Angel trumpets

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Angel trumpets
Brugmansia aurea

Brugmansia aurea

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Genre : Angel trumpets
Scientific name
Brugmansia
Pers.

The angel's trumpets ( Brugmansia ) are a plant genus of the family of the Solanaceae family , whose original distribution area in South America located, but which is now grown for their showy flowers worldwide. Due to the high proportion of alkaloids , all parts of the plant are highly toxic. The botanical name of the genus honors the Dutch doctor and botanist Sebald Justinus Brugmans (1763-1819).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Angel trumpets are 2 to 5 meter high shrubs or trees . The large leaves can be hairy or hairless, the shapes vary between ovoid, elliptical, ovoid-elliptical, narrow elliptical, linearly stretched. The leaf margin can be whole, serrated or fluttered. They are tapered at both ends, the point is pointed to pointed, the base is rounded, often asymmetrical. The size of the leaves is 10 to 23 (25) × 4 to 11 cm. The leaf stalks are 2.5 to 8 (15) cm long.

  • leaves

  • Buds

  • Bud opened

  • Flower opens

  • Yellow flowers

blossoms

Double-flowered angel's trumpet Brugmansia x candida f. pleno 'Angels Exotic'
Blooming angel's trumpet
Brugmansia vulcanicola flower

The flowers are on a 2.5 to 4 (6) cm long peduncle, are usually fragrant, sometimes unpleasant smelling, hanging or sloping. The zygomorphic calyx , which has (1) 2 to 5 calyx lobes that are of different lengths, is striking . Sometimes the calyx is split on one side so that it has a flower sheath- like appearance. After the flowering phase, the calyx falls off in some species, while in other species it remains around the ripening fruit. The crown is 15 to 30, rarely even up to 45 cm long, white or red, more rarely yellow or reddish and remains open during the entire flowering phase. It is mostly funnel-shaped, rarely narrow-funnel-shaped to almost tubular, the edge is provided with five curved or rolled teeth.

The five stamens are the same. The anthers are 12 to 40 mm long, stand free or are inclined towards one another and have hairs. The stamens are attached in about half of the crown, are hairless in the upper part, but are more hairy near the adhesion with the crown. The upper ovary is twofold over its entire length. The nectaries are arranged in a circle and protrude slightly. The stylus is terminal.

Fruits and seeds

Angel's trumpet, flowers from below

The fruits of the angel's trumpets are berries that are egg-shaped and 5.5 to 7 cm long, obovate or oblong-egg-shaped and 6.5 to 11 cm long or spindle-shaped and 14 to 35 cm long. They do not have any opening mechanism and, depending on the species, contain fewer than 100 or more than 300 seeds. With a length of 8 to 12 mm, these are relatively large, wedge-shaped, almost kidney-shaped or irregularly shaped. The surface of the seeds is fine black or smooth, usually thick, sometimes cork-like.

ingredients

All types of angel trumpets contain poisonous alkaloids of the tropane group . The most important alkaloids that can be found in the aboveground parts of all examined species include L- hyoscyamine , atropine (DL-hyoscyamine) and scopolamine, as well as a smaller amount of substances derived from these substances. A similarly high concentration of esters of tropane diol and tropane triol can also be found in the roots .

Occurrence

Angel's trumpets come from the Andes of South America , where they can be found mainly in open, disturbed habitats, next to streets or at sites of former civilization. They occur both near the sea and at heights of up to 3000 meters.

meaning

Ethnobotany

In the entire Andean region , with the exception of the southernmost part of Chile , ethnobotanical uses of various types of Brugmansia are known, although the preparation and use vary greatly. In the Amazon basin , Brugmansia suaveolens is used under the name toa to a limited extent for medical purposes. Purely hallucinogenic applications are mainly known from the western part of South America , especially from tribes that are native to the eastern slopes of the Andes and the wooded, northern part of the Pacific coast .

Some tribes of the western Amazon region in Ecuador used the effects of the ingredients of the plants to raise naughty children. The Jiváro believed that the ancestors spoke to the children when they were intoxicated to warn them . A preparation of a white-blooded species is said to have helped the Jiváro to catch an arutam (soul), which is supposed to protect the owner from death by violence, poison or witchcraft.

Before the discovery of America, the Chibcha are said to have given the women and slaves of killed warriors and chiefs a preparation made from brugmansia parts so that they could get into a state of daze and then be buried alive with the killed.

Intoxicant and poisonous plant

The consumption of the angel's trumpet is supposed to raise the mood and increase communication skills. Motor restlessness and hectic as well as hallucinations are considered undesirable side effects. Since the intoxicant is difficult to dose, poisoning can easily occur, which can lead to atropinergic effects , severe internal complications and delirious states and also to death.

Evidence of intoxication from parts of plants can be made using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The alkaloids hyoscyamine and scopolamine are usually found as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Symptoms of poisoning are observed during abuse , but also after accidental poisoning. The longest-standing symptom of poisoning is usually the dilation of the pupil , which can occur even in children after rubbing the eyes with the hand after previously touching the plant.

Ornamental plants

Angel's trumpets are more and more cultivated as ornamental plants because of their striking flowers , but mainly as greenhouse or container plants due to their sensitivity to frost. On the other hand, in locations without long ground frost, they can also overwinter outdoors. The plants used as ornamental plants are often hybrids that go back to species from South America such as Brugmansia aurea , Brugmansia versicolor , Brugmansia sanguinea or Brugmansia suaveolens . They usually have white, but also yellow or reddish colored and hanging flowers.

Systematics

The angel's trumpets are classified in the tribe Datureae within the nightshade family (Solanaceae). For a long time the genus was regarded as part of the genus of the thorn apples ( Datura ), but phylogenetic studies have now confirmed the genetic distance to this genus.

The genus Brugmansia, which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is divided into two sections (cold and warm group).

Brugmansia Section (warm group)

The species and varieties from this group are easier to cultivate than those of the Sphaerocarpium section. They are less susceptible to viruses and less sensitive to high temperatures. Because of their higher tolerance for heat, they are sometimes referred to informally as the 'warm group'.

  • Brugmansia aurea Lagerh.
  • Brugmansia insignis (Barb. Rodr.) Lockwood ex RE Schult.
  • Brugmansia suaveolens  (Willd.) Sweet
  • Brugmansia versicolor  Lagerh.

Section Sphaerocarpium (cold group)

This group includes two very similar species, Brugmansia sanguinea and Brugmansia vulcanicola as well as Brugmansia arborea , which differs from the first two in many ways, but can be crossed with them. They generally grow higher up than the species in the Brugmansia section, although Brugmansia aurea overlaps. The section is known informally as the 'cold group' because of the heat sensitivity of the first two species, which react by shedding buds above 25 ° C. Hybrids with Brugmansia arborea can be less sensitive.

  • Brugmansia arborea (L.) Sweet
  • Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pavón) G. Don
  • Brugmansia vulcanicola (AS Barclay) RE Schult.

Based on these studies, the following species and hybrids are currently recognized:

  • Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.
  • Brugmansia aurea Lagerh. : It occurs in Colombia and Ecuador.
  • Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz. & Pav.) D. Don : It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
  • Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl ex Willd.) Bercht. & C. Presl : It occurs in Bolivia, Peru and Brazil.
  • Brugmansia versicolor Lagerh. : It occurs in Ecuador.
  • Brugmansia × candida Pers. = Brugmansia aurea × Brugmansia versicolor
  • Brugmansia × dolichocarpa Lagerh.
  • Brugmansia × insignis (Barb. Rodrigues) Schultes = Brugmansia suaveolens × Brugmansia versicolor × Brugmansia suaveolens
  • Brugmansia × rubella (Saff.) Moldenke
  • Brugmansia vulcanicola ( ASBarclay ) RESchult. (Andes - Colombia to Ecuador)

Not included in this investigation are:

  • Brugmansia × flava Herklotz ex U.Preissel & HGPreissel

The International Brugmansia & Datura Society, Inc. (IBADS / iBrugs) is the official International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) for the genus Brugmansia. This role was first assigned to the American Brugmansia And Datura Society (ABADS) by the International Society for Horticultural Sciences (ISHS) in 2002. In August 2010, ABADS officially changed its name to IBADS / iBrugs.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  2. ^ Richard Evans Schultes: Solanaceous hallucinogens and their role in the development of New World cultures. In: The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae . Academic Press, London 1979. pp. 137-160.
  3. ↑ F. Löhrer and R. Kaiser: Biogenic addictive substances: New consumption habits among young addicts? In: Der Nervenarzt , Volume 70, November 1999, pp. 1029-1033. doi: 10.1007 / s001150050534
  4. ↑ Report on self-mutilation after taking an angel's trumpet extract from Spiegel Online, accessed September 3, 2016.
  5. ↑ A. Namera et al .: Quantitative analysis of tropane alkaloids in biological materials by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In: Forensic Sci Int. , Volume 130, Issue 1, November 5, 2002, pp. 34-43. PMID 12427448
  6. ^ U. Möbus, G. Demmler, K. Schulz: Accidental drowning due to tropane alkaloid abuse . In: Arch Kriminol. , Volume 210, Issue 1-2, Jul-Aug 2002, pp. 16-21. PMID 12365330
  7. ^ S. Heindl et al .: Etiology of initially unexplained confusion of excitability in deadly nightshade poisoning with suicidal intent. Symptoms, differential diagnosis, toxicology and physostigmine therapy of anticholinergic syndrome. In: Dtsch Med Wochenschr. Volume 125, Issue 45, November 10, 2000, pp. 1361-1365. PMID 11109424
  8. ↑ Aaron Vunda, Gabriel Alcoba: Mydriasis in the Garden New England Journal of Medicine 2012, Volume 367, Issue 14, October 4, 2012, page 1341, PMID 23034022
  9. ^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .
  10. ^ A b E. S. Mace, CG Gebhardt and RN Lester: AFLP analysis of genetic relationships in the tribe Datureae (Solanaceae). In: TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Volume 99, Numbers 3-4, August 1999, pp. 634-641. doi: 10.1007 / s001220051278
  11. ↑ A. Hay, M. Gottschalk. A. Holguin: Huanduj . Ed .: Glebe 2012. ISBN 978-1-84246-477-9 .
  12. ^ A b c d e Brugmansia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  13. ↑ IPNI entry on Brugmansia × flava
  14. ^ Archived copy ( Memento of February 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) iBrugs Cultivar Registration Information

literature

  • Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae . ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001, ISBN 3-904144-77-4 . Pp. 153-156.
  • Ulrike Preissel, Hans-Georg Preissel: Angel's Trumpets , Brugmansia and Datura. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-8001-6614-3 .
  • Monika Gottschalk: Angel's Trumpets: The most beautiful varieties - care, overwinter, propagate. blv garden plus, blv, Munich u. a. 3rd edition 2002, ISBN 3-405-15760-9 .
  • Alistair Hay, Monika Gottschalk, Adolfo Holguín: Huanduj: Brugmansia. Florilegium, Glebe 2012, ISBN 978-1-84246-477-9 .
  • Anne Kirchner-Abel, Werner Abel: The big book of angel trumpets. Akawa, Duisburg 2004, ISBN 3-9809138-0-5 .
  • Bert Marco Schuldes: Psychoactive Plants. Nightshade, Solothurn 1994, ISBN 3-925817-64-6 .

Web links

Commons : Angel's Trumpets ( Brugmansia )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files