Bullenheimer Berg

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Bullenheimer Berg
The Bullenheimer Berg

The Bullenheimer Berg

height 455.6  m above sea level NHN
location Kitzingen district , Bavaria
Mountains Steigerwald
Coordinates 49 ° 37 '11 "  N , 10 ° 15' 11"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 37 '11 "  N , 10 ° 15' 11"  E
Bullenheimer Berg (Bavaria)
Bullenheimer Berg
Type Zeugenberg
rock Sandstone, Keuper
Age of the rock 200-250 million years
particularities - extensive archaeological finds
- Bullenheim lookout tower

The Bullenheimer Berg is a witness mountain of the Steigerwald massif , which rises around 150 m above the surroundings. The Bullenheimer Berg is located in the area of ​​the municipalities of Seinsheim , Kitzingen and Ippesheim , Neustadt adAisch-Bad Windsheim . In Seinsheim the mountain is called Kapellenberg. In the late Bronze Age , the so-called Urnfield Age , there was a hilltop settlement on it. Even today, the plateau is surrounded by an approx. 3 km long ring wall.

Bullenheimer Berg is known for the at least 19 depot finds from there . In specialist circles, however, the Bullenheimer Berg has long been considered to have been almost completely robbed of its metal finds.

Geography and topography

The Bullenheimer Berg rises a few kilometers northeast of the Lower Franconian community of Ippesheim above the surrounding terrain, which is about 30 kilometers southeast of Würzburg and about 15 km southeast of the Main Triangle. It represents the westernmost branch of the Steigerwald massif. In the north, south and west of the Bullenheimer Berg are the fertile areas of the Ochsenfurt, Gollach and Uffenheim districts.

The Bullenheimer Berg is a table mountain that towers over its surrounding area by approx. 150 m and the slopes of which drop steeply on all sides. The plateau is about 1200 meters long from north to south and 180 to 400 meters wide from east to west, resulting in an area of ​​about 30.5 hectares. The ridge has two almost equally high peaks, the 454.5  m above sea level. NHN high eponymous Bullenheimer Berg in the south and 455.6  m above sea level. NHN high Kapellberg in the north, on which the Bullenheim observation tower is located.

The geology of the Bullenheimer Berg encompasses a subsurface of existing bubble sandstones as well as changing geological formations of the central Keuper on the slopes. It occurs u. a. Lettenkeuper, Lehrbergschichten and reed sandstone. There are numerous natural terraces and channels along the steep slopes. The Lettenkeuper generally shows many different small-scale, natural discolorations and makes the differentiation of archaeological findings very difficult in places.

Up until shortly before the First World War, sandstone was mined in the west of the plateau for the production of abrasive sand, as can be seen in the pits that are still open today. In the depression between Bullenheimer Berg, Kapellberg and Bastranken, there were two ponds with a total area of ​​almost 0.5 hectares, which served as cisterns to supply water to the plateau until the 19th century. Today they are silted up and, like the entire plateau, are completely forested. Since the Middle Ages coppice has been cultivated, which means that there are hardly any anthropogenic and erosive disturbances such B. occurred through agricultural plowing, which would have impaired the preservation of archaeological finds. Owing to its use as an oak peeling forest, the oak is the predominant tree species.

Archaeological site monuments

Due to the forest cover, the archaeological remains visible above the surface are preserved relatively well. The entire plateau is enclosed by a ring wall on the slope edge, which, however, is no longer visible above ground in some places. There are also three transverse walls on the plateau, some of which are well preserved. There are also several burial mounds on the terraces of the mountain.

In the west of the mountain on a small mountain spur is a medieval castle stable, of which only the moat system has been preserved, which separates the castle stable from the rest of the mountain. A 15 m high observation tower has been located on the Burgstall since 1972 , the construction of which has partially destroyed the Burgstall.

The ruins of the Kunigunden chapel are still visible

In the middle of the northern part of the mountain plateau is a wetland, on the southern edge of which there is a well built using drywall technology, which probably dates from the Middle Ages. The ruins of the Kunigunden Chapel , a small late Gothic church from the 15th century, which is said to have had a wooden predecessor, are located on a terrace below the plateau . There is a ramified system of sunken paths that lead to the Bullenheimer Berg.

Research history

Despite the ramparts preserved above ground, the Bullenheimer Berg was not recognized as an archaeological monument until 1973 by Björn-Uwe Abels from the State Office for Monument Preservation. In 1974 the mountain was first measured topographically by the State Office for Monument Preservation.

The Bullenheimer Berg came into the focus of archaeological research due to the hoard finds found between 1978 and 1981. In particular, Depot Fund 11, the so-called Phalerendepot, gave rise to the subsequent research campaigns. In the years 1981 to 1983, in a cooperation between the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation and the Chair of Prehistory and Early History at the University of Würzburg, the ring wall and the adjacent settlement area as well as the three transverse walls were examined. The excavation manager was Georg Diemer, who wrote his dissertation on Bullenheimer Berg. Diemer was the first to recognize the five fortification phases of the ring wall, whereby he only dated phases 1 to 4 to the Bronze and Urnfield Ages, for the fifth he considered the possibility of dating to the early Middle Ages. Due to Diemer's accidental death, his dissertation was only published posthumously.

In 1989 there was another excavation campaign by the Chair of Prehistory and Protohistory under the direction of Arthur Berger, with part of the inner area of ​​the mountain plateau being excavated. The excavators also interpreted the finds and post holes as cult buildings.

After a break of more than twenty years, field research on Bullenheimer Berg was resumed. The new research at Bullenheimer Berg is carried out by the Chair of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archeology at the University of Würzburg in cooperation with a working group from the Kitzingen Municipal Museum, the Kitzinger Land Archaeological Network. As part of this research, a high-resolution, digital terrain model of the Bullenheimer Berg and its surrounding area was created in spring 2010 with the help of airborne laser scanning . The research on the mountain itself included prospecting and excavations in summer 2010, 2011 and spring 2012. The Archaeological Network Kitzinger Land carried out several field inspection campaigns in the area surrounding the Bullenheimer Berg in order to discover new settlements in the surrounding area that involved the settlement of the mountain itself related. Finds and soil discolouration were precisely measured with GPS devices.

colonization

The previous settlement findings from the area excavations and wall cuts, as well as the entirety of the known reading findings, indicate a multi-phase settlement history of the Bullenheim mountain plateau.

Mesolithic and Neolithic

An occasional presence of people in the Mesolithic , the Middle Stone Age, can be proven. Groups of hunters and gatherers seem to have stayed on the Bullenheimer Berg for a while. Most of the stray finds of this time are likely to be lost, and flint artifacts have also been found in recent research. The mountain served as a targeting point for the sun temple located near today's Ippesheim (around 4900-4700 BC). There was a permanent settlement in the course of the Neolithic, more precisely in the New Neolithic , from which corresponding finds of the Michelsberg culture are available in large numbers. For reasons that are not yet clear, the settlement probably initially took place in the northern edge of the plateau, but the new research also found indications of settlement outside the ring wall.

Bronze age

Based on the ceramics, a settlement in the burial mound culture of the Middle Bronze Age , also the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age and into the Late Bronze Age can be dated.

Early and Middle Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age settlement has been proven in two areas of the plateau, although it is unclear whether the two settlements existed simultaneously or one after the other. The settlement was initially unfortified, towards the end of the Early Bronze Age the settlement was protected by a structure made of wickerwork and earth - the fortification phase 1 Diemers. In the Middle Bronze Age, the settlement was probably not surrounded by fortifications.

Urnfield time

The settlement in the Late Bronze Age , the Urnfield Culture , initially followed without any break from the settlement in the Middle Bronze Age. During this time a massive wooden curtain wall was built, the fortification phase 2 according to Diemer. This was probably the first time that a settlement with a central location developed. In the late Bronze Age , the settlement was finally abandoned at the transition to the 12th century. The finds break off and the fortification burns down completely, which indicates a lightning strike, a complete fire in the settlement or warlike events. Climatic factors and the temporary lack of forest are responsible for the subsequent abandonment of hilltop settlement during this period. Around the 12th century BC The Bullenheimer Berg remained uninhabited.

A new settlement from the Urnfield Period took place around the 11th century BC. And went hand in hand with a mitigation of the climate. In the 11th to 9th centuries BC In the early to late Urnfield period, the mountain was heavily populated, although at least in the 11th and 10th centuries it was only protected by a weak palisade, fortification 3 according to Diemer. It is possible, however, that a wood-earth wall with a dry stone facade dates back to this time, but this has only been proven by prospecting, not by excavations, and not in all areas either, so dating is purely hypothetical. Settlement reached its peak in the 9th century BC. Reached BC, most of the plateau was densely populated, even the slopes were terraced at that time to make space for residential development. Most of the pottery and many of the depot finds, as well as the only known grave, date from this period. The metal finds indicate a hierarchy in society, but abundant landfills are also an indication of crises. At that time the settlement was initially protected by a complex wood-earth fortification, fortification phase 4 according to Diemer. Towards the end of the Urnfield period settlement, a new fortification was built, which corresponds to the fortification phase 5 according to Diemer. The wall consisted of two dry stone walls, which were fixed in the middle with stones and earth, the stones were broken directly in front of the wall so that an additional ditch was created. There were three clear gates in this phase. The last fortification was never completed, but there is also no evidence of a further horizon of destruction. It probably just remained a ruin. At the transition from the 9th to the 8th century BC, the Bullenheimer Berg was abandoned again, which was perhaps the reason that the last fortification remained unfinished. At the same time, other hilltop settlements in southern Germany were abandoned, the climate cooling probably was around 800 BC. At least one of the reasons for this.

Iron age

Sustained settlement activity could only be proven again from the Latène period. In the early and late La Tène period , especially the edge areas of the plateau were sporadically settled. Other finds indicate that it was used in the 1st century by the Großromstedt group , and the mountain was sporadically inhabited by Teutons during the Roman Empire and the early migration period.

Middle Ages and Modern Times

Since there are only two stray finds from the 7th to 8th centuries AD, the last construction phase of the fortification cannot be dated to the early Middle Ages . On the other hand, there are quite frequent finds from the High and Late Middle Ages . The already mentioned Burgstall dates back to the High Middle Ages, although no archaeological investigation has been carried out for it so far. In addition, there were Wölbäcker on the Bullenheimer Berg , which may be related to the founding of the castle, but were probably not used for long. From the 15th century, coppice forest management is documented. The ravines that lead to the Bullenheimer Berg are also modern .

Indications of a central place character

One of the central questions with regard to the settlement type of hilltop settlement is its function and position in its regional settlement structure. In the case of the Bullenheimer Berg, this applies in particular to its relationship to the Urnfield culture in Main Franconia. The discussion was about a function as exclusive retreats in the event of war, important places of worship or permanent settlements of a central local character, in which the ruling classes of society may have created outstanding settlements early on. There are some references on the Bullenheimer Berg for the latter function.

The depot 11

As described at the beginning, the remarkably extensive hoard was the reason for the first scientific excavations on the plateau after it was discovered by a private metal probe but left in situ. Proper salvage by the Würzburg branch of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and the Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory of the University of Würzburg brought a total of 65 bronze objects from an area about 0.30 m below the current surface and about 0.40 × 0.45 m in size , rectangular pit. 29 of them were rocking rings from the Urnfield period, as they were already in large numbers from the place where they were found, and the hoard also contained 30 decorative disks of different sizes made of sheet bronze, so-called phalers , and two ring pendants each made of two interlocking rings. Among the phaleres, arranged according to their size, were a boar tooth and several animal bones. In a smaller post pit with an increased proportion of charcoal directly next to the depot pit, G. Diemer saw “a surface marking by means of a wooden post [...] in which we can see a kind of cultically motivated marking of the place of deposition”.

The cremation grave

A single cremation grave was discovered in the winter of 1987 on the northeastern spur tip of the plateau, outside the edge wall, and excavated by the Würzburg branch of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation and Georg Diemer. After removing around ten centimeters of humus, an oval to roundish discoloration of a maximum of 25.4 cm in diameter showed a five to six centimeter deep pit. The entire findings were generously exposed and plastered and only excavated in the restoration workshop of the Würzburg branch of the State Office for Monument Preservation. The result was a corpse burn that contained hardly any charcoal particles, so it had apparently been carefully selected from the pyre and brought into the pit. According to an anthropological study, a male adult between the ages of 20 and 40 was probably buried there.

The burial did not include any unambiguously gender-typical additions, so that a more reliable gender determination is probably not possible. According to Janssen, the accompanying additions can be divided into three groups. The pit itself contained 34 bronze fragments from Late Urnfield Age swing rings and one closed ring, while eleven other swing ring fragments were located in the immediate vicinity of the burial. During a supplementary search in 1990, another four rocking ring fragments were recovered around five meters from the site. That makes a total of 49 ring fragments and one closed ring, all of which show roughly the same decorations and which are very likely to be assigned to the grave. They all showed traces of fire exposure to different degrees. Janssen believes that the different degrees of burn of the fragments are due to the fact that the rings were thrown into the fire in a broken state and landed there either in the middle or in the edge area. The extensive similarity of the fragments with those from some depot finds in Bullenheimer Berg dates the cremation grave to level Ha B 2/3.

Assuming that these were worn as jewelry around the ankles, Janssen suggests that the personal rings were removed from the body of the deceased and broken, so that the fragments were distributed to the participants in the ceremony during the burial and then finally in the fire pit could be thrown. So far, there are hardly any known late urnfield burials from Lower Franconia that are so well preserved and so carefully excavated as those from Bullenheimer Berg. The assumptions derived from this are therefore “initially subject to the restriction of an individual finding. In order to secure it further, it would be necessary to examine comparable grave finds in large numbers ”. Georg Diemer saw in the peculiarity of this individual grave and the striking wealth of its bronze gifts, however, a possible indication of the presence of a ruling ruling class: “Due to its rich furnishings, it can best be compared with southern German burnt area graves, which are regarded as typical graves of the leading Late Urnfield nobility class become. It is probably about the ancestors of the later Hallstatt period nobility ”.

Depot A: The "Golden Regalia"

Although the number of hoard finds on the Bullenheimer Berg alone would be quite remarkable, two of them are particularly noticeable as they contained a lot of jewelry. The first of these two jewelry depots contained at least two sets of rocking foot rings with line group decorations, which were bundled with smaller rings and showed heavy signs of wear on their upper and lower sides. Formally, they fit in well with the finds from the other nearby urnfield hoard finds. While the exact location of this depot, which had been excavated by metal probe users, could still be determined quite precisely by the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments, the discoverers of the second jewelry depot were no longer quite so in agreement in this regard. On the basis of their independent tradition, only the following information can be considered to be reasonably certain: At first at least 19 bronze objects of various kinds were found and recovered at a greater depth, including arm rings, rocking foot rings, rag and socket axes , sickles, as well as socket chisels and a chisel . A vessel then appeared underneath that contained twelve gold objects. It is unclear whether the bronzes were at least partially also in the vessel or whether they represent a secondary finding position above the vessel. The latter would argue that the bronzes typologically date to the end of the Urnfield Period, while the gold objects are more comparable to finds from the early Urnfield Period. A connection between the two groups of finds seems likely, however, as some of the gold sheets have a bronze patina, which indicates that they were stored together in the vessel or at least immediately above it. A "longer period of use in the context of ceremonial acts [is] quite likely". A comparable hoard from Bullenheimer Berg is also known (Depot 5). In detail, the share of gold objects in the depot comprised four spiral arms as well as six richly decorated humps and two elongated oval sheets. The exact function of the bosses and sheets is not entirely clear, but they all had numerous holes on the edge, so that they were definitely attached as an "application on a pad". According to R. Gebhard, "an interpretation of the gold objects as components of a ceremonial robe [...] does not seem absurd in view of the importance of the Bullenheimer Berg".

Depots 1 to 4 and the "rectangular house"

The starting point of the second more extensive excavation in 1989 were the sites of depots 1 to 4, which had previously been recovered by private excavators at a distance of a few meters and which together contained 45 bronze objects. In addition to items such as hatchets, sickles and arm rings, as they are known in large numbers from the other depots in Bullenheimer Berg, these four hoards also contained four axle caps with associated split pins. In order to clarify whether this concentration of hoards could possibly be related to other archaeological findings and to check the previous assumption that the Urnfield settlement took place primarily in the immediate vicinity of the edge wall, the plateau was subjected to a large-scale prospecting with the help of phosphate analysis . This resulted in some concentrations also in the interior of the settlement, especially at the site of the depots 1 to 4.

There d-60 has already been cm of blasensandstein of Keupers to on which an irregularly strong culture layer rested. Settlement finds from the first subgrade, such as ceramic shards, smelting clay fragments and charcoal particles, were initially strongly mixed through root penetration, but several discolorations appeared in the next subgrade , which turned out to be post holes embedded in the rock bed. Eight of them had a rectangular, two-aisled post structure about 5 × 7 m in size. For the building, a term post quem to the more recent Urnfield period could be given on the basis of some ceramic fragments from two of the post holes . The excavation also yielded some bronze remains, including a single-edged razor, a broken handle of a second and a needle fragment, most of which also date to the younger Urnfield period. Only a few finds come from the Bronze Age and the Neolithic. Since some of the found points are located within the building, “they show a clear spatial relationship to the same and were definitely put down after its construction. However, whether the house still existed at that time cannot be distinguished with today's dating possibilities ”.

By chance, while the work was still being carried out, another hoard find (now the thirteenth known!) Was discovered about 30 meters south of the excavation area with the help of a metal probe. Its contents were relatively small with only five objects and corresponded to the previous finds from Bullenheimer Berg. Rather, special interest must be attached to this depot because “there are no indications of a decanting or deepening in the culture layer that is also present at this point […]. It appears as if the hoard was deposited on the old surface ”. This fact could make the sparse find reports on depots 1–4 appear a little more credible, according to which their find situation is said to have been very similar in that the axel caps, hatchets, sickles, arm rings and cast cakes found in them were also deposited on the previous surface seemed to be: “A way of storing the undoubtedly valuable objects that speaks more for a non-profane environment”.

Comparison of the depot finds with river finds from Urnfield times

The depositing of objects in depots is widely justified with two possible motives, namely on the one hand an exclusively profane storage intention, e.g. B. in times of war as protection against robbery and looting or by traders, and on the other hand with a ritually motivated laying down, for example as an offering or offering. In order to interpret the intention to deposit, both the deposit itself, in terms of its type of deposit and its content, and the circumstances of its location and its immediate surroundings can and should be considered. The Bullenheimer Berg depots are particularly suitable for a closer look at how they were deposited and their contents, as they “contain bronze forms as they occur simultaneously in rivers and wetlands […]. It shows that some of our objects from depot finds can only be found under the river finds. ”Günter Wegner was able to show that at certain times, e. B. have knocked down some types of knives and hatchets in roughly equal amounts in rivers. With regard to the intention to deposit such river finds, he stated that “many of the objects [...] were certainly lost when navigating or crossing the rivers, some [...] were deliberately thrown into the river as rubbish, others when it was flooded [was] seized. The deliberate sinking of the majority of the finds, namely for religious motives, can no longer be doubted after the research of the last decades [...]. "He therefore comes to the conclusion," [...] that at least in the final phase of the Urnfield time (Ha B3) River finds and hoard finds belong to the same category: both were put down for cultic motives and should not be raised again ”, which would also result in a cultic laying down of at least many of the hoard finds on Bullenheimer Berg.

Conclusion

Numerous findings speak for the character of the Urnfield settlement on the Bullenheimer Berg as a permanently inhabited permanent settlement. The massive fortifications, including the directly adjoining interior buildings, require a densely populated society, which is also reflected in sometimes very powerful cultural layers of up to 0.60 meters thick. The distribution of the bronzes and the ceramic finds over the entire plateau also shows a “settlement of the entire plateau, so that during the urn field period it is suspected that the entire area was more or less densely built up. However, one can hardly expect a simultaneous development of the entire plateau. Rather, it seems to have covered different areas in different periods of time. ”If the central areas of the plateau had actually always been undeveloped to a certain extent during the Urnfield settlement, then a function as pastureland could be assumed for these areas. Since water is superficially accessible in several places on the plateau, a permanent supply of food would have been possible in this way. An agrarian-oriented economy is proven by the numerous tools from the hoard finds and excavation areas as well as by "animal bones finds [of all] common domestic animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and goats."

In addition, various branches of handicrafts seem to be represented in the settlement, as the composition of the hoard finds, but also reading finds and the cultural layers of the excavation areas show. Numerous ceramic finds are likely to be the production of the dishes on site, several Gagat pearls from Depot 1, the existence of handicrafts, various bronze engravers and awls the processing of leather, several spindle whorls the production of textiles, various tools such as axes and other woodworking equipment, a differentiated woodworking, as well as numerous bronze objects or remains and casting equipment testify to all processes of bronze processing on the Bullenheimer Berg. The existence of specialized craftsmen can thus be clearly recognized, and "as non-agrarian people, they are likely to have been in a certain relationship of dependency on their client, who in turn supplied them with food."

From this division of tasks within society, an upper class can be derived that was responsible for planning, coordination and control. The existence of such a ruling class could have been reflected in numerous findings on the Bullenheimer Berg, such as the phalers and ring pendants from Depot 11, the richly decorated cremation grave on the northern edge of the plateau or the golden vestments from Depot A. Also the burial mounds on the slopes of the mountain should be seen as an indication of a kind of aristocratic class and although a dating for them must remain uncertain due to a lack of further investigations, they can be associated with either the Bronze Age or the Urnfield Age settlement, as the plateau has not yet been used in the Hallstatt period is occupied. According to the previous findings in the vicinity of the Bullenheimer Berg, the presence of rulers in the hilltop settlement appears all the more likely: With the exception of three small flatland settlements at the foot of the mountain, which G. Diemer viewed as hamlet-like settlements or farmstead groups made up of a house, stable and warehouse, larger settlements are only known about 10 kilometers away, which is "an expression of the existence of an economic area of ​​the hilltop settlement [to be interpreted], which was reserved for the supply of its residents in this size", thus also as a not insignificant sphere of power and influence .

There are also some indications of cultic activity from the settlement area. As such, the laying down of animal bones and the above-ground marking of the depot 11, the breaking and burning of the rocking ring fragments from the cremation grave and the depots 1 to 4 and 13 around the rectangular house, apparently without a profane background, could be seen. The similarity of the contents and quantities of finds in the existing depots and in rivers in the area, as explained above, could also confirm the cultic aspect of the hoard finds by analogy.

Agriculture

The Bullenheimer Paradies vineyard is located on the southern to western slopes of the Bullenheimer Berg .

See also

Web links

literature

  • A. Berger, H.-U. Glaser: A house floor plan and another hoard from the urnfield era from the fortified hilltop settlement Bullenheimer Berg. The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989. 1990, pp. 89–81.
  • Georg Diemer: The Bullenheimer Berg and its position in the settlement structure of the Urnfield culture in Main Franconia . In: Bayer. Lda. Ground monument (Ed.), Materialh. Bayer. Pre: Row A - Find inventories and excavation findings (1995)
  • Georg Diemer: Depot finds from urnfield times and new excavation findings from Bullenheimer Berg: A preliminary report. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 15, 1985, pp. 55-65.
  • Georg Diemer, Walter Janssen , Ludwig Wamser : Excavations and finds on the Bullenheimer Berg, municipality of Ippesheim, Middle Franconia and municipality of Seinsheim, Lower Franconia. The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1981 (1982), pp. 94–95.
  • Frank Falkenstein , Thomas Link, Heidi Peter-Röcher, Markus Schußmann: prospecting and excavations on Bullenheimer Berg . The archaeological year in Bavaria 2010 (2011) pp. 51–53.
  • Frank Falkenstein , Thomas Link, Heidi Peter-Röcher, Markus Schußmann: New research on the Bullenheimer Berg . Contributions to archeology in Lower Franconia 7, 2011 (2011) 27-50, 161-166.
  • Rupert Gebhard: New hoard finds from Bullenheimer Berg. The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1990 (1991), pp. 52–55.
  • Monika Hagl: A deposit from the Bullenheimer Berg in Franconia (Hort F) from the Urnfield period. Bavarian History Sheets, Supplement 19 (Munich 2008)
  • Walter Janssen : The Bullenheimer Berg. In: Hermann Dannheimer , R. Gebhard (Hrsg.): The Celtic Millennium. Exhibition catalog. Prehist. State Collection 23, Mainz 1993, pp. 75-87.
  • Walter Janssen : A cremation grave dating from the Urnfield era from the fortified hill settlement "Bullenheimer Berg". In: Bayer. State Office. Ground monument (Ed.), Report of the Bavarian Ground Monument Care 30/31 - 1989/90 (1994) p. 78-90.
  • Markus Mergenthaler, Margarete Klein-Pfeuffer (eds.) Knauf Museum Iphofen: Mythos Bullenheimer Berg , Verlag JH Röll, Dettelbach 2012, ISBN 978-3-89754-415-4
  • Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Ed.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-924694-27-2
  • Thomas Völling (Ed.): People-Power-Metals. The urn field time on the Bullenheimer Berg. Accompanying booklet for the special exhibition in the Antikensammlung. (Würzburg 1998)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
  2. ↑ a b Heidi Peter-Röcher: The geographic location of the Bullenheimer mountain . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 1
  3. ↑ Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (ed.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 8 f.
  4. ↑ a b c d Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 11 f.
  5. ^ BU Abels: The ring wall at Bullenheim . Leader Vor u. Mornings Denkmäler 27 (1975), p. 244 ff.
  6. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 12, ibid., 20
  7. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 20
  8. ↑ a b c d e Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 15
  9. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 15, footnote 23
  10. ↑ a b Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 16
  11. ↑ Bullenheim, observation tower turns 40 in mainpost.de on July 29, 2012, accessed on January 28, 2016
  12. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 17
  13. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 12 ff.
  14. ↑ Heidi Peter-Röcher: The excavations in the 1980s . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 4
  15. ↑ Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (ed.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology. (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 4 ff.
  16. ↑ in detail on the fortification phases: Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), pp. 26–37
  17. ↑ Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (ed.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology. (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 7
  18. ^ A b Frank Falkenstein, Stephanie Nomayo, Heidi Peter-Röcher: New archaeological research on the Bullenheimer Berg and in its surroundings since 2010 . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 19
  19. ↑ (ArchNetKL)
  20. ↑ Frank Falkenstein, Stephanie Nomayo, Heidi Peter-Röcher: New archaeological research on the Bullenheimer Berg ... (2012), p. 20
  21. ↑ George Diemer: The Bullnheimer mountain ... . (1995), p. 78.
  22. ↑ Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link a. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 77
  23. ↑ a b Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link u. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Ed.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 78
  24. ↑ a b Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link u. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 79
  25. ↑ Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link a. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 80 f.
  26. ↑ Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link a. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 81 f.
  27. ↑ a b Barbara Drischmann, Frank Falkenstein, Thomas Link u. a .: The prehistoric and early historical settlement of the Bullenheimer Berg in the light of the new research . In: Stephanie Nomayo, Frank Falkenstein (Hrsg.): The Bullenheimer Berg in the focus of modern methods of archeology . (= Series of publications by the Städtisches Museum Kitzingen, vol. 5), Sauerbrey publishing house: Kitzingen 2012, p. 82
  28. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 87 f.
  29. ^ W. Janssen: A cremation grave dating from the Urnfield period from the fortified hill settlement "Bullenheimer Berg" . In: Bayer. State Office. Ground monument (Ed.), Report of the Bavarian Ground Monument Care 30/31 - 1989/90 (1994), p. 78ff .; Diemer (1995), 17 note 26.
  30. ↑ Janssen 1994, p. 90.
  31. ↑ a b Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 85
  32. ^ R. Gebhard: New hoard finds from Bullenheimer Berg . In: Bayer. Landesamt Denkmalpfl./G. f. Bavaria (Ed.), The archaeological year in Bavaria 1990 (1991), pp. 52–55.
  33. ↑ A. Berger, H.-U. Glaser: A house floor plan and another hoard from the urnfield era from the fortified hilltop settlement Bullenheimer Berg . In: Bayer. Landesamt Denkmalpfl./G. f. Bavaria (Ed.), The archaeological year in Bavaria 1989 (1990), pp. 79–81.
  34. ↑ Berger, Glaser 1990, p. 81.
  35. ↑ Albrecht Jockenhövel : On fortified settlements from the Urnfield period in southern Germany . In: Fundber. Hessen 14 (1974) 19 ff.
  36. ↑ a b c Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), p. 83.
  37. ^ Günter Wegner : The prehistoric and early historical river finds from the Main and from the Rhine near Mainz. In: Materialh. Bayer. Pre. 30 (1976) 11.
  38. ↑ Wegner 1976, p. 99.
  39. ^ Jörg Biel : The Bronze Age and Urnfield Age hill settlements in southern Württemberg . In: RGZM (ed.), Arch. Korrbl. 10: 23-32 (1980).
  40. ↑ Georg Diemer: Der Bullenheimer Berg ... (1995), pp. 85–86.