Ernst Neumann (pathologist)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ernst Neumann, at the high desk at the University of Königsberg, around 1895

Franz Ernst Christian Neumann (born January 30, 1834 in Königsberg (Prussia) ; † March 6, 1918 ibid) was a German pathologist and hematologist .

Life

House with study pavilion in 1903 in Rauschen, today Svetlogorsk Russia

Franz Ernst Christian Neumann was the grandson of the natural scientist Karl Gottfried Hagen and son of the physicist Franz Ernst Neumann . With his brothers Carl Gottfried Neumann and Friedrich Julius Neumann , E. Neumann attended the old town high school in Königsberg. After graduating from high school in 1850, he first attended mathematical and philosophical lectures and finally switched to the medical faculty of the Königsberg University.

From 1850 he studied at the Albertus University in Königsberg and received his doctorate there in 1855. One of his teachers was Hermann von Helmholtz . After further studies at the Charles University in Prague and the Charité with Rudolf Virchow , he became a professor in Königsberg in 1866 . He took over the Pathological Institute, which had only been set up a year earlier, from the Virchow student Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen . Neumann managed it until 1903. In 1882 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina .

He was married to Anna König (1839-1903), a daughter of the grammar school professor of mathematics and astronomy Johann Friedrich König (1798-1865) and a sister of the Parisian scientist and precision mechanic Rudolph Koenig (1832-1901). Of the six children, three died at an early age. The son Ernst Richard Neumann became a mathematician at the University of Marburg and Helene Neumann (1874–1942) a painter and graphic artist as a student of Heinrich Wolff.

Neumann died at the age of 84 and was buried in the first Tragheim cemetery in the Hufen (Königsberg) .

Overview pathology, hematology

Pluripotent large lymphocytic stem cell 1912 , illustration from blood and pigments , Jena 1917
First description of the bone marrow as a blood-forming organ (1868)

Just three years after taking over the Institute of Pathology, Neumann described the “lymphoid marrow cell” in the bone marrow , which he consequently designated as the organ of blood formation. When it was first published on October 10, 1868, he not only assigned the function of blood formation to the bone marrow, but also established a stem cell concept for hematopoiesis (see below). He also described acute myeloid leukemia .

With this “first-rate sensation”, this pathological institute went down in medical history, because in 1868 the specialty of “modern hematology of the 19th century” was removed from pathology. In addition to hematology, Neumann's fields of work included pathology, including particularly nerve and muscle regeneration, pigment and inflammation theory and dentistry. The versatility of his work has repeatedly led to his honoring being named "Virchow of the East" in literature.

The postulate of the stem cell

With the designation "The postulate of the stem cell", Yvonne Klinger not only remembered the first description of the bone marrow as a blood-forming organ on October 10, 1868, but also Neumann's clear idea of ​​the "lymphoid marrow cell" (1868) as the later "pluripotent large lymphocyte stem cell" (1912) for all blood cell series. Neumann substantiated this his Unitarian view in a lecture to the " Association for Scientific Medicine ", Königsberg:

"Not only can a continuous formation of new blood cells be asserted with certainty for the growth period when the blood mass increases proportionally to the body mass, but it is also highly probable a priori that this process of regeneration will continue in the adult body, since life is the individual blood cells is probably only a limited one…! ”… Neumann is therefore of the opinion“ that throughout life there is a constant introduction of marrow cells into the blood, and that these immigrated cells are transformed into colored cells (still nucleated cells) in the vessels of the marrow Convert erythroblasts - note author). This metamorphosis still takes place within the bones, since as a rule only finished blood cells are found in the bone venous blood. "

- Ernst Neumann

The hypothesis of E. Neumann (Koenigsberg), A. Maximow (St. Petersburg) and A. Pappenheim (Berlin) that all blood cells of different series should be derived from one pluripotent stem cell (unitarianism) was developed for decades by Rudolf Virchow and the dualist Paul Honest and much more. declined. It was not until the Americans G. Rosenow, M. Wintrobe and M. Tavassoli remembered the achievements from Königsberg on the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the stem cell in 1968. Since then, a large number of publications have appeared which point to the importance of the fundamentally correct description of the Unitarian standpoint from 1868: In 2007 Zech published the following text: “The beginning of stem cell research can be dated back to Ernst Neumann, who was appointed professor of pathology at Koenigsberg in 1866 and described in a preliminary communication the presence of nucleated red blood cells in bone marrow (BM) saps. He concluded in his subsequent papers, that during postembryonic life, erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis are taking place in the BM. On the basis of his observation, Ernst Neumann was the first to postulate the BM as blood forming organ with a common SC for all hematopoietic cells. "

Neumann at the bowling evening of the Association for Scientific Medicine

Haematological studies, blood pigments

Studies on regeneration processes in tooth and bone tissue, on electrophysiological studies on the erythrocyte membrane and on jaundice neonatorum , which he distinguished from pathological forms of jaundice, led to the first description of the original cell of red blood cells in 1868. The first description of the morphology of the bone marrow, including its capillary-venous vascular system, followed in 1869. In the same work he pointed out that the bone marrow, in addition to the spleen and liver, is an embryonic blood-forming organ. All examinations were carried out with the native preparation described by him for the first time (microscopic examination in a cell level without chemical additives).

Using blood smears that Neumann carried out at the bedside, in 1870 he described the bone marrow-related "myelogenic leukemia" with typical "Charcot-Neumann-Leyden crystals". Paul Ehrlich was not sure about the causal bone marrow disease and as a precaution called the disease "myloid leukemia" (marrow-like leukemia).

In 1878 Neumann moved the production of white blood cells ( leukocytopoiesis ) to the bone marrow. In 1882, the description of the law on the spread of yellow and red bone marrow in the extremities followed.

Another hematological law was formulated by Neumann in 1888, the law of exclusion of hemoglobin derivatives (red blood pigment). It implies that the blood pigment " hemosiderin " (Neumann) is formed in the living organism, while the hematoidin represents the pigment symbol of necrosis.

In a comprehensive hematological work from 1912, Neumann defined postembryonic blood formation from the marrow cell he had already described in 1869, which he later with P. Ehrlich and AW Maximow as "large lymphocytes", and finally in 1912 as a pluripotent "large lymphocyte stem cell" for everyone Blood cell rows, from which the erythrocytopoiesis, leukocytopoiesis and lymphocytopoiesis develop (so-called unitarian point of view or med. Unitarianism ). “Fixed stellate cells of the embryonic parenchyma”, on the other hand, should be the tissue of origin for blood formation in the embryonic liver, spleen and bone marrow.

Furthermore, Neumann made significant contributions to the clinical picture of pernicious anemia .

Studies in general pathology and pathological anatomy

Inflammation theory

When bloodletting was still widespread in Europe in the 19th century , Neumann was one of the first pathologists to advocate the thesis that inflammation is primarily a healing process to protect the organism. The inflammation was divided into an inflammatory process, based on the “laesio continui” or micro-necrosis, and a regenerative process. In the regenerative healing phase, the formation of connective tissue plays a major role. Neumann gave the fibroblasts their name and described their behavior in inflammatory processes. In 1896 he coined the term "fibrinoid degeneration", later also "fibrinoid necrosis" for an inflammatory reaction on serous membranes in contrast to "fibrinous exudation".

Degeneration and regeneration of muscles and nerves

The muscle buds named after Neumann represent a form of regeneration of striated muscle tissue. The regenerative eversion of the regeneration epithelium (connective tissue) plays a decisive role.

With regard to studies on nerve degeneration and regeneration, Neumann has already carried out nerve transplants in animal experiments. He valued Schwann cells very highly, as they should play a decisive role in the regeneration of a severed nerve (Schwann's neuroblasts or cell chain theory). The “Neumann's Law of Nerve Development” contains the relationship between the motor nerve tracts in relation to time with the structure of the brain in the embryo.

Neumann's tumor

The Neumann tumor corresponds to the first description of the congenital epulis .

Dentistry

The Neumann tooth sheaths are independent walls of the tooth tubules, which are particularly resistant to chemical substances and in which the Tome tooth fibers are located. Dental caries is an active process of the living tooth as a result of an external influence with inflammatory swelling of the tooth fibers with widening of the tooth sheaths and thus narrowing of the tooth tubules.

Honors

Ernst Neumann, bronze plaque by Stanislaus Cauer. Gift from the University of Königsberg on Ernst Neumann's 80th birthday in 1913

Neumann was appointed secret medical councilor in 1883 . He received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Tübingen (1898) and Geneva (1915). In 1916 he was awarded the Order of the Red Eagle . On his 80th birthday, his former students and the Albertus University in Königsberg presented him with a gold plaque made by Stanislaus Cauer . Plaster plaques also made by Stanislaus Cauer can be found today in the respective Medical History Museum in Ingolstadt and Berlin.

Commemoration

Stone plaque in Königsberg Cathedral in honor of the most important scientists of the Albertina Königsberg

On the occasion of the presentation of the "Ernst Neumann Awards" on August 27, 1995 in Düsseldorf as part of the 24th meeting of the International Society for Experimental Hematology, the medal made by Cauer was re-cast and presented to Donald Medcalf for his services to hematology. Furthermore, Neumann received a place in the exhibition "European Dimension of the Königsberg Natural Sciences of the 19th Century" on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of the city of Königsberg / Kaliningrad in 2005. In the Königsberg Cathedral in Kaliningrad there is a granite plaque with the names the most important scientists are carved, including Ernst Neumann, his father and four other relatives from the family of scholars.

Works

  • Contribution to the knowledge of the dentin and bone tissue . Leipzig 1863.
  • On the different behavior of paralyzed muscles against the constant and induced current, and the explanation for it. In: German Clinic. 16, 1864, pp. 65-69.
  • On the histology of the red blood cells. In: Centralblatt for the Medical Sciences. 3/31, 1865, pp. 481-484.
  • About the importance of the bone marrow for blood formation. Preliminary communication. In: Centralblatt for the Medical Sciences. No. 44, 1868.
  • About the importance of the bone marrow for blood formation. A contribution to the history of the development of blood cells. In: Wagner's archive of medicine. X, 1869. Reprinted in: Blood and Pigments. Fischer, Jena 1917, pp. 6-51.
  • A case of leukemia with bone marrow disease. In: Archives of Medicine. Leipzig, 11, 1870, pp. 1-14.
  • The law on the spread of yellow and red bone marrow. In: Centralblatt für die Med. Wissenschaft. 18, 1882, pp. 321-323.
  • Some experiments on nerve transplants. In: Arch. For development mechanics. 6, H. 4, 1898, pp. 326-236.
  • Hematological Studies III, Leukocytes and Leukemia. In: Archive for microscopic anatomy and history of development. 207, 1912, pp. 480-520. (also in: Blood and Pigments. Fischer, Jena 1918.)
  • New contribution to the knowledge of the embryonic liver. In: Arch. For microscopic anatomy. 85, Abt. I, 1914, pp. 480-520.
  • Blood and Pigments - Collected Treatises with Additions . Gustav Fischer, Jena 1917. (e.g. "Large lymphocyte stem cell" 1912, p. 313 - supplementation of the stem cell pool also through mitotic division)

literature

  • KG v. Boroviczény, H. Schippers, E. Seidler: Introduction to the history of hematology. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974.
  • C. Buzmann: The pathologist Ernst Neumann and his research in the field of degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves after continuity transection. Dissertation . Hannover Medical School, 2003.
  • C. Dreyfus: Some milestone in the history of hematology. Grune u. Stratton, New York / London 1957.
  • Y. Klinger: About the discovery of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow and the postulate of stem cells. From Ernst Neumann's hypothesis to the experim. Proof. Inaugural dissertation . Castrop-Rauxel 1992.
  • E. Neumann-Redlin von Meding: The pathologist Ernst Neumann (1834-1918) and his contribution to the establishment of hematology in the 19th century. Series of publications by the Munich Association for the History of Medicine. Demeter Verlag, Munich 1987. (With the entire revised bibliography of Neumann's work)
  • E. Neumann-Redlin von Meding: Ernst Chr. Neumann (1834-1918); The description of the functional morphology of the bone marrow at the Pathological Institute in Königsberg and its influence on the hematology of the 19th century. In: D. Rauschning et al. (Ed.): The Albertus University of Königsberg and its professors. (= Yearbook of the Albertus University in Königsberg. Volume 29). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1995, pp. 425-437.
  • HA Neumann, Y. Klinger: Bone marrow and stem cells. The battle for the basics of hematology. (= Ex libris Roche. Volume 1). Blackwell Verlag, Berlin 1994.
  • G. Rosenow: Ernst Neumann: His Significance in Todays Haematology. In: Karger Gazette. 15, 8, 1967.
  • M. Tavassoli: Bone Marrow: The Seebed of Blood. In: MM Wintrobe: Blood, pure and eloquent sh. 5, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980 and: Bone Marrow. Structure and function. Alan R. Liss., New York 1983.
  • Peter Voswinckel:  Neumann, Ernst Christian. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , p. 134 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • M. Wintrobe: Hematology, the blossoming of a science; a story of inspiration and effort. Lea & Febinger, Philadelphia 1985.
  • M. Wintrobe: Blood, pure and eloquent; a story of discovery of people and of ideas. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Leo Febiger, Philadelphia 1980.
  • NH Zech, A. Shkumatov, S. Koestenbauer: The magic behind stem cells. In: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Vo. 24, No. 6, 2007, pp. 208-214.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ KG v. Boroviczény, H. Schippers, E. Seidler: Introduction to the history of hematology. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1974.
  2. ^ M. Tavassoli: Bone Marrow: The Seebed of Blood. In: MM Wintrobe: Blood, pure and eloquent. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980, ISBN 0-07-071135-6 .
  3. ↑ Yvonne Klinger: About the discovery of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow and the postulate of the stem cell. From Ernst Neumann's hypothesis to experimental proof. Inaugural dissertation. Bochum 1992.
  4. ^ Lecture on October 13, 1868 before the Association for Scientific Medicine, in: Berliner Medizinische Wochenschrift. 5, 1868, pp. 505-506.
  5. ↑ G. Rosenow: Ernst Neumann, His Significance in Today's Hematology. In: Karger Gezette. No. 15 (1967), p. 8.
  6. ↑ M. Wintrobe: Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science; a story of inspiration and effort. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1985: “Neumann and Bizzozero reported observations and drew conclusions that were so revolutionary that they were not accepted”.
  7. ↑ M. Tavassoli: Bone Marrow: The Seebed of Blood, in Wintrobe, MM: Blood, pure and eloquent. A story of Discovery, of People and of Ideas. Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company Leo Febiger, Philadelphia 1980: “Despite all the opposition, however, within two decades, Neumann's discovery was a scientific axiom! The brilliance of the truth may first be blinding, but ultimately it supersedes all artificial illuminators ”(TAVASSOLI, 1980), p. 65.
  8. ↑ NH Zech, A. Shkumatov, p Köstenbauer: The magic behind stem cells. In: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. Vo. 24, No. 6, 2007, pp. 208-214.
  9. ^ "Neumann-law", M. Wintrobe
  10. ^ Herbert A. Neumann, Yvonne Klinger: Bone marrow and stem cells. The battle for the basics of hematology. (= Ex libris Roche. Volume 1). Blackwell Verlag, Berlin 1994, p. 115.
  11. ^ Neumann, 1896.
  12. ↑ Source: franz-neumann-stiftung.net
personal data
SURNAME Neumann, Ernst
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Neumann, Franz Ernst Christian (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pathologist and hematologist
DATE OF BIRTH January 30, 1834
PLACE OF BIRTH Koenigsberg
DATE OF DEATH March 6, 1918
Place of death Koenigsberg