Daniel Cramer

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Daniel Cramer, copperplate engraving
Radicabor : Daniel Cramer's emblem (1642) combines the meaningful fields of bees, roses and hearts in an allegory of salvation

Daniel Cramer (also Candidus , born January 20, 1568 in Reetz , † October 5, 1637 in Stettin ) was a German Lutheran theologian, chronicler and author.

Life

Born as the son of the Lutheran preacher Martin Cramer, who was a pastor in Reetz in the Neumark , he first attended the school in his hometown. From 1581 he was in the school of Landsberg (Warthe) , where he received lessons in Greek and Latin. In 1584, at the age of sixteen, he became a pupil of the Princely Pedagogy in Stettin , where he possibly received lessons from Christoph Stymmel . Since the school was also affected by the Calvinist dispute over Cramer's teacher Konrad Berg , who was Stymmel's opponent, Cramer moved to the grammar school in Danzig in 1586, then after a six-month stay in his home town in Rostock . In September 1588 he was enrolled at the University of Rostock , where he heard from among others David Chyträus and Simon Pauli and in 1591 acquired the academic degree of a Magister . In Rostock he taught Holger Rosenkrantz , the son of the Danish governor and imperial councilor Jørgen Ottesen Rosenkrantz . In 1592 Cramer was invited to Denmark. On the trip he wrote the school drama Areteugenia , his first dramatic attempt.

In the same year an extraordinary professorship in logic over the Organon (philosophical doctrine ) of Aristotle was established at the University of Wittenberg , which Cramer assumed on October 9, 1592. This activity, which was only planned for 24 months, was remunerated with 50 guilders annually. This is where the school drama Plagium, printed in 1593, was written . Cramer, who was influenced by Nicodemus Frischlin , was just as young as Stymmel, one of the most successful and happiest playwrights of the time. The denunciation of the mistreatment of the peasant class in his Areteugenia and, above all, the fate of the charcoal burners in the plagiarism suggest that Cramer had made Frischlin's support for the oppressed classes his own.

For academic instruction, especially for future theologians, Cramer wrote in Wittenberg with Isagoge in Metaphysicam Aristotelis the first Protestant on Aristotelian metaphysics . It was published in Hanover in 1594. In it, in the course of a return to the genuine Aristotle, he dealt solely with the master's metaphysics . During his time in Wittenberg, he was primarily interested in the theology of Aristotle. His method consisted of picking out the main statements from a work by Aristotle , following the kind of comments made by Philipp Melanchthon on ethics, physics and psychology, and treating them according to the philosophical method of the time, without the aid of foreign interpreters. At that time, metaphysics had a place in Christian theology in the confrontation with pagans and heretics, but Cramer's work was unable to meet these demands. It was too scarce, offered too much natural theology, and suffered from diction. So it was soon replaced by numerous newer textbooks.

Cramer was appointed to Stettin in 1594 as archdeacon at the Marienkirche , professor at the pedagogy and assessor at the Stettiner Konsistorium . In 1597 he became court preacher and chief pastor at St. Mary's Church and inspector of education. In the summer semester of 1598 he received his doctorate in theology in Wittenberg. After the death of his father-in-law Jakob Faber , who had been the general superintendent of Pomerania-Stettin , he was in charge of the general superintendent's duties on an interim basis for five years until a new general superintendent, David Reutzius , was appointed in 1618 .

In his writings, Cramer dealt primarily with philosophical and theological topics, occasionally under the name of Daniel Candidus . As a militant Lutheran, he turned actively against Jesuits and Calvinists . In 1615 he wrote against the Brandenburg general superintendent Christoph Pelargus , who hardly opposed the Calvinism that had gained a foothold in Brandenburg.

In addition to a large number of philosophical and theological treatises, disputations and pamphlets, Cramer is important in Pomeranian historiography through his Großer Pommersches Kirchenchronikon , which was first edited and supplemented by Cramer in 1602 and then more often, last in 1628. It also contains a few short descriptions of dramatic performances at the Pomeranian court, about which no other information is available from other sources.

Cramer went blind during a sermon in 1636 and died the following year. He was buried in St. Mary's Church in Stettin.

Marriages and offspring

Daniel Cramer married Erdtmuth Faber (1578–1608) in Stettin in 1595, daughter of the general superintendent Jakob Faber . The 13 year marriage resulted in seven children. The son Johann Jacob Cramer († 1659) became a pastor at the Johanneskirche (Danzig) , the daughter Regina Cramer married D. Alexander Seifarth, Daniel Cramer received a master's degree, and Gertraud Cramer married the court attorney Marcus Schlürig. The other children died young.

Cramer entered his second marriage in Stettin in 1609 with Elisabeth Marten, daughter of the businessman Barthelm Marten. This 28-year marriage resulted in nine children, most of whom died early. The sons Philipp Cramer and Friedrich Cramer were still students when their father died.

Fonts (selection)

  • Tractatus de Vita & Morte Jac. Backmeisteri . Rostock 1591.
  • Areteugenia . 1592. (drama)
  • Plagiarism . 1593. (drama)
  • Antiquarius, that is: Thorough description of the unholy holiness and holy unholiness of the bäbste, cardinals, abbots, praelates, monks, nuns and Jesuits . Frankfurt / M. 1596 ( full text ).
  • Isagogue in Metaphysicam Aristotelis . Hanover 1594, 1601.
  • Synopsis trium librorum rhetoricorum Aristotelis . Szczecin 1597.
  • Tractatum de sublimi corporis bearorum spiritualis mysterio . Muhlhausen 1601.
  • Areteugenia. De Aretino et Eugenia […] Fabula ficta et comice descripta . Leipzig 1602.
  • Extract and brief, informative report from the Colloquio in Regensburg, between our theologians ... and the Gehsuiten . Szczecin 1602.
  • The Great Pomeranian Church Chronicon . Four volumes: Frankfurt / Main 1602, Stettin 1602, 1618, 1628.
    • Pomeranian Church Chronica: Anno 1124 - entrance 1601 . Old Szczecin 1602 ( full text ).
  • Methodus concionandi, de interpretatione cujusvis textus biblici, tam artificiosa quam populari . Szczecin 1605.
  • Scholas Prophericas in 6 classes . Hamburg 1606.
  • Disputationes octodecim de praecipuis Logicae Aristot. Partibus . Wittenberg 1607.
  • Sanam doctrinam de praedestinatione . Szczecin 1611.
  • Advertisement apologetica ad inserenda Jacobum Gretseri . Wittenberg 1612.
  • Concerns on C. Pelargi German Confession . Wittenberg 1615.
  • Societas Jesu et roseae crucis vera . Frankfurt Main 1617.
  • Interpretation of all scriptures . Strasbourg 1627.
  • Octaginta emblemata moralia Nova . Frankfurt / Main 1630 (reprint: Georg Olms, Hildesheim 1981, ISBN 978-3-487-05356-1 ).

Newer editions

  • Federica Masiero (ed.): Plagium. Comoedia by Daniel Cramer (1593) with the German translation by Bartholomäus Ringwaldt (1597). Weidler, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89693-547-2 .

literature

  • Angela Baumann-Koch: Early Lutheran prayer literature with Andreas Musculus and Daniel Cramer . 2001.
  • Gottfried von Bülow :  Cramer, Daniel . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 4, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 546 f.
  • Wolfgang Harms and Michael Schilling: Daniel Cramer: Emblemata Sacra . 1994.
  • Heinz Kathe : The Wittenberg Philosophical Faculty 1502–1817 (= Central German Research. Volume 117). Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-412-04402-4 .
  • Walther Killy (Ed.): Literature Lexicon: Authors and works in the German language . Vol. 2, p. 469, Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verlag, Gütersloh / Munich 1988–1991 (CD-ROM: Berlin 1998 ISBN 3-932544-13-7 ).
  • Sabine Mödersheim: Domini Doctrina Coronat. The spiritual emblematics of Daniel Cramer (1568–1637) . 1994.
  • Maciej Ptaszyński: Cramer, Daniel (1568–1637) . In: Dirk Alvermann , Nils Jörn (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon für Pommern . Volume 2 (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania. Series V, Volume 48.2). Böhlau Verlag, Cologne Weimar Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-412-22541-4 , pp. 64–66.
  • Fritz Roth : Complete evaluations of funeral sermons for genealogical and cultural-historical purposes . Self-published, Boppard / Rhein 1980, vol. 10, p. 24, R 9022.
  • Friedrich Wagnitz: Daniel Cramer (1568–1637). A life in Szczecin around 1600 . Kiel 2001.
  • Eckhard Wendt: Stettiner Lebensbilder (= publications of the Historical Commission for Pomerania . Series V, Volume 40). Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-412-09404-8 , pp. 114–116.

Web links

Commons : Daniel Cramer  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Wilhelm Bethke: The dramatic poetry of Pomerania in the 16th and 17th centuries (= Pomeranian research , third row: Contributions to the literary and general intellectual history of Pomerania , edited by Leopold Magon, volume 6). Universitätsverlag L. Bamberg, Greifswald 1838, pp. 59–71.
  2. ↑ See the entry of Daniel Cramer's matriculation in the Rostock matriculation portal .
  3. ↑ See the entry of Daniel Cramer's master's degree in the Rostock matriculation portal.
  4. ↑ Funeral Sermon Protestant Seminary Wittenberg.
personal data
SURNAME Cramer, Daniel
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Candidus, Daniel
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Lutheran theologian, chronicler and author
DATE OF BIRTH January 20, 1568
PLACE OF BIRTH Reetz
DATE OF DEATH October 5, 1637
Place of death Szczecin