Brulé
The Brulé are a North American Indian tribe and belong to the Lakota from the Sioux language family . The name Brulé ("burned") is a French translation of the tribal name in their language, the Lakota language , Sičháŋǧu (also Sicangu ) meaning "burnt thigh" (English Burnt Thigh ), a name used by the Escape from a prairie fire that left many tribe members burned. The full name is: Sicangu Lakota Oyate , "Nation of Burnt Thighs " (Burnt Thighs Nation) . The Brulé form one of seven Lakota tribes, while the other six are called Sihasapa , Hunkpapa , Minneconjou , Oglala , Sans Arc and Two Kettles . Their former tribal area was in western Nebraska , where they, like almost all Indians on the Great Plains, lived from buffalo hunting and lived in tepees .
Groups or Thiyóšpaye the Brulé
The Brulé are often referred to as the Southern Lakota together with the Oglala and are divided into three large regional tribal groups:
- Upper Brulé ( Heyata Wicasa Oyate ) (lived further south and west of the Lower Brulé)
- Lower Brulé ( Kul Wicasa Oyate ) (lived in the White River basin up to its confluence with the Missouri River and in the Missouri River Valley in South Dakota )
- Brulé of the Platte (lived as the southernmost tribal group along the Platte River )
According to a communication from the Brulé Medicine Bull (Tatá´nka Wakan), the three tribal groups were again divided into several groups (Thiyóšpaye, English bands), which in turn consisted of several tiwahe (English camps or family circle):
- Iyakoza
- Chokatowela
- Shiyolanka
- Kanghi yuha
- Pispiza wichasha
- Waleghaunwohan
- Guard unpa
- Shawala
- Ihanktonwan
- Nakhpakhpa
- Apewantanka
history
When the Sioux didn't have horses, they all lived together further east on the upper Mississippi River in what is now Minnesota. They lived mainly from agriculture, planted corn, beans and squash and harvested wild rice . From there they were driven south and west by the Anishinabe (Chippewa), who had acquired rifles from French dealers early on. Presumably the Sioux had come from the Atlantic coast, where they had led the lives of the Woodland Indians. On their way west between 1750 and 1800, the Sioux split into three large groups: the Dakota stayed in Minnesota and Iowa, while the Nakota moved to eastern North and South Dakota. The Lakota became the westernmost group, moving across the Missouri to western North and South Dakota and Nebraska.
The Brulé were first mentioned by Lewis and Clark in 1804 when they lived on the Missouri between the confluence of the White and Teton Rivers . Francis Hayden describes their tribal area around 1850 when they hunted the upper reaches of the White and Niobrara Rivers, with the Teton Rivers forming the northern border. Their horses came mainly from raids against the Arikaree and Pawnee on the Platte River . Around this time, it was hit by multiple epidemics , European diseases such as measles and smallpox , which brought migrating immigrants on the Oregon Trail . The Brulé suffered more than other tribes as their tribal area was closest to the trail.
Grattan massacre
In the late summer of 1854, about 4,000 Brulé and Oglala camped near Fort Laramie on the Laramie River in eastern Wyoming . A Mormon cow from the nearby Oregon Trail got lost in the Indian camp and was killed after doing some damage. On August 19, 1854, Lieutenant John Grattan , who had just come from Westpoint , was ordered to find the culprit and bring him to the fort. He appeared at the Brulé camp with 29 soldiers and an interpreter. Problems arose during the negotiations with Chief Conquering Bear because the interpreter was apparently drunk and insulted the Sioux. As Conquering Bear rose from his seat, a soldier shot him in the back and killed him. Then both sides opened fire. While Grattan and all the soldiers were killed, Conquering Bear was the only loss the Lakota suffered. This event was called the Grattan Massacre by the American press and was part of a large-scale anti-Indian press campaign in the United States at the time. A year later, the US cavalry retaliated against the Brulé. About 600 soldiers under General William S. Harney attacked the Indian camp at Blue Water Creek in western Nebraska on September 3, 1855. The Brulé under Chief Little Thunder numbered only 250 warriors, were hopelessly inferior and lost 85 tribal members, including many women and children. With the Sioux, General Harney was then called the butcher . Crazy Horse , later a famous chief, was just a child and survived the massacre that was dubbed the Battle of Ash Hollow .
Beecher Island
The pressure from the white settlers grew and further conflicts arose. In September 1868, Major George Forsyth marched out with 50 army scouts armed with modern Spencer rifles to punish the Cheyenne for their raids on settlers. They camped on a bend in the Arikaree River, a headwaters of the Republican River in western Nebraska. There they were discovered by Indians. Chief Roman Nose was the leader of an Indian force of 200-300 warriors consisting of Arapaho , Northern Cheyenne , Brulé and Oglala Sioux. Due to their superior firepower, Forsyth's troops were able to defend themselves and retreated to a sandbar in the river. The Indians lost Roman Nose and many warriors on the first day. Forsyth sent some scouts to get help from Fort Wallace , about 100 km away . The siege lasted about eight days, during which the scouts had to live on dirty water and horse meat, until on September 25, 1869, cavalry troops arrived from Fort Wallace. The Americans lost 6 dead and 15 wounded, while the Indians lost around 100 deaths. The site of the siege of Beecher Island is now a National Historic Site .
In other skirmishes, such as the Fetterman Skirmish on December 21, 1866 and the Battle of the Little Bighorn River on June 25 and 26, 1876, warriors of the Brulé were also involved.
Demographics
In 1890 there were 3,245 Brulé on the Rosebud Reservation and 1,026 on the Crow Creek Reservation . In the 2000 census, 14,037 Rosebud-Lakota and 2,550 Crow-Creek-Sioux were counted, which also include members of other Lakota tribes.
Today's tribes of the Brulé
Today, the Brulé, along with members of other Sioux tribes, belong to the following three federally recognized tribes :
- Rosebud Sioux Tribe of the Sicangu Oyate (also Sičháŋǧu Oyate , Sicangu Lakota or Upper Brulé Sioux Nation , the Rosebud Indian Reservation with the administrative seat Rosebud , covers about 3,571 km² in the extreme south of South Dakota and borders on the South Dakota-Nebraska Border, in the east the Keya Paha River and in the west the Little White River flows throughthe reservation, tribal group: Lakota, tribes: Upper Brulé (Heyata Wicasa Oyate - 'Highland People'), Brulé of the Platte, some Oglala and some with Dakota- Ponca descent, who todayidentifyas Ponca , total tribe members (whites and Indians): 20,481 (of which 18,443 Sioux), of which 10,869, including 9,809 Sioux, live in the reservation)
- Lower Brule Sioux Tribe (the Lower Brule Reservation, with its administrative headquarters in Lower Brule, SD, covers approximately 537 km² and almost 130 km of the shores of Lake Sarpe, the reservation borders the Crow Creek Indian Reservation tothe east, both reservations are crossed by the Missouri River separated, tribal group: Lakota, tribe: Lower Brulé (Kul Wicasa Oyate), approx. 1,308 tribe members live in the reservation)
- Oglala Sioux Tribe (also Oglala Lakota Nation , the Pine Ridge Reservation (Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke or Oglala Oyanke) with the administrative seat Pine Ridge and an area of approx. 11,000 km², is located in the southwest of South Dakota on the border with Nebraska , the White River flows through it in West and forms the border in the north, in the extreme northwest it borders on the Cheyenne River, the reservation is considered the poorest area in the USA, the unemployment rate in the reservation is 85.00%, the memorial and the site are located in the reservation of the massacre of Wounded Knee as well as parts of Badlands National Park , tribal group: Lakota, tribes: Oglala, some Upper Brulé (Heyata Wicasa Oyate - 'Highland People'), approx. 35,000 to 40,000 tribal members (whites and Indians, including approx. 50 , 00% Sioux), live in the reserve, one third of the reserve residents state Lakȟótiyapi as their mother tongue)
See also
List of North American Indian tribes
literature
- Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001. ISBN 0-16-050400-7
- Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied : Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834 , 2 volumes with illustrations by Karl Bodmer , Koblenz, 1840–1841. Reprint by L. Borowsky, Munich, 1979.
- Dee Brown : Bury my heart at the bend of the river. Verlag Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg, 1972. ISBN 3-455-08873-2
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Lower Brule
- ↑ Brule History ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Homepage of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe
- ↑ Mary Bakeman: Legends, Letters, and Lies: Readings About Inkpaduta and the Spirit Lake Massacre , page 168, ISBN 978-0-915709-77-9
- ↑ Homepage of the KUL WICASA OYATE - Lower Brule Sioux Tribe
- ↑ Homepage of the Oglala Lakota Nation (Oglala Sioux Tribe) ( Memento of the original from December 9, 2012) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
