Eligmocarpus cynometroides

Eligmocarpus cynometroides
	Eligmocarpus cynometroides
systematics
	Eurosides I
order :	Butterfly Petals (Fabales)
family :	Legumes (Fabaceae)
subfamily :	dialioideae
genus :	eligmocarpus
Type :	Eligmocarpus cynometroides
Scientific name of the genus
	eligmocarpus
	capuron
Scientific name of the species
	Eligmocarpus cynometroides
	capuron

Eligmocarpus cynometroides is the only species of the plant genus Eligmocarpus in the subfamily Dialioideae within thelegume family ( Fabaceae). This endemic of south-eastern Madagascar is classified as "Critically Endangered".

description

Herbarium = type specimen of Eligmocarpus cynometroides collected by Capuron in 1961

Vegetative features

Eligmocarpus cynometroides grows as a small tree and reaches heights of 7 to 15 meters. The trunk diameters are 0.5 to 0.6 meters. The wood is very hard. It contains red resin that turns black when exposed to air. Eligmocarpus cynometroides often also has branches in the lower part of the trunk. Tiny lenticels are present on the bark of the branches . Eligmocarpus cynometroides is not reinforced. There are no extrafloral nectaries .

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are divided into petiole and blade. The next to the petiole are two free membranous, downy hairy stipules are obovate with a length of 2 to 3 millimeters and a width of 1.3 to 1.8 millimeters with a pointed base and a rounded upper end; they fall off early, are absent or tiny in older specimens. Petiole and leaf rhachis are 2 to 6 centimeters long in total. The petiole is 2 to 4 millimeters long. The cylindrical leaf rhachis is downy hairy and shallowly grooved. The leaves are initially hairy and bare later. The leaf blade is imparipinnate, sometimes pinnate in pairs at the top leaves. There are no side leaves. On the leaf rhachis five to nine (three to eleven) pinnate leaves are arranged opposite or almost opposite. The stalks of the pinnate leaves are short with a maximum length of 0.75 millimeters; the leaflets seem almost sessile. The thin, leathery pinnate leaves with a length of 5 to 20 millimeters and a width of 3 to 10 millimeters are continuously larger up to the leaf tip and are oblong to oblong-obovate or oblong-elliptical; they taper to the wedge-shaped base and the top is truncated and notched. The strong midrib is raised and pinnate nerves are present. Side leaves are not present.

Generative Traits

On the young wood there are lateral zymose, paniculate total inflorescences composed of few-flowered, zymose partial inflorescences on 1 to 2 centimeter long inflorescence stems . The inflorescence rhachis is 3 to 4.5 inches long and hairy rust-colored woolly. The bracts , which are about 1.5 millimeters long , have already fallen off during anthesis . The relatively small bracts do not enclose the flower buds and have already fallen off at anthesis. The flower stalk is 1 to 1.5 centimeters long and hairy.

In the bud stage, the sepals cover the other parts of the flower. The hermaphroditic flowers are distinctly zygomorphic and fivefold with a double perianth , with a diameter of about 2 centimeters . There is no flower cup (Hypanthium) available. The five more or less equal, free sepals are keeled on the underside and 5 to 6 millimeters long with a somewhat pointed upper end. Of the five yellow, clearly unequal, free nailed petals , the upper one (about 12.5 millimeters long and 13.5 millimeters wide) and the two lateral ones are wider than long with a rounded upper end and the other two, they are the lower ones smaller and obovate with a length of 8 to 9 millimeters and a width of about 5 millimeters.

The conspicuous, glabrous discus is narrowly annular at a height of 0.5 millimeters and lobed between the stamens. There are ten fertile ( fertile ) stamens present; they are dimorphic, i.e. distinctly different. The top five 6.5 to 7 millimeters long stamens are united into a transient synandrium and end in about 3.5 millimeters long brush-shaped anthers. The five lower stamens are glabrous, free and shorter than the other five with a length of 5 to 6 millimeters. The basifixen anthers are elongated. The counters open with a short transverse slit, almost porous, near their top. The sessile to almost sessile single carpel is superior and obliquely ovate with a length of about 5.5 millimeters. Each carpel contains three to six ovules . With a length of 2 to 2.5 millimeters, the stylus is curved and tapers upwards , ending in an undivided scar .

The dry (sometimes referred to as drupe-like) fruit is almost spherical in outline and transversely crumpled-folded and accordion-like with a length of about 2.5 centimeters and a width of about 1.5 centimeters. The fruit later lignifies, does not open and contains up to four seeds. The embryo is straight.

ecology and phenology

Eligmocarpus cynometroides has no root nodules and therefore no symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria ( rhizobia ).

Eligmocarpus cynometroides seems to grow very slowly.

The flowering period extends from November to December. The fruits ripen in February in southeastern Madagascar.

Studies at their last locality show that in Eligmocarpus cynometroides the seed production rate is very low, with only one seed per kg of fruit, and the germination rate is < 5%. The spread of the diaspores in Eligmocarpus cynometroides is considered difficult.

In October it was observed which animals visit the flowers and which animals eat fruits and seeds; mainly the fruits on the tree were eaten by the lemur Microcebus murinus . The fruits also fall directly to the ground as a whole. Characteristics of the flowers such as size, irregular shape, presence of nectar and yellow color of the petals suggest that pollination is by insects. Large bees ( Xylocopa calens , Anthophoridae ) were observed on Eligmocarpus cynometroides , they could be the pollinators. Only one specimen bloomed during the observation period. This suggests that Eligmocarpus cynometroides is self-fertile, since seeds were subsequently found. Overall, there are few observations, so that only assumptions can be made. No statements can be made about the spread of the diaspores.

Occurrence and threat

Eligmocarpus cynometroides is endemic to a small range in southeastern Madagascar in Toliara Province . Eligmocarpus cynometroides thrives in deciduous or partially evergreen woodland, in the narrow transition zone of dry, deciduous southern and moist, evergreen eastern vegetation zone, as well as thorn bush vegetation and coastal forest on sand or sandy laterite soil . There used to be several localities, but in 2013 it could only be found in Petriky, since 1999 no specimens have been found outside this small area. It is rated in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013 as CR = "Critically Endangered" = "Threatened with extinction", since there is only one locality with 21 to 25 flowering specimens of Eligmocarpus cynometroides . In the remaining area, the dry season lasts seven or nine months in a humid to subarid climate . Eligmocarpus cynometroides thrives in different habitats : fields, forests, forest clearings, thickets and on sand dunes.

The first collection in Petriky took place in 1989 by Dumetz and was deposited with the herbarium number Dumetz 652. In 1991, the protection of Eligmocarpus cynometroides was given the highest priority. In 1996 only ten flowering specimens could be found in Petriky; further monitoring resulted in a total of 27 specimens. There are two subpopulations of Eligmocarpus cynometroides according to the vegetation types in the remaining area .

Stocks are steadily declining. Individual tree specimens are felled because their wood , which is similar in properties to rosewood ( Dalbergia spec.), is used by the local population. The habitat is used for agriculture by nomads and the sedentary population. Grazing with zebu cattle in particular damages the stocks. The habitat is also threatened by mining development.

Eligmocarpus cynometroides is only found in one protected area, Andohahela National Park . Diaspores were collected and young plants are being cultivated in a nursery in Madagascar to enable reforestation in the former locations. The seeds germinated after about three weeks in 1999, but no seedling survived. Attempts at vegetative propagation also failed.

All ecological and human-influenced factors indicate that Eligmocarpus cynometroides will become extinct within the next 100 years.

systematics

The first herbarium specimens were collected by Capuron in 1961 on the eastern slope of the Mahatsinjo north of the road connecting Ranopiso with Bevilany and deposited in the herbarium of the Service Forestier Madagascar with the herbarium number SF (Capuron) 20501 . The first description was in 1968 under the name Eligmocarpus cynometroides by the French botanist René Paul Raymond Capuron (1921-1971) in Contributions à l'étude de la flore forestière de Madagascar. in Adansonia , Série 2, Tome 8, Fascilule 2, pp. 205–208, figure 1; while the genus Eligmocarpus was established . The generic name Eligmocarpus derives from the Ancient Greek words heligmos for "twisted, twisted" and karpos for "fruit", referring to the folded zigzag shape of the ovary and fruit. The specific epithet cynometroides refers to the fact that the leaves look similar to those of the Fabaceae genus Cynometra .

The genus Eligmocarpus Capuron has belonged to the subfamily Dialioideae Azani et al since 2017.

sources

Data sheet Dialioideae at Legume Dataportal of the Legume Phylogeny Working Group = LPWG .

literature

Oscar Nelson Allen, Ethel K. Allen: Eligmocarpus Capuron - Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae . In: The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation . University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4 , pp. 257 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
S. Senesse: Palynologia Madagassica et Mascarenica. Family 98 to. Caesalpiniaceae. Pollen & Spores 22, 1980, pp. 355-423.
René Paul Raymond Capuron: Contributions to the study of the forest in Madagascar. In: Adansonia , Série 2, Tome 8, Fascilule 2, 1968, pp. 205–208, figure 1. Scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
David J. du Puy, JN Labat, R Rabevohitra, JF Villiers, J Bosser, J Moat: 4. Eligmocarpus . In: The Leguminosae of Madagascar . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2002, ISBN 978-1-900347-91-4 , pp. 72 ( limited preview in Google book search).

itemizations

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l The Legume Phylogeny Working Group = LPWG: A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. In: Taxon , Volume 66, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Eligmocarpus cynometroides in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021.3. Submitted by: S. Buerki, D. Devey, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Faly Randriatafika, Johny Rabenantoandro, Chris Birkinshaw, Manon Vincelette: Biology, ecology, risk of extinction, and conservation strategy for Eligmocarpus cynometroides (Fabaceae ): a priority species at Petriky. pp. 369-377. In: JU Ganzhorn, SM Goodman, M. Vincelette, (eds.): Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin) , Washington, 2007. PDF .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa L. Watson, MJ Dallwitz, August 2019: Eligmocarpus in The genera of Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae and Swartzieae. at DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x René Paul Raymond Capuron: Contributions à l'étude de la flore forestière de Madagascar. In: Adansonia , Série 2, Tome 8, Fascilule 2, 1968, pp. 205–208, figure 1. Scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ ^a ^b ^c Oscar Nelson Allen, Ethel K. Allen: Distemonanthus Benth. - Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae . In: The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation . University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4 , pp. 262–263 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ ^a^b Eligmocarpus at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.
↑ ^a ^b Sarada Krishnan: Genetic diversity analysis of Eligmocarpus cynometroides, an endangered priority species for conservation in the littoral forests of Madagascar Final Report. In: Denver Botanic Gardens , 2014 online PDF .
↑ Dion Devey, Sven Buerki: A snapshot of extinction in action . from Dion S. Devey, Félix Forest, Frank Rakotonasolo, Persephone Ma, Bryn TM Dentinger, Sven Buerki: A snapshot of extinction in action: The decline and imminent demise of the endemic Eligmocarpus Capuron (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae) serves as an example of the fragility of Madagascan ecosystems. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 89, Special Issue: Towards a new classification system for Legumes , 2013, pp. 273-280. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.013
^ ^a^b Eligmocarpus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved December 25, 2021
↑ Eligmocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2021.

web links

Commons : Eligmocarpus cynometroides - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[LPWG2017-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l The Legume Phylogeny Working Group = LPWG: A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. In: Taxon , Volume 66, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3

[IUCN-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Eligmocarpus cynometroides in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021.3. Submitted by: S. Buerki, D. Devey, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2021.

[Randriatafika2007-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Faly Randriatafika, Johny Rabenantoandro, Chris Birkinshaw, Manon Vincelette: Biology, ecology, risk of extinction, and conservation strategy for Eligmocarpus cynometroides (Fabaceae ): a priority species at Petriky. pp. 369-377. In: JU Ganzhorn, SM Goodman, M. Vincelette, (eds.): Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of Littoral Ecosystems in Southeastern Madagascar, Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin) , Washington, 2007. PDF .

[DELTAgeneraLeguminosae-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa L. Watson, MJ Dallwitz, August 2019: Eligmocarpus in The genera of Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae and Swartzieae. at DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy .

[Capuron1968-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x René Paul Raymond Capuron: Contributions à l'étude de la flore forestière de Madagascar. In: Adansonia , Série 2, Tome 8, Fascilule 2, 1968, pp. 205–208, figure 1. Scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[Allen1981-6] Oscar Nelson Allen, Ethel K. Allen: Distemonanthus Benth. - Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae . In: The Leguminosae, a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation . University of Wisconsin Press, 1981, ISBN 978-0-299-08400-4 , pp. 262–263 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[CataloguePlantsMadagascar-7] Eligmocarpus at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis.

[Krishnan2014-8] Sarada Krishnan: Genetic diversity analysis of Eligmocarpus cynometroides, an endangered priority species for conservation in the littoral forests of Madagascar Final Report. In: Denver Botanic Gardens , 2014 online PDF .

[Devey2013-9] Dion Devey, Sven Buerki: A snapshot of extinction in action . from Dion S. Devey, Félix Forest, Frank Rakotonasolo, Persephone Ma, Bryn TM Dentinger, Sven Buerki: A snapshot of extinction in action: The decline and imminent demise of the endemic Eligmocarpus Capuron (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae) serves as an example of the fragility of Madagascan ecosystems. In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 89, Special Issue: Towards a new classification system for Legumes , 2013, pp. 273-280. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.013

[Tropicos-10] Eligmocarpus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Retrieved December 25, 2021

[GRIN-11] Eligmocarpus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2021.