Development of the city of Münster

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The city of Münster belongs to the type of mother city in Westphalia . As the seat of the Prince-Bishop of the Duchy of Münster and as a later suburb (next to Soest , Dortmund and Osnabrück ) of the Hanseatic League in Westphalia, it was the political and economic center of the Oberstift Münster .

As in Minden , Paderborn and Osnabrück, in Münster, in what was then Mimigernaford , the bishop's church was built on a Saxon castle. The Frisian missionary Liudger was commissioned by Charlemagne to mission the Saxons , and Mimigernaford served as his starting point. Liudger's first mention as Bishop of Munster can be found in the Werdener Cartular from the year 805. In general, however, the year 793 is assumed as the foundation date for the monastery . The ministerials and craftsmen settled around the monastery . Settlement stages were the Domburg, the development of a market in the 9th century, the suburbium Überwasser Liebfrauen after Weichbildrecht after 1040 and a new market settlement after 1121 in the west of the Domburg.

Market settlement

The first traces of craftsmanship can be found within the Domburg since the 10th century, although they probably only worked for the Domburg's needs. The first market settlements developed around the Domburg in the 10th century, especially in the north and northeast of the castle: “The oldest reliable reference to this, writes Manfred Balzer in the history of the city of Munster in 1993, is a Munster pfennig probably found in Sweden, because The market and the right to coin, as the privileges show, are closely related. It is a penny from the reign of Otto III. with the place name on the obverse: MIMIGER + NEFORDA. “On the one hand, the coin attests to an existing right to mint since the 10th century, which had to go hand in hand with a market; the Baltic Sea region. The mint was located at the southern tip of the Drubbel , at the intersection of two important highways, one going in an east-west direction to Holland, the second in a north-south direction, the Rhenish cities with the north, with Friesland , Bremen and later connecting Lübeck . The first market developed at this intersection.

The bishop promoted the market settlement and did justice to the growing community by founding a market church next to the intersection, the Lamberti Church as ecclesia forensis . Probably around 1040, at the same time as the founding of the collegiate church Überwasserkirche on the western side of the Domburg, Bishop Hermann I (1032–42) founded the church with the patronage of the first bishop of Liège , Saint Lambertus . The proven presence of Bishop Nithard of Liège at the consecration of the Überwasserkirche, who was also able to help with the acquisition of the relics of St. Lambertus, speaks for the foundation in 1040 . The selection of Saint Lambertus as the patron saint of the Marktkirche illustrates the orientation of Münster and above all of the already existing market towards the west, towards Flanders and Holland, Liège and the Maas region. It is noticeable that the first church in Coesfeld to trade with the Dutch was also dedicated to St. Lambertus. In the course of the 10th and 11th centuries, the market, market church, market settlement and mint formed the second core, which was to develop into a dual city by the 12th century with the Domburg.

The increased construction activity in the 11th century with the Überwasserstift, reconstruction of the Domburg and building of the Lambertikirche meant a “flourishing of the construction industry” and an economic development of the settlement. Until 1121, when Münster was besieged by Lothar von Süpplingenburg and burned down completely, craftsmen still lived in the Domburg, but this changed after the reconstruction of the cathedral and the Domburg: All craftsmen were relocated to the market settlement outside the castle, which is the duality of nascent city even more accentuated.

The first two markets, the rye market and the old fish market, were expanded in the course of the 12th century by the bishop's planning to include the Prinzipalmarkt in the east of the castle. At the same time there were first merchant houses, i. H. Houses with no technical reference, on Marktstrasse. The houses on Stiftsherrengasse at Lambertikirche were a first example of this. The southern expansion of the markets, the Prinzipalmarkt, was probably planned by Bishop Burchard. The construction of the Michaeliskapelle and the Michaelistor on the east side of the Domburg as direct access to the new market on Rheinische Strasse allow this assumption. In addition to the rather grown rye and fish market, the city ruler intervened here in planning to promote economic development. This planned expansion of the market also included the settlement of Jews with their own immunity behind the later town hall and the town wine house opposite the Michaeliskapelle. In the 12th century, the market settlement expanded in the course of a general population growth in Western Europe and the development of the edge of the fortification ditch on the side inclined towards the rye or principal market. This was an important step towards the further settlement of craftsmen and merchants, which is first mentioned in a document from Bishop Ludwig from 1169. In this document, the urbs of the Domburg with its own iure emunitatis was distinguished from the civitas monasteriensis for the first time . The canons lived in a different legal relationship than the cives of the city of Münster to their city lords .

Signs of settlement densification in the 12th century were the founding of nine new parishes including cemeteries. In a document dated 1189, Hermann II declared the re-establishment with the better pastoral care for the aunt plebis , which the previous parish priest of St. Lamberti was no longer able to adequately provide. The new parish churches also changed life within the city, because they tied the citizens (and also the brotherhoods and guilds) to the new parishes and united them over the existing class differences. The parish church organization structured urban life z. B. new by the corporation constitution. The new foundations also led to a new building boom, which in turn promoted economic life and brought new craftsmen and traders to the city. In addition to the pastoral aspects, the economic consequences of the new parishes for the city were also beneficial. Even after a fire destroyed almost the entire city and its churches in 1197, Münster was not disturbed in its economic and urban dynamism, but overcame this setback in a short time with a complete new construction of the cathedral, the houses and the churches and with it again one Increase in craft and commercial activity.

city ​​wall

The city was protected by an outer city wall, which probably came from the middle of the 12th century. In the aforementioned document from Bishop Ludwig from 1169, the "inner castle", the Domburg, is mentioned. This implies the existence of an outer castle. It was first mentioned in a report on the disputes of the ministeriales et cives Monasterienses over the succession of Bishop Herman II. 1203. The city wall included not only the Domburg and Bispinghof , but also the market streets east of the Domburg and the suburbium Überwasser on the left Side of the aa . It enclosed an area of ​​about 103 hectares and opened at ten gates. With 103 ha, Münster was the largest city in Westphalia in terms of area, followed by the most important city of Soest (101 ha), Dortmund (81 ha), Paderborn (66 ha) and Minden (50 ha). Osnabrück only came close to Munster in the second half of the 13th century with the establishment of the new town on the order of 102 hectares.

City law

The development of Münster as a city in the 12th century can be seen as complete: there was a separate city area with city fortifications and city rights. The designation as civitas appears for the first time in 1022/32, then in 1137 and 1173, in the 13th century Münster consistently called itself that.

Since we have not received any city rights, it can be assumed that certain rights have accumulated: parts of “supra-regional commercial law, regional land law and urban arbitrary law” grew together to form an independent city law. Conclusions about Münster's municipal law must be drawn from other sources. For this z. B. the privilege of villa Coesfeld by Bishop Hermann II. 1197 with “iustitia et libertas” as possessed by the citizens of Münster and the granting of soft image rights to villa Bocholt in 1201, whereby the count responsible for the dropping out of the locality Bocholt from his jurisdiction one new one was awarded by the bishop, a iudicium civile like other episcopal cities ("Münster, Coesfeld and others") had. Bocholt received the ius civile quod vulgo wicbelethe dicitur , the soft image right .

The most important source for the early Münster town charter is the granting of town charter to Bielefeld in 1204 (see Bielefeld document book, No. 4), which received the town charter and which was inserted as an insert in a confirmation of privileges Otto IV. To Bielefeld in 1326. The town charter of Münster u. a. through the appearance of an aldermen's constitution instead of a council constitution, as was common in the other two Westphalian legal families in Dortmund and Soest. The lex municipalis , which contained over 60 articles in the Bielefeld rendition, mentioned, among other things, an existing citizenship concivium including lay judges. Parts of the law dealt with the so-called enlope lude . These were serfs who had received no hooves and therefore settled in the city, but then had to pay a head lease. Once they were accepted into the citizenry, they were free of interest payments. In two articles foreign merchants ( hospes ) were mentioned in relation to debts and pledges, which suggests the already existing long-distance trade of the city of Münster. The importance of market and trade can also be seen in two articles. a. Citizens are prohibited from summoning anyone to court on market days. Market days were central events on which one should direct one's full force.

The lay judges were judges in the city court and carried the seal of the city. From the above Coesfeld's document suggests that the college of lay judges was a legal pre-form of a council of the city, which directed the fortunes of the city, but which was more dependent on the city lords. At the request of the population of Coesfeld , the city lord, the abbot of the Varlar monastery, had delegated the control of the developing city to aldermen ( regimen ipsius oppidi ). The city law also provided for a general assembly ( colloquium ) of all citizens, but their competencies were not mentioned. The town charter came into being with certainty before 1157, when in a settlement between Bishop Friedrich II. Von Are and Count Heinrich von Tecklenburg , who still held the bailiwick in the bishopric (until 1173), about the bailiwick in civitate Monasteriensi . Within the civitas there was obviously a law that was separate from the rest of the bailiwick. It probably developed from an older ius forense , which the citizens had received through an imperial privilege that is not received today. At least in a dispute with the cathedral chapter in 1169 the citizens invoked their market rights, which the bishop did not want to restrict out of “respect for the imperial authority”. At the end of the 12th century Münster was "a city in the full sense" with its own town charter, the organs of the aldermen's college and the general assembly and with the use of a seal. Members of Aldermen College and later the City Council were only members of the families that later on popularly Erbmänner were called. The development described above was essentially shaped and operated by these families. It is unclear what qualified a family to belong to the hereditary family. What is certain, however, is that a large part of the better-known hereditary families came from the ministerial office of the bishop and differed in this from the other inhabitants of the city.

In summary, the Münster can be characterized with the words of Carl Haase, who paints the picture of the ideal-typical city of the late Middle Ages: A "gradually grown, expanding to an area of ​​more than 50 hectares, on the way from a manorial to a cooperative (therefore not independent of the city rulers!) City, to the municipality, already essentially reached the goal, in a favorable traffic situation fulfilling commercial and commercial functions, fortified place. "

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to Haase 1984 (literature)
  2. ↑ Balzer 1993, p. 59
  3. ↑ Balzer 1993, p. 66
  4. ↑ WfUB, Vol. I, No. 103
  5. ↑ WfUB, Vol. II, No. 225
  6. ↑ WfUB, Vol. II, No. 361
  7. ↑ a b Haase 1984, p. 35
  8. ↑ a b Haase 1984, p. 34
  9. ↑ Balzer 1993, pp. 80ff.
  10. ↑ WfUB, Vol. II, No. 432, here translated by and quoted from Balzer 1993, p. 84
  11. ↑ Balzer 1993, p: 84

swell

  • Hanseatic document book , published by the Association for Hanseatic History. Duncker & Humblot, Munich 1876–1916.
  • Heinz Stoob (ed.): Documents on the history of urban development in Central and Lower Germany up to 1350 . Böhlau, Cologne
  • Westphalian document book , v. a. Vol. III The documents of the diocese of Münster from 1201-1300 , Münster: Regensberg 1871 (continuation of Erhard's Regestae Historiae Westfaliae ), quoted in. as WfUB.

literature

  • Manfred Balzer: Becoming a city. Developments and changes from the 9th to the 12th century . In: Franz-Josef Jakobi (ed.): History of the city of Münster . Aschendorff, Münster 1993, vol. 1: From the beginnings to the end of the principality , pp. 53–90.
  • Hans Heinrich Blotevogel : Westphalia as part of the German city system . In: Westfälische Forschungen , Vol. 33 (1983), pp. 1-28.
  • Dietrich Dennecke: The geographical concept of the city and the spatial-functional approach to settlement types with central importance when applied to historical settlement epochs . In: Herbert Jankuhn , Walter Schlesinger , Heiko Steuer (eds.): Pre and Early Forms of the European City in the Middle Ages , report on a symposium in Rheinhausen near Göttingen from April 18 to 24, 1972, Part I, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1975, pp. 33-55.
  • Wilfried Ehbrecht: City rights and historical landscape in Westphalia . In: Der Raum Westfalen , Vol. 6, 2nd volume, Aschendorff, Münster 1987, pp. 27-60.
  • Wilfried Ehbrecht, Brigitte Schröder, Heinz Stoob (eds.): Bibliography on German historical urban research , part 2, Bohlau, Cologne 1996 (in it the most detailed list of further literature on the topic).
  • Carl Haase : Concept of the city and layers of urban development in Westphalia. In: Ders: The city of the Middle Ages (= ways of research , Vol. CCXLIII), Vol. 1: Concept, emergence and expansion. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1969, pp. 60–94 (new edition of an article from 1958).
  • Carl Haase: The emergence of the Westphalian cities (= publications of the Provincial Institute for Westphalian Regional and Folklore , Series I, Issue 11). Aschendorff, Münster, 4th edition 1968.
  • Albert K. Hömberg : Topography and settlement studies. Observations and considerations of a historian on the problem of place namology : In: Westfälische Forschungen , Vol. 8 (1955), pp. 24-64.
  • Peter Ilisch , Christoph Kösters: The patronage of Westphalia from the beginning to the end of the Old Kingdom . Aschendorf, Münster 1992.
  • Franz-Josef Jakobi (ed.): History of the city of Münster . Aschendorff, Münster 1993, 3 volumes, ISBN 3-402-05370-5 .
    • Vol. 1: From the beginning to the end of the principality
    • Vol. 2: The 19th and 20th centuries (until 1945)
    • Vol. 3: The post-war period and the prospects for urban development. Fine arts, music, language and literature
  • Franz-Josef Jakobi: Population development and population structure in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period . In the S. History of the city of Münster . Aschendorff, Münster 1993, vol. 1: From the beginnings to the end of the principality , pp. 485-534.
  • Karlheinz Kirchhoff: City plan and topographical development . Franz-Josef Jakobi (ed.): History of the city of Münster . Aschendorff, Münster 1993, vol. 1: From the beginnings to the end of the principality , pp. 447–484.
  • Dietmar Klenke, Rainer Pöppinghege (editor): Everything that is right. On the history of the judiciary in Münster 793–1993 . Regensberg, Münster 1993, ISBN 3-7923-0650-6 .
  • Karl Kroeschell : City foundation and soft image law in Westphalia . Aschendorff, Münster 1960.
  • Joseph Prinz : Mimigernaford - Münster. The history of the origins of a city (= historical work on Westphalian regional research , Vol. 4 / Publications of the Historical Commission Westphalia , Vol. XXII). Aschendorff Munster 1960.
  • Fritz Rörig : Rhineland-Westphalia and the German Hanseatic League . In: Hansische Geschichtsblätter , vol. 58 (1933), pp. 17–51.
  • Hans-Joachim Seeger: Westphalian trade and industry from the 9th to the 14th century (= studies on the history of the economy and intellectual culture , vol. 1). Publishing house by Karl Curtius, Berlin 1926.
  • Heinz Stoob: Westphalian contributions to the relationship between rural rule and urbanism . In: Westfälische Forschungen , Vol. 21 (1968), pp. 69-97.
  • Louise von Winterfeld: The urban law entanglements in Westphalia . In: Der Raum Westfalen , Vol. II / 2, Aschendorff, Münster 1934, pp. 172–254.
  • Louise von Winterfeld: The Westphalian Hansequartier . In: Der Raum Westfalen , Vol. II / 2, Aschendorff, Münster 1934, pp. 256–352.
  • Louise von Winterfeld (ed.): Westphalia - Hanse - Baltic Sea area . Aschendorff, Münster 1955.
  • Adolf Wünsche: The shape of the cities in the area of ​​the former Principality of Münster. A contribution to the historical ground plan research of small towns in Münsterland . Thiele, Gütersloh 1937 (plus dissertation University of Münster 1937).

See also