Darwinia (genus)

Darwinia
	Darwinia leiostyla in its natural habitat in the Stirling Range, Western Australia
Systematics
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family :	Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
Subfamily :	Myrtoideae
Tribe :	Chamelaucieae
Genre :	Darwinia
Scientific name
	Darwinia
	Rudge

Darwinia is a genus of plants withinthe myrtle family (Myrtaceae). All about 52 species are originally found only in Australia .

description

Branch with leaves and flowers of Darwinia meeboldii

Appearance and leaves

Darwinia species grow as evergreen shrubs that reach heights of 0.2 to 3 meters. They contain essential oils .

The leaves, which are arranged opposite to each other on the branches of all species (cross-opposite), are stalked or sessile. The herbaceous or leathery, simple leaf blades are cylindrical and linear or bilaterally flattened, always glabrous, dotted with glands and have an aromatic smell. There are no stipules .

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

The inflorescences are collections of single flowers in the axils of green or colored bracts on the ends of the branches. Two bracts each envelop the flower buds.

The relatively small to medium-sized, hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The free flower cup (hypanthium) is bell-shaped to tubular and usually towers above the ovary; it is often clearly five-ribbed or wrinkled in the lower area. The five mostly relatively small, durable sepals are more or less petal-like and have entire margins. The five free, short nailed petals are entire, elliptical, egg-shaped or elongated. The petals usually envelop the lower area of the pistil. The colors of the petals are usually white to cream, but can also be partially or completely red to purple, less often green to yellow. The stamens are straight or curved inward in the bud. Ten fertile, more or less identical stamens alternate with ten staminodes , which can be petal-like. The thread-like stamens are fused with each other and can be fused with the petals. The spherical dust bags , which look the same, open at the top with pores. There is a discus. Two carpels are a half under constant, single-chamber ovary grown. Two to ten anatropic ovules are arranged in basal placentation . The simple, long stylus covered by the petals protrudes over the petals and has a group of hairs below the scar.

The pollination is done by insects ( Entomophilie ) or birds ( ornithophily ). In Darwinia pimelioides there is self-fertilization ( autogamy ).

Fruits and seeds

The closing fruits are mostly solitary nut fruits . The corolla is still present on the fruit.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is n = 6. In many species there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 12.

Spread and endangerment

The genus Darwinia is widespread in Australia with around 51 species . On the Australian continent, the species occur in the states of New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Western Australia . The center of biodiversity is in southern Western Australia.

Darwinia foetida is considered "Critically Endangered" = "critically endangered". The following are rated as “Endangered” = “endangered”: Darwinia acerosa , Darwinia apiculata , Darwinia carnea , Darwinia chapmaniana , Darwinia collina , Darwinia ferricola , Darwinia oxylepis , Darwinia polychroma , Darwinia whicherensis , Darwinia wittwerorum . Darwinia biflora , Darwinia masonii , Darwinia meeboldii , Darwinia nubigena , Darwinia squarrosa are classified as "Vulnerable" = "at risk".

Branch with leaves and flowers of Darwinia glaucophylla

Branch with flowers of Darwinia grandiflora

Branch with leaves and flowers of Darwinia hypericifolia

Branches with leaves and flowers of Darwinia macrostegia

Branch with leaves and flowers of Darwinia squarrosa

Branch with leaves and flowers of Darwinia taxifolia subsp. macrolaena

Systematics

The genus Darwinia was established in 1815 by Edward Rudge in A Description of several new Species of Plants from New Holland , In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Volume 11, p. 299. The type species is Darwinia fascicularis Rudge . The generic name Darwinia honors the English poet, doctor and botanist Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), the grandfather of Charles Darwin . Since George Bentham's work in Flora Australiensis , Volume 3, Myrtaceae to Compositae , 1865, the genus Darwinia has not been revised .

Synonyms for Darwinia Rudge are: Cryptostemon F.Muell. ex Miq. , Francisia Endl. , Genetyllis DC. , Hedaroma Lindl. , Polyzone Endl. , Schuermannia F. Muell. There is the homonym Darwinia Raf. as a genus of the Fabaceae family published in Constantine S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz : Florula Ludoviciana, or, a flora of the state of Louisiana , 1817, p. 106.

The genus Darwinia belongs to the tribe Chamelaucieae in the subfamily Myrtoideae within the family Myrtaceae .

There have been around 52 (up to around 70 to 90) Darwinia species since Keighery 2009 :

Darwinia acerosa W. Fitzg. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia apiculata N.G. Marchant : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia biflora ( Cheel ) BGBriggs : New South Wales .
Darwinia briggsiae Craven & SRJones : New South Wales.
Darwinia camptostylis B.G.Briggs : Southeastern Australia.
Darwinia capitellata Rye : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia carnea C.A. Gardner : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia chapmaniana Keighery : This endemic occurs only in a small area west of Coorow and Marchagee in southern Western Australia . It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
Darwinia citriodora ( Endl. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia collina Gardner : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia diminuta B.G. Briggs : New South Wales.
Darwinia diosmoides (DC. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia divisa Keighery & NGMarchant : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia fascicularis Rudge : Queensland to New South Wales. With two subspecies:
- Darwinia fascicularis subsp. fascicularis : New South Wales.
- Darwinia fascicularis subsp. oligantha B.G. Briggs : Queensland to New South Wales.
Darwinia ferricola Keighery : It is only known from the Scott Coastal Plain east of Augusta in southern Western Australia. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
Darwinia foetida Keighery : This endemic is only known from three localities near the town of Muchea in southern Western Australia. There are at least 1300 copies. This species is considered "Critically Endangered" = "critically endangered".
Darwinia glaucophylla B.G. Briggs : New South Wales.
Darwinia grandiflora (Benth. ) RTBaker & HGSm. : New South Wales.
Darwinia helichrysoides ( Meisn. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia hortiorum K.R.Thiele : This rare species is only five localities, with each estimated about 500 copies, in a total area of approximately 3 x 3 km known in the Monadnock-Conservation Park and adjacent Boone ring-State Forest. This is the Jarrah Forest vegetation form on soils over granite rock and loam or loamy-clay soils. Bushfires occur in these areas, but it has been shown that young plants can be found on burned-down areas and so this presumably promotes rejuvenation of the stand.
Darwinia hypericifolia (Turcz.) Domin : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia leiostyla (Turcz.) Domin : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia leptantha B.G. Briggs : New South Wales.
Darwinia luehmannii F. Muell. & Tate : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia macrostegia ( Turcz. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia masonii C.A. Gardner : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia meeboldii C.A. Gardner : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia micropetala ( F.Muell. ) Benth. : South Australia and Victoria .
Darwinia neildiana F. Muell. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia nubigena Keighery : It is endemic to the Stirling Range National Park in southern Western Australia. This species is considered "Vulnerable" = "endangered".
Darwinia oederoides ( Turcz. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia oldfieldii Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia oxylepis (Turcz.) NGMarchant & Keighery : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia pauciflora Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia peduncularis B.G. Briggs : New South Wales.
Darwinia pimelioides Cayzer & FWWakef. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia pinifolia (Lindl.) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia polycephala Gardner : Southwestern Australia.
Darwinia polychroma Keighery : It is only found mainly on roads and railways in the area of Carnamah in southern Western Australia. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".
Darwinia procera B.G. Briggs : New South Wales.
Darwinia purpurea ( Endl. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia repens A.S. George : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia salina Craven & SRJones : South Australia .
Darwinia sanguinea ( Meisn. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia speciosa ( Meisn. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia squarrosa (Turcz.) Domin : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia taxifolia A. Cunn. : New South Wales.
Darwinia terricola Keighery : The species first described in 2012 occurs in southwestern Western Australia.
Darwinia thymoides ( Lindl. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia vestita ( Endl. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia virescens ( Meisn. ) Benth. : Southwest Australia.
Darwinia whicherensis Keighery : Only known from two populations at the base of Whicher Scarp, southeast of Busselton in southern Western Australia. It is considered "Endangered" = "highly endangered".
Darwinia wittwerorum N.G.Marchant & Keighery : It is endemic of the Stirling Range National Park in southern Western Australia. This species is considered "Endangered" = "critically endangered".

No longer counted in this genus:

Darwinia verticordina ( F. Muell. ) Benth. was placed in 1991 as Verticordia verticordina ( F.Muell. ) ASGeorge in the genus Verticordia .

use

Some Darwinia species (for example Darwinia citriodora , Darwinia oxylepis , Darwinia leiostyla ) are used as ornamental plants. They are used in parks and gardens in frost-free areas. In areas with frost, they are suitable as container plants. There are several varieties.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peter G. Wilson: Entry in the New South Wales Flora Online . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Entry in the Western Australian flora . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ IPCN Chromosome Reports . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Greg J. Keighery: Six new and rare species of Darwinia (Myrtaceae) from Western Australia , In: Nuytsia , Volume 19, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 37-52: PDF .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ ^a ^b Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Entry in Australian Plant Name Index = APNI . Retrieved January 12, 2013.
^ ^A ^b Darwinia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b Kevin R. Thiele: Darwinia hortiorum (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae), a new species from the Darling Range, Western Australia , In: Nuytsia , Volume 20, 2010, pp. 277-281: PDF .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Darwinia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 290-291).

Web links

Commons : Darwinia - collection of images, videos and audio files

Rodger Elliot: Shrubby Myrtles at Australian Plants Online .

[NSWFo-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Peter G. Wilson: Entry in the New South Wales Flora Online . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[WAF-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Entry in the Western Australian flora . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[ChromosomeReports-3] IPCN Chromosome Reports . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[Keighery2009-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Greg J. Keighery: Six new and rare species of Darwinia (Myrtaceae) from Western Australia , In: Nuytsia , Volume 19, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 37-52: PDF .

[EPBCredList-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[biodiversitylibrary-6] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-7] Entry in Tropicos . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[APNI-8] Entry in Australian Plant Name Index = APNI . Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[GRIN-9] A ^b Darwinia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 12, 2013.

[Thiele2010-10] Kevin R. Thiele: Darwinia hortiorum (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae), a new species from the Darling Range, Western Australia , In: Nuytsia , Volume 20, 2010, pp. 277-281: PDF .

[WCSP-11] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Darwinia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 28, 2020.

[Botanica2003-12] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein pages 290-291).