Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulaceae
	Syngonanthus chrysanthus
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Eriocaulaceae
Scientific name
	Eriocaulaceae
	Martinov

The Eriocaulaceae or pipelot plants are a family of plants belonging to the order of the sweet grass-like (Poales). The twelve or so genera with around 1400 species are mainly found in the tropics and subtropics , most species-rich in South America and thrive mainly at higher altitudes or on plateaus. Few species occur in the temperate areas, such as in eastern North America , the British Isles and Japan .

description

Vegetative characteristics

They are annual or perennial herbaceous plants that are usually small. Some species are aquatic plants. The alternate, usually spirally and rosette-arranged leaves at the base of the plant are simple, sessile, parallel-veined, grass-like in shape and have entire margins. The stomata are paracytic.

Generative characteristics

Many flowers are grouped together in heady inflorescences . They are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ) or rarely dioecious ( dioecious ) of separate sexes. The flowers are always unisexual, either male and female flowers on one plant or, more rarely, on different plants. The flowers are radially symmetrical to strongly zygomorphic and two to three-fold. The two to three sepals are rarely fused. The two to three petals are rarely fused to form a hairy lobe. The male flowers contain one or two circles with two or three stamens each . A characteristic that is particularly typical of the family is that the three-cell pollen grains are spiraperturat. The female flowers have staminodes (reduced stamens). The two or three carpels are a top permanent ovary grown. Each ovary compartment contains only one ovule in apical placentation . The two or three styles are completely free, partially or completely fused. Nectaries are only present in the flowers of Eriocaulon .

There are fruit capsules formed. The seeds contain starch .

The base chromosome number is x = 8 or 10.

Systematics and distribution

Subfamily Eriocauloideae: habit and inflorescence of Eriocaulon stellulatum

Subfamily Eriocauloideae: inflorescence of Eriocaulon nudicuspe

Subfamily Paepalanthoideae: Actinocephalus polyanthus

Subfamily Paepalanthoideae: habit and inflorescence of Paepalanthus speciosus

The Eriocaulaceae family was founded in 1820 by Ivan Ivanovič Martinov in Tekhno-Botanicheskīĭ Slovar ': na latinskom i rossīĭskom iazykakh. Sanktpeterburgie 237. The type genus is Eriocaulon L.

The clearly monophyletic family Eriocaulaceae is placed in the order of the Poales (Chase & al. 1995, Linder & Kellogg 1995, Stevenson & Loconte 1995, Givnish & al. 1999, Giulietti & al. 2000, Bremer 2002, APG III 2009). The most complete treatment of the family was done by Wilhelm Otto Eugen Ruhland in 1903. Now several new works are available, most recently by Maria José Gomes de Andrade et al. 2010.

The species of the Eriocaulaceae are mainly found in the tropics and subtropics , the most species-rich in South America . Few species occur in the temperate areas , such as in eastern North America , the British Isles and Japan . They thrive mainly at higher altitudes or on plateaus.

The family Eriocaulaceae is divided into two subfamilies and contains a total of nine (to) eleven genera with about 1400 species :

Subfamily Eriocauloideae:
- Eriocaulon L. (Syn .: Busseuillia R.Lesson , Cespa Hill , Chaetodiscus Steud. , Dichrolepis Welw. , Electrosperma F.Muell. , Lasiolepis Boeckeler , Leucocephala Roxb. , Nasmythia Huds. , Randalia P.Beauv. Ex Desv. , Sphaerochloa P.Beauv. Ex Desv. , Symphachne P.Beauv. Ex Desv. ): The approximately 468 species arewidespreadin north-western Europe , from the subtropics to the tropics of the Old World to Russia's Far East and the New World .
- Mesanthemum grain . : The 15or sospecies are common in tropical Africa and Madagascar .
Subfamily Paepalanthoideae:
- Actinocephalus (grain.) Sano : It contains about 49 species are common in Brazil .
- Blastocaulon Ruhland : The five types are common in Brazil .
- Lachnocaulon Kunth : The seven species are distributed in the southeastern USA to Texas and on Cuba .
- Leiothrix Ruhland : The approximately 64 species are widespread in tropical South America.
- Paepalanthus Mart. nom. cons. (Syn .: Paepalanthus Kunth nom. Illeg., Blastocaulon Ruhland , Cladocaulon Gardner , Dupatya Vell. , Moldenkeanthus Morat ): It contains 410 to 462 species. It has a disjoint area in the Neotropics and in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
- Rhodonanthus Duke : The approximately six species, including Wurdackia Moldenke only come on the Guayanaschild ago.
- Syngonanthus Ruhland (Syn .: Philodice Mart. , Limnoxeranthemum Salzm. Ex Steud. ): It contains 146 to 200 species, including the species of the former genera Comanthera L.B.Sm. and Carptotepala Moldenke . It has a disjoint area in the Neotropics and in tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.
- Tonina Aubl. (Syn .: Hyphydra Schreb. ): It contains only one species:
  - Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. (also called Syngonanthus sp. "Belém"): It iswidespreadfrom southern Mexico via Central America and on the Caribbean islands to northern South America in waters with soft water with extremely low carbonate hardness .

swell

The family of Eriocaulaceae in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
The Eriocaulaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
Sylvia Phillips: Flora of tropical East Africa , CRC Press 1997, Volume 172, Eriocaulaceae , ISBN 9789061913771 : limited preview in Google Book Search
N. Hensold: Eriocaulaceae, pp. 1-58, in Julian A. Steyermark, PE Berry, K. Yatskievych, BK Holst .: Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana , Volume 5, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 1999.
Maria José Gomes de Andrade, Ana Maria Giulietti, Alessandro Rapini, Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz, Adilva de Souza Conceição, Paulo Ricardo Machado de Almeida, Cássio van den Berg: A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: Evidence from nuclear (ITS) and plastid ( psbA-trnH and trnL-F) DNA sequences. In: Taxon , Volume 59, Number 2, 2010, pp. 379–388: PDF online text. (Section systematics)
PT Sano, M. Trovó, Ana Maria Giuliett: Neotropical Eriocaulaceae at neotropikey . (Sections Description and Distribution)

Individual evidence

↑ Eriocaulaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 25, 2014.
↑ Eriocaulaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Eriocaulaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 94.

Web links

Commons : Eriocaulaceae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Tropicos-1] Eriocaulaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 25, 2014.

[GRIN-2] Eriocaulaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 25, 2014.

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Eriocaulaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 2, 2018.

[4] Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 94.