres” of the castle can still be seen to the west of the castle. In the 16th century there were two ponds, which were much larger than today and provided with walkways. The dramatic use of water, in which the castle is reflected, is typical of castles from this period, e.g. B. Bredwardine Castle and Ravensworth Castle . Moated castles like Framlington Castle used water to a far greater extent than would have been necessary for pure defense and thus enlarged their appearance. The view from the knight's hall into the inner courtyard originally included the view of the gardens of the lower courtyard and the “Meres” and the “Great Park” below framed it. The area around the castle is still a landscape park today; Even if the "Great Park" is covered by fields today, the view still gives an idea of ​​how the castle and landscape should appear to the owners in the late Middle Ages.

interpretation

One of the five medieval stone heads that were used in the facade of the poor house.

The fortifications of Framlingham Castle from the end of the 12th century sparked much debate among the scholars. An interpretation that z. B. endorsed by historian R. Allen Brown , says they were very progressive for their time and represented a change in the view of military defense at the time. Framlingham Castle has e.g. B. not a donjon , as was very popular with the earlier Anglo-Norman castles, but this castle breaks with this tradition and instead relies on its curtain wall with the towers. The pattern of loopholes on the first floor at Framlingham Castle is just as innovative for the time because it allowed cross and parallel fire against the attackers. The construction of the fortifications at Framlingham Castle is in many ways similar to the changes introduced by King Henry II at Dover Castle and Orford Castle .

The fortification architecture of the castle also shows various weaknesses. For example, the inner courtyard can be overlooked from the outer bailey, the northern flank of the inner courtyard is largely poorly protected and the loopholes in the curtain wall are positioned in such a way that a large part of the castle cannot be overlooked. The wall towers, which are open to the rear, are cheaper to build than closed ones, but more difficult to defend if the curtain has already been breached by the enemy. In addition, they offered few opportunities for enfilade against attackers directly on the wall, because they only protruded little over the curtain wall. These weaknesses provided historians like Robert Liddiard with arguments for their theory that the architecture of castles like Framlingham Castle was influenced by cultural and political imperatives in addition to purely military purposes.

Historian D. Plowman has presented a revised interpretation of the architecture of castles of the late Middle Ages, in which he focuses on the cultural and political aspects of architecture. Plowman thinks that the castle was originally intended to be entered from the north end of the lower courtyard through the ornamental gardens, whereby the travelers used the gate at the prison tower - in this interpretation a barbican rather than a tower - and then reached the inner courtyard. This route would have given high status visitors a dramatic view of the castle, adding to the owner's political prestige. The historian Magnus Alexander doubts the practicability of this version, but admits that this route would have been more practical for hunting parties who wanted to go to the landscape park around the castle.

Panoramic picture of the inner courtyard from the southern wall

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . Pp. 12-13. Retrieved March 13, 2015 (PDF)
  2. ^ Christopher Dyer: Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850 - 1520 . Yale University Press, London 2009. ISBN 978-0-300-10191-1 . P. 63. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 17. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  4. ^ JG Coad: Recent Excavations Within Framlingham Castle in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archeology and Natural History . Issue 32 (1972). Pp. 155-158.
  5. ^ A b Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 23. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  6. ↑ a b John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 2. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  7. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . Pp. 17-18. Retrieved March 13, 2015 (PDF)
  8. ↑ a b Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 18. Retrieved March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  9. ^ A b J. G. Coad: Recent Excavations Within Framlingham Castle in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archeology and Natural History . Issue 32 (1972). P. 160.
  10. ↑ Nicola Stacey and John Ridgard prefer the theory of the castle's construction at the end of the 11th century; Magnus Alexander is rather toying with a construction date in the 1140s; J. Coad proposed the two castles theory. The theory of a building in the 11th century has the disadvantage that there are no documents about it and would also be unusual in East Anglia, where the lords had fewer castles built during this time. The theory of construction in the 1140s closes the time gap with the first recorded mention in 1148 and fits well with Hugh Bigod becoming an Earl in 1140, but begs the question of what the bigods did with the site in the first 40 years of their ownership to have. The two-castle theory cannot be proven either.
  11. ^ A b Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 55. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  12. ^ A b R. Allen Brown: English Castles . Batsford, London 1962. OCLC 1392314 . P. 191. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  13. ^ David Carpenter: Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066-1284 . Penguin, London 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4 . P. 224.
  14. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 24. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  15. ↑ It is impossible to accurately compare 12th century prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. As a comparison, £ 666 was roughly the annual income of the richest baron in England around 1200.
  16. ^ A b Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 147. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  17. ↑ a b John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 3. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  18. ↑ It is impossible to accurately compare 12th century prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. As a comparison, £ 16 at that time was roughly the annual cost of maintaining an average castle.
  19. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 123. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  20. ↑ a b c Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 20. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  21. ^ A b c Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 94. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  22. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 25. Accessed March 13, 2015.
  23. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . Pp. 83, 94. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  24. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 26. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  25. ↑ The date Roger Bigod retook Framlingham Castle is unknown.
  26. ^ A b c d e f C. Taylor: Parks and Gardens of Britain: A Landscape History from the Air . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1998. ISBN 978-1-85331-207-6 . P. 40. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  27. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 26. Retrieved March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  28. ↑ Rosemary Hoppitt: Hunting Suffolk's Parks: Towards a Reliable Chronology of Imparkment in Robert Liddiard (editor): The Medieval Park: New Perspectives . Windgather Press, Bollington 2007. ISBN 978-1-905119-16-5 . Pp. 152, 161. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  29. ↑ Bank and ditch boundaries in parks were created to enable wild animals to jump over the ditch inwards, but to prevent them from fleeing the park again.
  30. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 104. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  31. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 31. Accessed March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  32. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . Pp. 26-27. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  33. ↑ a b c d e f g John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 4. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  34. ↑ a b c d Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 11. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  35. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . Pp. 20-21. Retrieved March 13, 2015 (PDF)
  36. ↑ a b c John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . S. 5. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  37. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 28. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  38. ^ W. Smedley: A Newly Discovered Fragment of a Daily Account Book for Framlingham Castle, Suffolk in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archeology and Natural History , No. 41 (2005). P. 53.
  39. ↑ a b c d e Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 21. Accessed on March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  40. ↑ It is impossible to accurately compare prices and incomes from the 14th century to today's prices and incomes. As a comparison, however, £ 1000 was a typical annual income for a baron in the 15th century.
  41. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 148. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  42. ↑ a b c Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 22. Accessed March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  43. ↑ John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 19. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  44. ↑ John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents from 1270 to 1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . Pp. 13, 21. Accessed March 13, 2015.
  45. ↑ It is impossible to compare 13th century prices and incomes with modern prices and incomes. As a comparison, £ 434 was roughly 2/3 the average salary of a major baron at the time.
  46. ^ A b Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 114. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  47. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 16. Accessed March 13, 2015.
  48. ↑ Since the dovecote was built on an island, the surrounding lake protected the pigeons from vermin.
  49. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 30. Retrieved March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  50. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 106. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  51. ↑ a b Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 29. Accessed March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  52. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . Pp. 29-30. Retrieved March 13, 2015 (PDF)
  53. ^ A b Matthew Johnson: Behind the Castle Gate: from Medieval to Renaissance . Routledge, Abingdon 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-25887-6 . P. 45. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  54. ^ A b c d e John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 6. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  55. ^ A b Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 21. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  56. ↑ John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 130. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  57. ^ C. Taylor: Parks and Gardens of Britain: A Landscape History from the Air . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1998. ISBN 978-1-85331-207-6 . P. 401. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  58. ^ A b Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 17. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  59. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . Pp. 7–8, 19. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  60. ↑ a b John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270-1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . Pp. 6-7. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  61. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 33. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  62. ↑ a b c John Ridgard: Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents from 1270 to 1524 . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1985. ISBN 978-0-85115-432-9 . P. 7. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  63. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 34. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  64. ↑ a b Rosemary Hoppitt: Hunting Suffolk's Parks: Towards a Reliable Chronology of Imparkment in Robert Liddiard (Editor): The Medieval Park: New Perspectives . Windgather Press, Bollington 2007. ISBN 978-1-905119-16-5 . Pp. 161-162. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  65. ↑ a b c d Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 44. Retrieved on March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  66. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 36. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  67. ↑ a b Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 45. Retrieved on March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  68. ↑ It is difficult to compare 17th century prices and incomes with today's prices and incomes. Back then £ 14,000 equates to £ 1,790,000 to £ 22,700,000 in today's money, depending on which conversion factor is used. For example, Henry Somerset , one of the richest men in England at the time, had an annual income of £ 20,000.
  69. ^ Measuring Worth Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present . Measuring Worth. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  70. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . Pp. 36-37. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  71. ^ Augustus Pugin: Examples of Gothic Architecture Selected From Various Ancient Edifices in England. J. Grant, Edinburgh 1895. OCLC 31592053 . P. 23.
  72. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 37. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  73. ↑ Ann Hughes: The Causes of the English Civil War . Macmillan Press, Basingstoke 1998. ISBN 978-0-312-21708-2 . P. 144. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  74. ↑ Simon Jenkins: England's Thousand Best Houses . Allen Lane, London 2003. ISBN 978-0-7139-9596-1 . P. 713. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  75. ↑ a b c d Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 38. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  76. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . Pp. 38-39. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  77. ↑ Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 49. Retrieved March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  78. ^ A b c Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 40. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  79. ↑ a b c Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 50. Retrieved March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  80. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 149. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  81. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 6. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  82. ^ A b Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . S. 5. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  83. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 10. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  84. ^ Norman John Greville Pounds: The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45828-3 . P. 240. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  85. ^ A b Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 14. Accessed March 13, 2015.
  86. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 7, 10. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  87. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . Pp. 7-8. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  88. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . P. 7. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  89. ^ Nicola Stacey: Framlingham Castle . English Heritage, London 2009. ISBN 978-1-84802-021-4 . S. 5, 15. Accessed March 13, 2015.
  90. ^ A b Oliver Hamilton Creighton: Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England . Equinox, London 2005. ISBN 978-1-904768-67-8 . P. 79.
  91. ^ D. Plowman: Framlingham Castle, a Political Statement? in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archeology and History . Issue 41 (2005). P. 44. Retrieved March 18, 2015. (PDF)
  92. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 115. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  93. ^ R. Allen Brown: English Castles . Batsford, London 1962. OCLC 1392314. p. 61. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  94. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 47. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  95. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 93. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  96. ^ R. Allen Brown: English Castles . Batsford, London 1962. OCLC 1392314 . P. 66. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  97. ↑ a b c d Magnus Alexander: Framlingham Castle, Suffolk: The Landscape Context, Desktop Assessment . English Heritage Research Department, London 2007. ISSN  1749-8775 . P. 24. Accessed on March 13, 2015. (PDF)
  98. ^ Sidney Toy: Castles: Their Construction and History . Dover Publications, New York 1985. ISBN 978-0-486-24898-1 . P. 171. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  99. ^ Robert Liddiard: Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500 . Windgather Press, Macclesfield 2005. ISBN 0-9545575-2-2 . P. 6. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  100. ^ A b D. Plowman: Framlingham Castle, a Political Statement? in Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archeology and History . Issue 41 (2005). Pp. 44-46. Retrieved March 18, 2015. (PDF)

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Commons : Framlingham Castle  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 52 ° 13 '26.6 "  N , 1 ° 20' 48.9"  E