Burano
| Burano | ||
|---|---|---|
 the central square of Burano |
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| Waters | Venice lagoon | |
| Geographical location | 45 ° 29 ′ 9 ″ N , 12 ° 25 ′ 1 ″ E | |
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| length | 675 m | |
| width | 475 m | |
| surface | 21.076 6 ha | |
| Highest elevation | 2 m | |
| Residents | 2762 (2010) 13,105 inhabitants / km² |
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| main place | Burano | |
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Burano , in Venetian Buran , is one of the larger and with over 2700 inhabitants one of the most densely populated islands in the Venetian lagoon with an area of more than 21 hectares . Burano is located northeast of the historic center of Venice . It is actually a group of four, previously five, islands that are close together and connected by eight bridges.
geography
Burano is 670 meters long and a maximum of 450 meters wide, and covers an area of 21.1 hectares , more precisely 210,766 square meters. Burano consists of four individual islands, which are separated from each other by the three mostly only 10 meter wide canals Rio Pontinello (west, with four bridges), Rio Zuecca (south, two bridges) and Rio Terranova (east, two bridges) and connected by bridges are. Originally there were five islands that were separated from each other by another canal, the Rio Terà del Pizzo, which was filled in and now forms the Via Baldassare Galuppi on the (sub) island of San Martino, which is located in front of the Church of San Martino Piazza Baldassare Galuppi is expanding. Similar to the old town of Venice, Burano is traditionally divided into sestieri , namely into five (the sixth sestier of Burano is formed by the neighboring island of Mazzorbo ). These correspond to the five original islands:
| Sestiere |
Area hectares |
most densely 's population |
Density 3) | map | ||||
| San Mauro | 6.8 | 818 | 12029 | |||||
| Giudecca 1) | 2.5 | 255 | 10200 | |||||
| San Martino Sinistra | 4.4 | 586 | 13318 | |||||
| San Martino Destra | 5.1 | 759 | 14882 | |||||
| Terranova | 2.3 | 359 | 15609 | |||||
| Burano (island) | 21.1 | 2777 | 13176 | |||||
| Mazzorbo 2) | 22.7 | 329 | 1449 | |||||
| 1) not to be confused with Giudecca in the sestiere Dorsoduro in the old town of Venice | ||||||||
| 2) Neighboring island (not on map), area estimated | ||||||||
| 3) Number of inhabitants per km² | ||||||||
Since the filling of the rio Terà del Pizzo canal (today via Baldassare Galuppi ), the sestieri San Martino Sinistra and San Martino Destra have formed an island, San Martino.
In 2010, exactly 2,762 people lived on Burano. At the 2001 census, 3267 inhabitants were found, all in the main town of the same name.
With more than 13,000 inhabitants per km², Burano has a very high population density , many times higher than the neighboring island of Mazzorbo , 50 meters to the west , with which Burano is connected by a 60-meter-long wooden bridge. Burano is almost completely built up, with only a few small green areas. A good 150 meters further north is the island of Torcello across the Canale di Burano .
history
Archaeological excavations since 1961 have shown that Burano was already in the 1st century BC. Was inhabited while 5 km away on the mainland, the city of Altinum had advanced to the center of the region. Wooden structures were discovered on the north bank of the Canale di Burano. In addition, there were structures on the canal between Burano and Mazzorbo, then at the point called “darsena della Giudecca”, which was of high continuity. According to Ernesto Canal , the buildings were used in the 1st to 2nd centuries, then again, separated by a "hiatus", in the 9th to 12th centuries. A little south of Burano, in the Palude di S. Caterina - S. Francesco, was found, also in the 1st century BC. Beginning in BC and extending into the 2nd century, it was a Roman settlement that consisted of around 40 houses. Today it is about 2.5 m below sea level. In this epoch between the 2nd century BC And the 3rd / 4th In the 19th century AD, the sea level was much lower, so that parts of the lagoon became mainland, which are now known as Palude or Barene . Numerous larger mansions lined up along some of the canals, while most of the buildings were rather modest in size. In the 4th century the rising sea water made it impossible to continue the settlement; the increase remained the strongest in the 1st and 2nd millennia. On Burano itself, a coin from the time of Constantine I was found in the course of a foundation repair, and a coin from Emperor Commodus for Bruttia Crispina below the bell tower at a depth of 7 m . In the salt marshes south of Burano, remains of paths and roads were found, including a 250 m long and 4 m wide section at a depth of 1.8 m in the Palude di Burano, but also large quantities of amphorae. On the bank of the Canale Pessaora di S. Erasmo, also part of the predecessor settlement of today's Burano, fragments of Attic ceramics from the 6th century BC were found. BC, but also a Roman bronze statuette.
New settlements did not occur until the 7th and 8th centuries, when the falling sea level allowed this again. The areas that were still used for agriculture in antiquity from the 2nd century onwards, when the sea level had already risen, were now settled, while the Roman settlement areas were avoided. With each phase of rising sea levels, the lagoon inhabitants of the north migrated to the mainland, and when the level fell, settlement activity on the islands started again from there. The legendary tradition according to which the Buranese had to leave their settlement, which was called Burano da Terra , and which was located in today's Paludi , especially in the Palude di S. Erasmo, in 959, receives its historical justification against this background. The Buranese had to give up their settlement in order to retreat from the rising sea and to settle again in a more northerly place, where Burano is today. At the same time, there was evidence of a saltworks restored in 958, which probably came from the 8th or 9th century. This makes Arcones , also known as Vetere , the oldest detectable saltworks in the lagoon.
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Burano, first mentioned in a source in the year 840, namely in the Pactum Lotharii , was, if one follows the written sources, until the late Middle Ages a rather less important fishing island. For a long time it was administered by the Podestà of Torcello . The island was a contrada, a municipality in Venice. The first Podestà was Martino Cappello (1247). Burano was at that time, not only of less importance than Torcello, but also as Mazzorbo, if you consider the number of osteries , of which there were five there, but only one on Burano.
The 40-strong Consiglio della Magnifica Comunità di Burano , in which the most influential men were gathered, who had to be at least 25 years old, existed as early as the 13th century . In 1256, a committee was set up to control the municipal income, the Governatori all Entrate . In 1342 the Podesteria of Torcello was divided into five parts, two of which included Torcello, two more Mazzorbo and a Burano. In 1378 the island, like its neighbors, supported Vettor Pisani in the fight against the Genoese who had invaded the lagoon. In the 15th century, a number of decisions on the food trade indicate a period of increasing trade. But in 1419 the costs of building and maintaining roads and bridges between Torcello, Mazzorbo and Burano were split 6 to 3 to 1. Between 1427 and 1474 Burano had crossbowmen (balestrieri) and a kind of militia. 50 Buranese were called up in 1479 to defend the Albanian Scutari against the Ottomans.
At the end of the 15th century, Burano was already a growing competition for the privileged Torcello, which, however, increasingly had to struggle with swamping. Mazzorbo and Burano demanded the same rights as Torcello, whose Podestà soon moved to Burano. In Venice, careful attention was paid to natural resources. The fishermen of Burano should make sure that they do not risk the extinction of the fish stocks (p. 266). The island also developed in the field of education and welfare, as indicated by the founding of the Accademia letteraria degli Assicurati, as well as that of the Fraterna dei Poveri , the brotherhood of the poor, or the Opera Pia delle Donzelle Periclitanti .
The growing number of inhabitants was reflected in the fact that more and more Buranese were requested for war missions. While there were 79 men in 1537, their number rose to 230 in 1570. Torcello, on the other hand, only had to provide 15 men, Mazzorbo even 12. Soon, prisoners were also forced into galley service, which was initially only used in times of war, but soon became permanent . In the meantime, the Podestà refused to return to the increasingly uninhabitable Torcello under a variety of pretexts. At the same time, the neighboring Mazzorbo was gradually plundered, so that in 1550 considerations were made as to whether it might not make more sense to use the money earmarked for the reconstruction of Mazzorbo for other purposes. In 1615 a decree declared Torcello uninhabitable and the nuns on Mazzorbo lived in poor conditions. Nevertheless, Venice existed as the residence of the Podestà until the end of the 17th century on Torcello, whose inhabitants meanwhile increasingly migrated to Burano. Its main source of income, fishing, was increasingly regulated in the interests of the city center. In the 16th century, the Buranese were only allowed to sell their fish on the island itself or in the Rialto market; Nothing could be sold on the mainland. Smuggling flourished, especially with wine.
In the meantime, 2500 to 3000 people lived on Burano, spread over around 700 houses. Economically, only the Michiel family with their vineyards stood out from the poorer families, as well as a Zuanne dei Rossi with its ten houses. The residents were all poor fishermen, apart from the priest, the organist and the fishermen's guest house . In addition, in 1553 a "Medicus" appears in the sources. Venice viewed the security situation as so critical that Burano was divided into four quarters, which could not be left by boat at night on the death penalty. The further increase in the population is evident from the fact that at least five bakeries for sale (pistorie) were planned, as the two bakeries that had previously existed were no longer sufficient. In 1663, in addition to these bakeries, Burano had a flour storage facility, but also reserves for oil, wine and drinking water. At the same time, the demand for sailors and workers for the arsenal where the ships were built increased.
As early as the 18th century, what the authorities wanted to prevent occurred, namely overfishing of the waters. This was due to the overpopulation of the island. The smuggling of wine, oil, flour and grain increased again sharply. In 1773 the Senate complained not only of the poor payment behavior, but also of the disorderly situation. The Uffici Sanitari di Levante (on Burano and Lignano ) and di Ponente (between Lido and Chioggia ) devoted themselves particularly to caring for the sick, but also to warding off epidemics from East and West . From the middle of the 18th century the population slowly declined.
With the occupation of the Republic of Venice by Napoleon , Burano became a comune that belonged to a district. The ecclesiastical institutes were dissolved, which brought the island into great economic difficulties.
The men of Burano continued to make a living from fishing, while the women lived from lace embroidery from the 16th to the end of the 18th centuries. The top school Scuola di Merletti revived this craft in Burano and from 1872 created masterful copies and recreations of old needle techniques. In 1885 the canal was filled in on which Via Baldassare Galuppi is located today.
The forced industrialization on the adjacent mainland (Mestre) made the traditional branches of business meaningless. Symptomatic of the complete change in living and production conditions was the closure of the last saltworks in the Venetian lagoon, from San Felice near Burano, in 1907 . These salt pans have been one of the most important foundations of Venetian fortune since the early Middle Ages. In 1924, Burano was formally assigned to the greater municipality of Venice, against the resistance of the residents.
In 1981 the island still had 5208 inhabitants, who were distributed among 1685 families in 1587 accommodations, 67 of which were vacant. While only a few apartments on the ground floor are inhabited in Venice, this is still the rule on Burano (p. 16); the number of one-person households was 105. Between 1962 and the late 1970s, more than a thousand residents had left the island. 70.5% of the houses were owned by the residents, the rest were rental apartments or houses.
The needlepoints from Burano
The tip embroiderers from Burano presented since the 16th century peaks in the elaborate needlepoint technique Reticella ago. Basis of the needle tip is performed with the sewing needle and the thread canvas simple buttonhole stitch (= point noué , punto a festone a stuora ), the dense solid forms of geometrical Reticella possible.
Reticella is a double breakthrough work and needle point (= sewing point) with a geometric pattern. In the double opening , warp and weft threads are pulled out of the linen or areas are cut out to create open fields in the linen material. Double openwork (= point coupé = punto tagliato) accordingly denotes a broken line embroidery with cut canvas background.
In the case of the Reticella , threads are pulled out of a plain weave fabric in a double opening and the resulting webs are embroidered with buttonhole stitching, the holes are filled with diagonal threads, which are in turn embroidered. When so many threads are pulled out that almost nothing is left of the basic material, one approaches the Punto in Aria (Italian: embroidery in the air). Punto in Aria (first mentioned in 1554) refers to the lace , which is detached from the strictly bound linen fabric and freely sewn onto the parchment base . For the needle point , the pattern is drawn on parchment, then threads are stretched along the drawing, which will form the basis of the point. This basic grid is then mostly embroidered with the buttonhole stitch, further connecting threads are pulled and the areas in between are partially filled. Sometimes thicker threads are also laid and embroidered in order to achieve a relief surface. After the needle point is finished, the parchment is removed. The needle point was used in the 17th and 18th centuries for the fill patterns (rempli and modes) and the web and mesh base.
The characteristic of the early double opening work in the 16th - 17th centuries is the regular square framework of linen threads into which patterns were worked. The development of the double breakthrough later led to the detachment from the previously used canvas and thus to the liberation from the division into squares, which hindered a free pattern. The squares were enlarged, the large empty areas were spanned with diagonal threads to form a ray pattern and an abundance of motifs were used for these nets. This made reticella possible. The transition from breakthrough work to freehand lace took place in the first half of the 16th century.
In the second half of the 18th century, Burano referred to a flat basic point made of yellowish silk with a small square mesh, dense toilé with portes and simple decorative nets used sparingly. The pattern has long, thin volutes with small leaves and flowers as an echo of the baroque tendril. In the case of the basic point , the pattern of the point lies in a regular mesh network of differently shaped small regular meshes, called the network ground (= réseau ). Portes are small openings cut into patterns in the fond (= sewn-in area of the pattern) of the needle point.
The Burano needle point was made at the end of the 18th century in Burano linen with a cross-worked base in imitation of Alençon . The Buranoleinen was a particularly loose linen fabric. Alençon was a sewn basic lace with a rich use of decorative nets ( modes ) and delicate relief. Punto di Burano was first mentioned in the Gazetta Veneta in 1792 .
The needlepoints in the typical Burano stitch were exported at high prices and led to an economic boom until the end of the 18th century , which was ended with the introduction of new processes for making lace .
In the middle of the 19th century, the art of Burano lace embroiderers was forgotten. Only one old woman still knew the way of working that was passed down from generation to generation through personal tradition. It was then that elegant Italian women founded the top school Scuola di Merletti in Burano in 1872 , where the technique of punto in aria , the airy stitch , for the ornate ornamentation was handed down and passed on. The top school was under the protectorate of the Italian queen and created masterful copies and recreations of all needle techniques. At the Triennale in Milan in 1940 the needlepoints from the Buran schools and workshops were exhibited in admirable quality.
Sights of the island
The Scuola di Merletti still exists in the Piazza Galuppi and exhibits real Burano lace in the Museo del Merletto , which is still an expensive luxury item today. In contrast, many small shops on the island sell lace from Asia that in no way correspond to real Burano lace .
Typical of Burano are the many small fishermen's houses, each painted in a strong color that contrasts with the neighboring houses, which are reflected in the canals and which emphasize the individuality of the respective homeowners. The curious blaze of colors attracts many painters and photographers to the island.
A memorial in Piazza Baldassare Galuppi commemorates the Italian composer Baldassare Galuppi , who was born on October 18, 1706 in Burano.
The crooked campanile of the Church of San Martino in Piazza Galuppi can be seen from afar. The church contains a crucifixion scene by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo .
people
- Giovanna Maria Farussi (1708–1776), theater actress and mother of the Italian writer and adventurer Giacomo Casanova , born in Burano
- Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1785), composer, born in Burano
Local legend
The legend tells that the color scheme of the houses was used to orient the fishermen who, when it was foggy or after a night at night, identified their island and their home based on color.
literature
- Giorgia Pellizzer: L'erosione della laguna come metafora dell'erosione di un tessuto sociale: il caso di Burano , tesi di laurea, Università Ca 'Foscari, Venice 2018 ( http://dspace.unive.it/handle/10579/12118 on-line).
- Lidia D. Sciama: A Venetian Island. Environment, History and Change in Burano , Berghahn Books, New York / Oxford 2003.
- Mario De Biasi (ed.): Storia di Burano , Venice 1994 (De Biasi lived from 1923 to 2015, was secretary of the Deputazione di Storia Patria ).
- Marie Schuette: Old tips: a handbook for collectors and enthusiasts (= library for art and antiques lovers . Volume 6 ). 5., rework. Edition. Klinkhardt and Biermann, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7814-0070-0 .
- Brigitte Bellon: Bobbin lace reticella: = Dentelle reticella aux fuseaux . Fay, Gammelby 1998, ISBN 3-925184-76-7 .
Movie
- In the Venice lagoon - Burano and Torcello. Documentary, Germany, 2006, 43:30 min., Script and direction: Birgit Kienzle, production: SWR , first broadcast: September 6, 2006 on SWR, table of contents .
Web links
- Search for Burano in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
- Official Burano Home Page (Italian, English)
- The History of Burano (English)
- Burano in the former quarter 6: Burano, Mazzorbo, Torcello
Individual evidence
- ↑ Venice islands: All the islands of Venice by area ( memento of March 24, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), veniceinitaly.com, accessed on September 20, 2012
- ↑ Comune di venezia, direzione programmazione e controllo, area della programmazione, del controllo di gestione e qualità e dei servizi statistici, servizio statistica e ricerca, ufficio ordinamento ecografico e toponomastica, organizzazione della numerazione civica nel codifica di venezia, struttifica degli indirizzi. ( Memento of March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) City of Venice, September 30, 2005, page 6
- ↑ Areas measured in proportion on the map
- ↑ dawinciMD - Consultazione dati del 14 ° Censimento Generale della Popolazione e delle Abitazioni. In: istat.it. dawinci.istat.it, accessed on August 6, 2016 .
- ↑ This and the following from: Ernesto Canal : Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960–2010 , Cierre, 2015, pp. 271–288.
- ↑ Ernesto Canal: Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960-2010 , Cierre, 2015, p. 279.
- ^ Ernesto Canal: Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960–2010 , Cierre, 2015, p. 280.
- ↑ Ernesto Canal: Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960-2010 , Cierre, 2015, p. 287.
- ↑ Ernesto Canal: Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960-2010 , Cierre, 2015, p. 287.
- ↑ This and the following from: Ernesto Canal : Archeologia della laguna di Venezia, 1960–2010 , Cierre, 2015, p. 266ff.
- ↑ Lidia D. Sciama: A Venetian Island. Environment, History and Change in Burano , Berghahn Books, New York / Oxford 2003, p. 8.
- ↑ Margarete Merores: The Venetian salt pans of the older time in their economic and social significance , in: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 13 (1916) 71-107, here: p. 73.
- ↑ Lidia D. Sciama: A Venetian Island. Environment, History and Change in Burano , Berghahn Books, New York / Oxford 2003, pp. 6, 13.