Dialects in Wuppertal
In the urban area of Wuppertal there are several dialect groups in parts of the city that have developed due to several language barriers.
Historical overview
The area of today's Wuppertal has been involved in various historical processes, mostly as the target of different territorial interests . Since the early Middle Ages, the east of today's urban area has also been in the border area between the Franconian settlement area and the area of the Borchter , a former Franconian tribe, which was ruled by the Saxons . This separation is still reflected today in the border between Rhineland and Westphalia . The settlement of the Wupper area between the 7th and 9th centuries took place both from the Franconian and from the Saxon side.
In the 13th century, settlement centers formed in Wuppertal, which were all under the rule of the Bergisch dukes until the 15th century , but mostly came from the pre- Bergisch era and represented the dialects of their settlement direction.
This centuries-old development is reflected in the diverse Wuppertal dialects , the development of which was extremely complicated and has not yet been researched in detail. As part of the three adjoining domains of the Rhineland ( Düsseldorf , Duisburg , Krefeld ), Westphalia and the Archdiocese of Cologne , the historical development led to the emergence of three language areas , which are separated from each other by isoglosses .
As a result of the industrial revolution ( textile industry ) in the 19th century, a lively stream of people found their way into the valley of the Wupper . The sister cities of Barmen and Elberfeld developed into the largest and economically strongest cities in what is now North Rhine-Westphalia . Together they surpassed the cities of Cologne , Düsseldorf and Essen at the time . This immigration was reflected in a linguistic expansion of the local dialects and district-specific dialects were formed. A distinction is therefore made today between Barmer Platt , Elberfelder Platt , Ronsdorfer Platt and Cronenberger Platt .
Main dialect rooms
In Wuppertal, four main dialect areas can be identified, which are separated from one another by recognizable language barriers. In the south the Ripuarian dialect group , in the west the South Lower Franconian (outdated East Limburg ) dialect area, in the middle the Ostberg dialect area and in the east the Märkisch Platt .
The language borders of the Wuppertal area
The principal lines in the linguistic transition region (westmittel-) German dialects from low Fränkischen about Ripuarian and Mosel Frankish to Rhein Fränkischen are in the so-called Rheinische compartments . In particular, the Benrather line and the Uerdinger line run through the Wuppertal area.
The Benrather or maken / make line
The Benrath linguistic line , which emerged in the 13th century, runs in the Wuppertal area in a west-east direction between Benrath (today Düsseldorf), the south of Solingen , Burg an der Wupper and the south of Remscheid and thus just south of the Wuppertal city limits. However, it does not designate a sharp language boundary, but a transition within the continental-West Germanic dialect continuum .
It delimits the Ripuarian (Cologne) -franconian and Moselle-Franconian area , which unfolds from the south, from the Lower Franconian dialect area. Today, the Benrath line represents the most important, unchanged valid and always verifiable language border between the Low German and Lower Franconian on the one hand and the High German dialect areas on the other. The Wuppertal districts of Vohwinkel , Cronenberg and Ronsdorf belong to the Low German and Lower Franconian maken area within the dialect continuum . The towns of Leichlingen and Burscheid to the south of it, as well as Solingen's Burg an der Wupper district, are part of the High German make area .
The Uerdinger or ek / ech line
The Uerdinger linguistic line , which emerged in the 14th to 16th centuries, branches off from the Benrath line to the north between the towns of Hückeswagen and Wermelskirchen , initially leads northwards along the Wupper and linguistically separates Solingen and Wuppertal- Vohwinkel from the eastern Wuppertal districts. To the east of the line is the Ostberg dialect area, to the west is the South Lower Franconian (outdated East Limburg ) dialect area.
This line mainly affects the words I and also , so it is shaped by individual occurrences of Standard German. Remscheid - Lüttringhausen , Wuppertal- Beyenburg , Wuppertal- Elberfeld , Wuppertal- Barmen and Velbert - Langenberg (Rhineland) belong to the ek area ( Lower Franconia ) . The real area (high German) includes Remscheid, Wuppertal- Cronenberg , Wuppertal- Ronsdorf , Wuppertal- Sonnborn , Velbert- Neviges and Velbert. Within this borderline to Westphalian, the phonetic changes ek / ech, sek / six and mek / mech are also evident.
The Westphalian or et / en line
The Westphalian Line essentially coincides with the border that ran between the Saxons and Franks and later between the former Duchy of Berg and the County of Mark . The Bergisch Barmen shifted its eastern border twice to the east around 1400 and 1922, so that this language border now runs in a north-south direction through the middle of today's Wuppertal district. To the east of this language border are Radevormwald , Schwelm , Wuppertal- Nachbarebreck , Wuppertal- Langerfeld and Essen .
The Westphalian line separates the Ostberg dialect area from the Brandenburg region of Platt .
The Wupper Line
The complexity of the linguistic lines can be seen in another borderline, which is related to the course of the Wupper in the Kohlfurth : The dialects Wuppertal-Cronenberg and Remscheid on the eastern and Solingen (including Gräfrath ) on the western side of the Wupper differ significantly from each other. Examples:
- East: Ketel, Lepel, Beker, Buem, schwatt, Hatte
- West: Kessel, Leffel, Becher, Bourn, Schwart, Hert
Summary
In summary, the following picture emerges: The Upper Berg dialects belong to the Ripuarian-Middle Franconian, i.e. the High German, more precisely: the Central German language area, the dialects between the Rhine and Sonnborn, Unterwupper and Ruhr are Lower Franconian transitional dialects. Wuppertal-Elberfeld (except Wuppertal-Sonnborn) and Wuppertal-Barmen (except Wuppertal-Nachbarebreck and Wuppertal-Langerfeld) belong to the Lower Franconian language area, which extends in the south to Wipperfürth and widens in the north and z. B. also includes Dutch.
In Wuppertal-Elberfeld, which was more heavily influenced by the Rhenish-Cologne region, there are also linguistic tendencies. The eastern part of Wuppertal-Barmen belonged ecclesiastically and judicially to Westphalia (Mark), Schwelm and Wetter for a long time . This also left traces of language.
Language examples
Standard German | Elberfeld | Cronenberg | Langerfeld | Barmen | English | Dutch |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
old | aul | ault | old | old | old | oud |
Elberfeld | Elberfeil | Elwerfeil | Elwerfeld | |||
patiently | patient | gedü-elech | dodgy | patiently | ||
crooked | kraum | kroump | crooked | krom | ||
air | According to | Lout | hole | Loft | ls | |
my | ming | ming | min | min | mine | mijn |
Torment | Ping | Ping | Pien | Pain | pijn | |
purely | reng | run | pure | reen | purely | |
Quiet | Rough | Rouh | Rou | rust | ||
salt | Sault | Sault | Solt | Solt | Salt | zout |
I am | corner them | real sense | corner sin | ek them | I am | ik ben |
I go | corner enough | eh gonn | ek go | I go | ik ga | |
I have | Eck hann | eh hann | ek häw | I have | ik heb | |
book | Bok | Bu-ek | Bauk | Book | Book | boek |
to fly | fleegen | to fly | fluffy | clean | fly | vlie |
freeze | freesen | fry | fraise | fry | freeze | vriezen |
high | high | hu-e | hoge | huach | high | hoog |
dog | Honk | Hongk | Rue | Hongk | hound | hond |
cap | Hot | Hu-et | skin | Hoot | Hood | hoed |
mother | Moder | Mu-eder | Moer | Moder | Mother | moeder |
speak | bang | bang | elect | bang | call | praten |
tell | distribute | distribute | distribute | vote | tell | distribute |
Example Oberbarmer Platt
- Oberbarmer Platt by Bernd Lehmbach-Voßdahls
- In spoken language
- De great tears man schtenkönd fuul,
- so laabot poor Lütt dat Muul.
- Yes, don't tag on ock knock,
- Demm Angon, dat big Frässbrätt schtoppön.
- Schiilze no Angon mean Schixe,
- cress old already wiar wixe.
- Hates made as feces,
- kiss mols stupid laundry,
- cress van de Ollen ock no Drasche.
- The box göflickt, the look em Driet,
- dat wor as mols en Schlaite Tied.
- Krechtze ock öfto wat anne Ooren,
- send wo do all grown grotesque.
- Trümmo is fed up with
- Hütt it dat awwer en large Schtatt.
- Met Oppasso vam Amt oh wat fain,
- dä'önse fröher ock gään Pansch sain
- What then? Thu bad flat!
- Brunköppe was quick at the gate.
- Dröm is working on
- honest in your deed,
- dat es no Owobarmo Aat.
Example of the Cronenberg dialect
Qui-ekenfusel by Manfred Osper
- Vuogelski-eschen vam Qui-ekenbuom,
- gowen dänn aulen geföalechen cloars.
- Datt Tüch wo-ar enn d'r Mu-elen ku-em,
- do enough old datt Fu-er ut d'r Juppe lost.
- Nomm ti-end woaren se pleesterscheel,
- deified Moses on the prophets,
- on komen nit rut ut där Mukendeel,
- gow-ett do u-ech still gett te eten.
- Enn Linnewer kohm enn de Mau,
- then gong'et hi-em, no där li-ewen woman.
- On die fong schwalkech aan te sengen:
- "Owes di-este hop on blow,
- On tomorrow you can't fix a box. "
- De rest wo-ar - like angersch - Schabau .
Example of the Barmer dialect
I-Dötzchen from Else Küllenberg
- Nu kiek ens aan da kleene Stropp,
- how loosely ha met Kenger charm,
- omm Räuen think of new bags,
- a giant bare arm
- seck oppem schoalwechsel heet worked!
- The moderation is still packed
- on brengten böß tur poten hen,
- then loosens your ear strong hank,
- desolder the Kleng dat stöck alleen
- en senses new kenger world.
- Off deck dat, Jönken, getz pleases,
- stellsetten op ner häulern bench,
- do reknen, schriewen all thanks?
- Schoalmeester maken deck getz klog
- on learning deck de reite Sprok.
- Omm Schoalhoff awe a little,
- dinn camera bellows yawn.
- Dat göfft molls knees on total noise.
- Macksse dobi just been fast,
- or heesse selfs wat en de Mau?
- Just get your deck! Et Lewen blinks
- chin kengerspeel. You fluid, bold!
- Haul Herz on Senn am reiten Fleckl
- The world bridges gentle love.
- Fulpelz on Brunköpp don't do it!
Example: Elberfelder Platt
by Rudolf Schwander
- Us Elberfeil
- Nu kallent, wat jött kallen welln!
- Ek sei on stayed dobie:
- I just love an Elberfeil,
- on dat es uset here.
- How heet seck dat erut gedonn!
- The corner of the sun bellow is still wohr.
- Kank eck builds every stowendöar,
- dat it nu nit mear wohr.
- Wherever me kicks, there is now
- Se build keng Hüskes mear-
- A city of people
- Me almost sings not de kear.
- Om new Matt, wat thinks de wall,
- Where does de Eeke stong sit,
- Thu are sun Kähls van Steen, hen löppt
- et Water ut de Monk.
- En Rothus es do newenaan,
- Soa es keent en Berlin;
- On when et nit en Rothus wör,
- Kön et en Kirke sinn.
- Johannesberg, you leewe Tied!
- In town hall it et nu,
- That it is soa nice, you don't glimpse,
- On everything flows dropp do.
- Dä Brusenweat it opgeschott,
- De Kirmes es perdü,
- De Foa on't Möhlenschött are futt,
- Mer pals see me here.
- De Wopper is so tight
- And it is quite wet
- That's nothing! You heet et ok
- often relished herbs.
- On dröwer es en Iserwerk,
- there are cars on it,
- they loop like a thunder keel;
- Me nommt et Schwewelsbahn.
- Wä op de pedagogical mark wished,
- there is now nothing mear ut;
- Em wuppig eat a city,
- On een, two, three wea rut.
- Ok loop Wages op de Strot
- van selwer, without päd,
- How do you think about it?
- Et es de Möte wät!
- Dröm kallent, wat jött kallen waves!
- Eck was on stayed dobi;
- I just love an Elberfeil,
- on dat es uset here.
Bergische Heimat poet
- Margaret Hild (Remscheid)
- Charlotte Elling and Else Küllenberg (Wuppertal)
- Bernd Lehmbach-Voßdahls Oberbarmer Platt (pseudonym Benno van'e trademark)
- Karl-Heinz Dickinger, Edwin Markert (Cronenberg)
- Marga Rühl (Ronsdorf)
- Pseudonym Günter van Ongerbarmen also Guenter G. Goertz, anecdotes, stories, novels
Wuppertal dialect experts
- Bernd Lehmbach-Voßdahls (pseudonym Benno van'e Gemarke), Wuppertal dictionaries, dialect poetry, dialect research. Creation of the Wuppertal dialect key
- Lore Duwe (including translation of Mina Knallenfall into standard German)
- Gunnar Kohlenick (including cookbook "Koken wia tu Huus") Join-in dictionary, interactive dictionary of the Wuppertal people,
- Idea for the series: Unterbarmer Blagen. Grew up between Rudi Schuricke and Elvis , Wuppertal 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-045506-3 (with Monika Arnold, Horst Hinrichs, Erhard Knorr and FP Gunnar Kohlenick),
- Get your hair cut. Memories from the 50s and 60s , Wuppertal 2016, ISBN 978-3-939843-68-9 (with Horst Hinrichs, Friedhelm Hüppop, Erhard Knorr, FP Gunnar Kohlenick, Uwe Rotter, Wolfgang Pohlmann, Horst Pukallus )
literature
- Hans Eggers: Dt. History of Language , 1986
- J. Leithäuser:
- Folklore and local history
- Dictionary of the Barmer Dialect , 1929
- Dictionary of Elberfeld Dialect , 1929
- Gerd Helbeck: Next Breck , 1984
- Wuppertal School Atlas , 1911
- Bernd Lehmbach-Voßdahls:
- Dictionary Oberbarmer Platt before 1965–2010
- Dictionary High German Barmen Gemarker Platt translated. Original from Barmer dialect 1929 by Prof. J. Leithäuser
- Dialect poem Oberbarmer Platt 2009 (Benno van'e Gemarke)
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Institute for Regional Studies and Regional History. July 19, 2012, accessed March 27, 2019 .