Energy combine
An Energiekombinat (also: VEB Energiekombinat ) was a combine , i.e. a group of state- owned companies (VEB) that provided the energy supply within the framework of the central administrative economy of the GDR .
The combines and VEBs of the energy supply were subordinate to the Ministry for Coal and Energy . They were responsible for both gas and electricity supply ; This included the operation of power plants and electricity, gas and district heating networks through to supplying the end user. When operating the power station, the combines worked in close coordination with the companies and combines in the field of lignite mining in the Central German and Lusatian lignite districts .
history
Emergence
The energy combines emerged indirectly from the Central and East German energy suppliers from the time of the German Reich before 1945, as if:
- Elektrowerke AG (EWAG) as a large electricity generator
- Regional suppliers:
- Bewag for the city of Berlin
- Aktiengesellschaft Sächsische Werke (ASW) for East Saxony
- Saxony-Anhalt electricity company (ESAG) for West Saxony and Anhalt
- Märkisches Elektrizitätswerk (MEW) for Mecklenburg and Brandenburg
- Thuringian state electricity supply AG (Thüringenwerk) for Thuringia
- numerous municipal utilities
After the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) converted all the facilities (power stations, switchgear and transformer stations, lines, etc.) of the aforementioned companies in the Eastern Zone into " public property " in 1946 . The expropriated companies were partially split up and operated under a new company in the post-war phase until 1948, initially largely disordered.
Restructuring during the time of the GDR
As early as 1948, before the founding of the GDR, the SMAD divided the energy supply in the east zone into five energy districts (Berlin, north, east, west, south) , whereby the geographical division was largely based on the areas of the above-mentioned regional suppliers. This division also roughly corresponded to the land division that the SMAD had made for the eastern zone, with the difference that the large area north (MEW) comprised two federal states, Mecklenburg and Brandenburg. In 1950, a new central area was split off from the north area for the state of Brandenburg.
Due to the ordinance on the introduction of the principle of economic accounting in the companies of the nationally owned economy of March 20, 1952, all operational directorates of the energy districts were converted into nationally owned companies (VEB), which in turn were combined in the association of nationally owned companies VEB Energieversorgung . The districts of the VVB corresponded to the energy districts. From 1954, gas and electricity supply were organizationally separated.
From 1958, the energy districts were even more finely divided, whereby the administrative division of the GDR introduced in 1952 into fourteen districts plus East Berlin was taken over. The operations in each of the fifteen energy districts were each combined into a single large VEB Energieversorgung , which included electricity generation, gas supply and network operation.
After a new energy ordinance was issued in 1969, the central energy combine was dissolved and six regional energy combines (Berlin, Mitte, North, East, West, South) were formed in accordance with the division of the energy districts from 1950 . Due to the ordinance on the management of the energy industry of April 18, 1963 (GBl. II / 46), the central VEB Verbundnetz came to operate the entire network in the GDR.
From 1979 the energy combines were divided again, with the structure of the fifteen energy districts from 1958 being adopted.
Dissolution and restructuring of the combines after the fall of the Wall
After the fall of the Wall , the energy combines were converted into joint stock companies by the Treuhandanstalt and privatized under a new company. Initially, under the last GDR government under Prime Minister de Maizière and Energy Minister Steinberg , there were plans to divide the entire East German energy industry among the West German energy companies Preussen Elektra , RWE and Bayernwerk . After protests against such a distribution from different sides, a modified solution was negotiated within the framework of the so-called electricity contract with greater participation of the East German municipalities and other West German energy providers ( Badenwerk , Bewag , EVS , HEW and VEW ).
When the East German energy industry was restructured in 1990, a three-level model based on the West German model was followed. The facilities of the former energy combine, which had previously served all three levels, were unbundled and divided over the three levels. The lowest level for the end customer connection was made up of municipal utilities , which remained wholly or at least mostly in public hands. The top level, as a supraregional transmission network and large power plant operator (as the successor to the former electrical works ), was the newly founded Vereinigte Energiewerke AG (VEAG), which was 100% privatized and partially sold to West German energy supply companies. A similar procedure was followed with the upstream companies for lignite extraction ( LAUBAG and MIBRAG ). The middle level of regional distribution was formed by the actual successor companies of the privatized energy companies. In 1994 these companies were sold by the Treuhandgesellschaft, whereby as a rule 51% went to the West German energy supply companies and 49% to East German municipalities (for breakdown see table "Geographical overview").
In the wake of privatization, there was a significant concentration of companies in the following years - also driven by mergers in the West German energy industry - as a result of which the number of regional suppliers fell from fifteen to seven (see table below).
Geographical overview
The supply areas of the energy combines can be roughly (not exactly!) Assigned to the areas of the above-mentioned predecessor and successor companies as well as the administrative structure of the GDR:
| German Empire (predecessor) | Eastern Zone and GDR (1946–1990) | Federal Republic of Germany (successor) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Companies | Energy District 1948–52 |
Energy district from 1952 (= Land 1949–52) = Energiekombinat 1969–79 |
Location (map) | Energy district from 1958 = Energy Combine from 1979 |
Privatization (1990) |
concentration | Affiliation today | |
| Berliner Kraft- und Licht-AG (Bewag) | City of Berlin (East) | Energy supply Berlin AG (EBAG) | Bewag → Vattenfall Europe Berlin | Vattenfall Europe | ||||
| Märkisches Elektrizitätswerk (from 1947: Brandenburgisch-Mecklenburgische Elektrizitätswerke AG ) | North | North (State of Mecklenburg) |
|
Schwerin | West Mecklenburgische Energieversorgung AG (WEMAG) | WEMAG | ||
|
Rostock | Hanseatische Energieversorgung AG (HEVAG) | e.dis Energie Nord AG ( Preussag → E.DIS ) | E.ON | ||||
|
Neubrandenburg | Energy supply Müritz-Oderhaff AG (EMO) | ||||||
| (Country Brandenburg) |
|
Potsdam | Märkische Energieversorgung AG (MEVAG) | |||||
|
Frankfurt (Oder) | Oder-Spree-Energieversorgung AG (OSE) | ||||||
| Saxony-Anhalt power station | West (State of Saxony-Anhalt) |
|
Magdeburg | Energy supply Magdeburg AG (EVM) | Avacon (Preussag → E.ON) | |||
|
Hall | Central German Energy Supply AG (MEAG) | Energy supply central Germany ( VEW ) | Envia Mitteldeutsche Energie | E.ON | |||
| Aktiengesellschaft Sächsische Werke | East (State of Saxony ) |
|
Karl-Marx-Stadt (Chemnitz) | Energy supply Südsachsen AG (EVSAG) | Envia - Energie Sachsen-Brandenburg AG (RWE) | |||
|
Leipzig | Westsächsische Energie-AG (WESAG), Markkleeberg | ||||||
|
cottbus | Energy supply Spree-Schwarze-Elster AG (ESSAG) | ||||||
|
Dresden | Energy supply Sachsen-Ost AG (ESAG) | ENSO Energie Sachsen Ost AG | Technical works Dresden | ||||
| Thuringian State Electricity Supply AG (Thüringenwerke) | South (State of Thuringia ) |
|
Erfurt | Energieversorgung Nordthüringen AG (ENAG) | TEAG Thüringer Energie AG ( Bayernwerk → E.ON) | TEAG Thuringian Energy | ||
|
Gera | Ostthüringer Energieversorgung AG (OTEV), Jena | ||||||
|
Suhl | Südthüringer Energieversorgung AG (SEAG), Meiningen | ||||||
literature
- Anja Birch, Vanessa Hensel, Olaf Hirschfeld, Thomas Lenk: East German electricity industry between public property and competition (= working paper . No. 22 ). University of Leipzig, Institute for Finance, Dept. of Public Finance, November 2000, ISSN 1437-5761 ( uni-leipzig.de [PDF]).
- Ulrich Krüger: Company history in VVB Energieversorgung . In: Yearbook for Economic History . tape 1970 / III , p. 249–252 ( digitalis.uni-koeln.de [PDF]).
- Ingo Sens: History of the energy supply in Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania . Neuer Hochschulschriften-Verlag, Rostock 1997, ISBN 3-929544-43-1 ( udo-leuschner.de - review and summary by Udo Leuschner ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Udo Leuschner : The electricity industry in the new federal states is structured in the same way as in the west. ENERGY KNOWLEDGE. Retrieved June 16, 2011 .
- ↑ Klara van Eyll , Renate Schwärzel: German Economic Archives: Evidence of historical sources in companies, corporations under public law [chambers] and associations of the Federal Republic of Germany . Ed .: Society for Company History. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1994.
- ↑ a b c Sens (see literature)
- ↑ a b c History of the energy supply: In the planned economy. (No longer available online.) E.ON edis AG, archived from the original on April 18, 2010 ; Retrieved June 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Birke et al. (see literature)
- ^ Fritz Vorholz: GDR power contract. Wrong connection . In: The time . No. 36 , August 31, 1990 ( zeit.de ).
- ^ A b Joachim Kahlert: Decentralized Energy Supply in East Germany: State of Development and Perspectives . Conference report on a conference of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation on October 25, 1991 in Brandenburg / Havel. Ed .: Friedrich Ebert Foundation (= economic policy discourse . No. 23 ). Electronic ed., Bonn 1991, ISBN 3-86077-046-2 .
- ↑ Extract from the inventory overview of the Berlin State Archive: VEB Energiekombinat Berlin. (No longer available online.) Landesarchiv Berlin , archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved June 16, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Historical development of WEMAG AG. WEMAG , archived from the original on December 15, 2005 ; Retrieved June 16, 2011 .
- ↑ Jochen Stopperam, Hans Dörfert, Hans Meyenburg: outline of the history of the energy utilities in the district of Schwerin from 1945 to 1989. Accessed 16 June 2011 .
- ↑ Stadtarchiv Frankfurt [Oder] (Ed.): 100 years of electricity and trams for Frankfurt (Oder) . ( stadtarchiv-ffo.de [PDF]).
- ↑ Rudolf Aster, Harald Horn: 100 years of electrical energy in Dessau - 1886–1986 - VEB Energiekombinat Halle Energieversorgung Dessau - a milestone in the technical development of the city . Ed .: VEB Energiekombinat Halle - Energieversorgung Dessau. Rotation printing company, Dessau 1986.
- ^ VEB Energiekombinat Dresden. Inventory inventory. (No longer available online.) Main State Archive Dresden , formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 16, 2011 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
