Ceutorhynchinae

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Ceutorhynchinae
Parethelcus pollinarius

Parethelcus pollinarius

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Beetle (Coleoptera)
Subordination : Polyphaga
Superfamily : Curculionoidea
Family : Weevil (Curculionidae)
Subfamily : Ceutorhynchinae
Scientific name
Ceutorhynchinae
Gistel , 1848
Ceutorhynchus sp.
1: upturned pronotum anterior edge
2: lateral cusps of the
pronotum 3: preapical cusp crest of the wing covers
Coeliodes ruber
Rutidosoma globulus
Hadroplontus litura
Rhinoncus pericarpius
Eubrychius velutus
Ceutorhynchus assimilis

The subfamily Ceutorhynchinae or, depending on the author, the Überertribus Ceutorhynchitae or the tribe Ceutorhynchini is a group of weevils . It contains well over 1000 species in approx. 130 genera. The relatively small animals feed on plants both as larvae and as adults . There are numerous economic pests in the group. However, other species have also been deliberately introduced into other countries to combat invasive neophytes .

Since the newer view of the subfamily as part of other subfamilies has not yet established itself, this article will continue to refer to the subfamily Ceutorhynchinae.

features

Because of the great abundance of species, there is hardly a characteristic that applies to all representatives without restriction. Nevertheless, the types of the subfamily are built quite homogeneously overall.

They are all small species, mostly 2.0 to 3.5 mm in length, and more rarely below or above. The largest species are about 6 mm long. The body is almost always compact and short oval.

The pronotum is almost always tapered from the back to the front. A typical and exclusive feature of many Ceutorhynchinae is the upturned, "collar-shaped" pronotum leading edge, which is easy to see in profile and often has a small notch in the middle. On the disk of the pronotum, on the sides behind the center, there is a side hump in many species.

Another very typical feature are the epimers of the mid-breast, rising high on the sides of the body . These can then be seen in a view from above between the posterior corners of the pronotum and the shoulders of the elytra. In many species they are more densely scaled and then quite conspicuous.

The trunk is of varying length and strength, but almost always more than 3 times as long as it is wide, and rarely longer than half the body length. In the resting position, it is placed on the front chest between the always separated front hips. Many species have a so-called proboscis canal there, which can also reach into the mid-breast and has sharp edges on its sides and at its end.

The antennae are always kneeled. The antenna whip can be 7-part or 6-part. The eyes are not noticeably approached on the top of the head and in most species are separated from each other by about the width of the trunk.

The front rails have no clear thorn at their outer end, at most at their inner corner. The legs can be toothed or imperforate. The claws are always free. In exceptional cases (genus Mononychus ) only one claw is present. In many species each claw has a sharp, straight forward tooth at the base.

The short wing-coverts , usually not more than 1.5 times as long as they are jointly wide, have a crest of pointed tubercles on the sides in the vicinity of the wing- cover collapse, usually around the 6th to 8th space, in many species the so-called pre-apical humps. In some species these tubercles extend further forward as rasp grains on the outer interstices, in some species all interstices are also without exception rasped.

The coloring, sculpting and hairiness or scaling of the body is very different in the individual species.

biology

The larvae of the Ceutorhynchinae develop exclusively on living plants. Usually you can also meet adults on their host plants. Some species are strictly monophagous , others oligophagous . In total, plants from at least 55 different families occur as host plants, including numerous species that are protected by poisonous alkaloids or glucosinolates , for example the genera Allium , Papaver , or numerous cruciferous vegetables . The latter family is the host plant for no fewer than 400 different species of Ceutorhynchinae.

The host plants are usually herbaceous plants, only in a few species also deciduous trees. Depending on the species, the most diverse parts of the plants are attacked: Just like species in which the larvae are exclusively found, the adults mostly in and on the roots ( e.g. various species of the genus Rhinoncus ), there are those in which the larvae are found in the Fruits live while the adults can be found on the inflorescences. The larvae live freely or in the plant, depending on the species. In the latter case, you can u. U. deformations such as B. Gallen form.

It is often found that within individual genera or tribe only plants from certain families or genera are accepted. The question of how far the evolution of the Ceutorhynchines has run parallel to that of the covered species or certain groups of these is difficult to answer in detail, since in every case secondary host changes have also occurred, for example that of the genus Paroxyonyx and related genera on ephedra ( sea ravages ).

Due to their hidden way of life and their monophagy, many species are usually only found by specifically searching the host plants or by breeding them from samples taken from the host plants.

Economical meaning

Numerous species of the subfamily can appear as pests. The following list of examples is not exhaustive.

Cabbage weevil ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ) Especially harmful in the cultivation of rapeseed , but also in the production of seeds of cabbage varieties.
Great rapeseed weevil ( Ceutorhynchus napi ) Is harmful on various cruciferous crops, especially through deformities in winter oilseed rape.
Oprohinus suturalis The larvae live in the leaf sheaths or inside the tubular rolled up leaves of Allium species, which can damage the species on onions.
Mohnkapselrüssler ( Neoglocianus maculaalba ) The larvae live in the capsules of the poppy family and can become harmful by eating on cultures for seed production.
Calosirus terminatus The larvae live in the stems and root necks of various umbelliferae and can become harmful when these plants (e.g. caraway , carrot , celery or parsley ) are grown .

In particular, other species of the genus Ceutorhynchus are harmful to cruciferous crops.

Conversely, for example, the following species were introduced into foreign countries in order to control the spread of certain neophytes.

Art where plant to be controlled
Trichosirocalus horridus agg. North America, Australia, New Zealand Cirsium , Carduus , Onopordum
Microplontus edentulus North America Odorless chamomile ( Tripleurospermum inodorum )
Hadroplontus litura North America Field thistle ( Cirsium arvense )
Ceutorhynchus turbatus North America Arrow cress ( Lepidium draba )
Ceutorhynchus typhae North America Shepherd's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris )
Mogulones cruciger North America Common dog's tongue ( Cynoglossum officinale )

distribution

The Ceutorhynchinae are distributed worldwide both in the temperate latitudes and in the tropics. The main area of ​​distribution is Europe and West Asia. In Australia they are represented with comparatively few species, which mainly radiate from New Guinea.

Taxonomy

Spelling

In older texts one often encounters the spelling Ceuthorhynchinae or Ceuthorrhynchinae . Both are wrong and are no longer used today.

The reason for the confusion is the derivation of the generic name Ceutorhynchus from the Greek from κεύθω (keutho), I hide, and ῤύγχος (rhynchos), trunk. According to the nomenclature rules, errors in the transcription do not justify correcting the scientific name of a taxon.

External system

The species in this group have long been regarded as an independent subfamily and are usually still so today. Their monophyly is hardly questioned due to their quite homogeneous morphology. Phylogenetic investigations have confirmed this, at least after the family group around the genus Orobitis had been separated out.

Their taxonomic status within the family is currently the subject of controversy. Some authors, for example Alonso-Zarazaga, place them as Überertribus Ceutorhynchitae or as a tribe Ceutorhynchini in the subfamily Conoderinae . Other authors, for example Marvaldi & Lanteri or Kuschel as tribe Ceutorhynchini in the subfamily Curculioninae . The reason is that they appear as a coherent branch in cladistic studies, but this often has its origin between the branches of another subfamily.

Internal system

The earliest described species of the subfamily were described in the genus Curculio , for example the cabbage weevil ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ) as Curculio assimilis . In the period that followed, more and more genera belonging to the subfamily were described.

However, the beetles of the tribe Ceutorhynchini remained a problem, most of which were described in the genus Ceutorhynchus . This became very large due to the very numerous new descriptions, and attempts were made early on to break it down into sub-genres. But since many of the derived features, for example the formation of a sharp proboscis canal, the teeth of thighs or claws, the scaling, etc., evidently emerged several times independently of one another in the subfamily, this breakdown is difficult and must be made by carefully comparing the totality of all features . In turn, this is only possible for those species for which the processor has specimen copies, so that many species for which this is not the case remain in the genus Ceutorhynchus for the time being.

This process of breaking down the subfamily is still ongoing, as can be seen by looking at the dates of the initial descriptions in the list below.

At the moment the subfamily is divided into 9 tribes with a good 130 genera. The following compilations of the tribe and the genera of the group follow Alonson-Zarazaga & Lyal (1999). The attempt to subdivide it into subtribes was not made here.

* Ceutorhynchini Gistel , 1856
* Cnemogonini Colonnelli , 1979
* Egriini Pajni & Kohli, 1982
* Hypurini Schultze , 1902
* Lioxyonychini Colonnelli , 1984
* Mecysmoderini Wagner , 1938
* Mononychini LeConte, 1876
* Phytobiini Gistel , 1856
* Scleropterini Schultze , 1902

Links to subordinate taxa

swell

  1. ↑ Colonnelli, E .: Catalog of Ceutorhynchinae of the world, with a key to genera (Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae). Argania Editio, Barcelona, ​​2004, ISBN 8493184764
  2. ↑ a b Freude, H., Harde. KW, Lohse, GA: Käfer Mitteleuropas, Volume 11. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 1983. ISBN 3-87263-031-8
  3. ^ Letsch, H. & al .: Climate and host-plant association shaped the evolution of ceutorhynch weevils throughout the Cenozoic. Evolution Volume 72, Issue 9
  4. ↑ Nilsson, G .: Observations on the development of weevils (4). Entomologische Nachrichten 1980, 12. pp. 185-188
  5. ↑ a b Wagner, H .: Monograph of the Palearctic Ceuthorhynchinae (Curcul.) Entomologische Blätter 34, 1938. pp. 145–172
  6. ↑ McDonald, RC, Kidd, KA, Robbins, NS: Establishment of the Rosette Weevil, Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in North Carolina. Journal of Entomological Science 29 (3): 302-304. 1994
  7. ↑ Groenteman, R., Kelly, D., Fowler, SV: Bourdiot, GW: CAB International 2008. Which species of the thistle biocontrol agent Trichosirocalus are present in New Zealand? 146XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 2015
  8. ^ A b c Muller, F .: Ensuring the Safety of Classical Biological Control for Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Canada: Assessment of the Ecological Host Range of Candidate Ectoparasitoids in Europe and Clarification of their Taxonomic Status. Summary of the article on [1]
  9. ↑ Pest Alert - Mogulones cruciger . United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. APHIS 81-35-014. Issued March 2010. [2]
  10. ^ Pullen, KR, Jennings, D., Oberprieler, RG: Annotated catalog of Australien weevils. Zootaxa 3896 (1): 1-481. 2014
  11. ^ Dieckmann, L .: On the nomenclature of some European weevil genera. Contribution Ent. Vol. 20, 1970. pp. 111-128
  12. ↑ Schenkling, S .: Nomenclator coleopterologicus: an etymological explanation of all generic and species names of the beetles of the German fauna area. Jena. 1922
  13. ↑ Alonso-Zarazaga & al .: Cooperative catalog of palaearctic coleoptera Curculionoides. Monografias electrónicas SEA 8.Zaragoza, Spain, 2017
  14. ↑ Marvalid, A. Lanteri. AA: Key to higher taxa of South American weevils based on adult characters (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 78: 65-87. 2005
  15. ^ Kuschel G .: A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Washington 14: 5-33. 1995
  16. ↑ Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Lyal, CHC: A world catalog of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Entomopraxis, SCP 1999. ISBN 84-605-9994-9

Web links

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