Annual mugwort

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Annual mugwort
Annual mugwort (Artemisia annua)

Annual mugwort ( Artemisia annua )

Systematics
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Sub tribus : Artemisiinae
Genre : Artemisia
Type : Annual mugwort
Scientific name
Artemisia annua
L.
Inflorescence with cup-shaped partial inflorescences.
Illustration of annual mugwort ( Artemisia annua )

The annual mugwort ( Artemisia annua ) is a species of plant in the genus Artemisia from the sunflower family (Asteraceae, outdated Compositae).

description

The herbaceous plant is annual , which is where the botanical epithet annua ' lasts for a year' comes from the Latin annus 'the year'. The aromatic scent is striking. The plant reaches heights of 50–150 centimeters. The stem is usually completely bare. The leaves are finely pinnate two to three times. The leaf tips are serrate in a comb.

The yellow-green and cup-shaped partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle-like total inflorescence contain a few yellow tubular flowers . The flower heads are nodding.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

Occurrence

The annual mugwort is autochthonous in warm summer rain areas of Eurasia . The distribution area extends from China through North India and Iraq to Southeast Europe with Romania , Bulgaria , Albania . This species is naturalized as a neophyte in southern and central Europe .

The occurrences in Austria , Liechtenstein and the Italian province of South Tyrol are very rare and often inconsistent. The distribution in Austria is limited to Lower Austria , Vienna and unstable populations in Salzburg ; in Carinthia , North Tyrol and Vorarlberg the annual mugwort is considered to be extinct.

In Germany, the annual mugwort is widespread along the Elbe, in addition to isolated sites. There it thrives in annual rinsing fringes (Zweizahn-Schlammufergesellschaft) , where they grow up on the banks of the Elbe, which dried up when the winter floods run off. The species grows in societies of the associations Sisymbrion or Chenopodion rubri.

There are also occurrences in Switzerland, especially in southern Switzerland.

Systematics

Artemisia annua was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, page 847, first published . Synonyms for Artemisia annua are Artemisia chamomilla C. Winkl. , Artemisia stewartii C.B. Clarke and Artemisia wadei Edgew. .

use

The formed in the plant in 1971, first isolated artemisinin is the traditional Chinese medicine successfully for a long time as a remedy for malaria used. In 2015, the Chinese pharmacologist Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine for the extraction of artemisinin . The therapy against malaria currently recommended by the WHO is based on artemether extracted from annual mugwort , which consists of a combination preparation (ACT) of artemether and lumefantrine (trade names Coartem, Riamet; manufacturer Novartis ). A current study shows treatment success for ACT-resistant malaria. A growth-inhibiting effect of this clinically most important component and other ingredients on various tumor cells has been proven. Large-scale clinical studies are not yet available. According to an independent group of experts, the current state of knowledge is insufficient to use Artemisia annua in cancer outside of clinical studies.

In traditional Chinese medicine, successes in the treatment of other diseases are also reported. During the 2020 COVID-19 crisis , a herbal drink with annual mugwort was developed in Madagascar to counteract the disease. Clinical studies to test the effect did not exist before this product was released. Since April 2020, studies on cell cultures have been carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam in order to examine extracts from annual mugwort for their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 . In June 2020, the researchers reported an established antiviral effect of the ethanolic leaf extract, which was increased by the addition of coffee . However, artemisinin alone was not very effective against the viruses. At the University of Kentucky is a clinical study on the effect of the extract in combination with coffee and tea being prepared.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Werner Rothmaler among others: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vol. 4, 1990, p. 347.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  946 .
  3. ^ TG Tutin et al. 1976: Flora Europaea. 4. Cambridge
  4. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 925 .
  5. ↑ FloraWeb - distribution map in Germany.
  6. ↑ Dietmar Brandes: Artemisia annua, a successful neophyte in Central Europe ... In: Tuexenia. 24, Göttingen, pp. 339-358.
  7. ↑ https://www.infoflora.ch/de/flora/artemisia-annua.html
  8. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . tape 2 . Stockholm 1753, p. 847 (first online publication of Artemisia annua digitized at Biodiversity Heritage Library ).
  9. ↑ Lin Yourun (Ling Yuou-ruen), Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: Asteraceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 691 (English). Artemisia annua - online with the same text as the printed work (section systematics)
  10. ↑ Zeit-Online: "Nobel Prize in Medicine: Stop the parasites!" (October 5, 2015)
  11. ↑ Essential Medicines: WHO Model List. 14th edition. March 2005. ( Online )
  12. ↑ M. Jung et al: Artemisia annua dried leaf tablets treated malaria resistant to ACT and iv artesunate: case reports In: Phytomedicine , 2017. doi : 10.1016 / j.phymed.2017.04.006 .
  13. ↑ M. Jung et al.: Recent advances in artemisinin and its derivatives as antimalarial and antitumor agents ... In: Current Medical Chemistry , 2004, 11, pp. 1265-1284. PMID 15134519 .
  14. ↑ NP Singh, HC Lai: Synergistic cytotoxicity of artemisinin and sodium butyrate on human cancer cells. In: Anticancer Research . 2005, 25, pp. 4325-4331. PMID 16309236 .
  15. ↑ J. Lee, HJ Zhou, XH Wu: Dihydroatremisinin downregulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression and induces apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. In: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology . 2005,2, pp. 1-8. PMID 16075280 .
  16. ↑ Explosives in cancer cells - the active ingredient from annual mugwort is said to help break up rapidly growing cancer cells internally . In: taz. July 20, 2007.
  17. ↑ Independent technical information of the CAM Cancer Project of the European Commission: CAM Summary Artemisia annua, revised version of August 8, 2012
  18. ↑ WHO monograph on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for Artemisia annua L. (PDF; 921 kB)
  19. ↑ Madagascar: Church supports herbal drinks against Corona - Vatican News. April 26, 2020, accessed May 4, 2020 .
  20. ↑ Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces: Artemisia annua in laboratory tests against the coronavirus , April 14, 2020, accessed May 23, 2020.
  21. ↑ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Artemisia - an herb against COVID-19? | DW | 06/25/2020. Retrieved June 26, 2020 (German).

Web links

Commons : Annual Mugwort  album with pictures, videos and audio files