Karl Gottfried Hagen

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Hagen and his textbook on the art of pharmacy (1821)

Karl Gottfried Hagen , also Carl , (born December 24, 1749 in Königsberg (Prussia) ; † March 2, 1829 there ) was a German pharmacist and polymath. He founded scientific pharmacy and was on friendly terms with Immanuel Kant all his life.

Life

First pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory
Kant's table company (Hagen far right)

The Hagen family had been based in East Prussia since 1584 and came from Schippenbeil , the earlier roots of the patrician family extended to the Hanseatic city of Lübeck and to Thuringia and Central Franconia. As early as the second half of the 17th century, they put pharmacists and doctors in Schippenbeil. Karl Gottfried was the son of Heinrich Hagen (1709–1772), a pharmacist in Königsberg. His mother Marie Elisabeth b. Georgesohn was the daughter of the owner of the farm pharmacy, which his father was able to take over in 1746.

Karl Gottfried Hagen received private tuition from his uncle, Pastor Georgesohn in Tiefensee, Heiligenbeil district , and attended the old town high school in Königsberg. On January 23, 1769 he enrolled as a medical student at the Albertus University in Königsberg . There he also heard Immanuel Kant . For many years, Hagen was a guest of Kant's table company and was in lively scientific and friendly contact with the great philosopher until the end of his life. The court pharmacy supplied the royal family in Tsarist Russia and remained in the Hagenschem family until the 1930s.

Only once did Hagen go on a long journey. He traveled through Switzerland for five months with his tenant Baron von Salis and met Salomon Gessner , Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Albrecht von Haller's sons.

Hagen's library on alchemy was important .

pharmacist

Hagens Hof-Apotheke, Junkerstrasse 6, abandoned in 1913

Trained as a pharmacist by his father, Christoph Gottlieb Büttner accepted Hagen as a budding physician; but he preferred a career as a pharmacist. When his father died in 1772, at the age of 23 he took over the farm pharmacy. His teachers, including Kant and Johann Christoph Bohl , tried in vain to win him over for an academic career. On the other hand, the Königsberg pharmacists did not want to recognize their “broken off” colleague. A special royal order approved the pharmacy business if the widow employed a licensed provisional and Hagen passed the test in Berlin; he succeeded in doing this on May 29, 1773.

University professor

After Hagen had successfully managed the pharmacy for a number of years, he was asked by the medical faculty, through its dean Andreas Johannes Orlovius, to become a university professor. The doctoral degree would be awarded to him at low cost if he underwent the usual conditions of the examination. He then gave three trial lectures on crystals and crystallization and wrote the inaugural dissertation De stanno . Having received his doctorate in 1775 , he gave inspiring lectures on natural history in the usually overcrowded “auditorium” of his pharmacy. His textbook on the art of pharmacy , written at the age of 29, brought him great fame. It was published in eight editions and has been translated into four languages. The three parts botany , mineralogy and chemistry satisfied scientific and practical needs. In 1786 his basic plan of experimental chemistry appeared , which Kant described as a "logical masterpiece".

Since 1779 associate professor , Hagen was appointed to the chair of medicine in 1783 for a salary of 280 thalers . His later appointment to the Secret Medical Council improved the professor's salary by 100 thalers a year. At the suggestion of August Wilhelm Heidemann , Hagen's teaching activities were integrated into the Philosophical Faculty in 1806. Hagen in turn admired Kant's understanding of experimental chemistry without looking at experiments.

In his pharmacy, Hagen taught not only students, but also state officials, officers, ministers and councilors. Ludwig von Borstell thanked with a trophy and an engraved silver plate. In 1808/09, the Prussian princes Wilhelm and Friedrich , and then once the royal couple with the princesses, were among the audience.

education

In 1787, Hagen initiated the establishment of a botanical garden for the university. The idea met with unreserved approval from the responsible minister, Karl Abraham von Zedlitz ; But it was not until 1806 that Johann Georg Scheffner could buy a garden plot of land that Hagen's suggestion was realized in 1811 with the Botanical Garden (Königsberg) . In 1818 he published the work Prussian Plants, Nicolovius, Königsberg. His descriptions of nature were also considered “very readable”.

When the artillery school in Königsberg was opened in 1797 , Hagen also taught there.

Hagen was accepted into the Physico-Economic Society , which had its seat in Mohrungen and was under the patronage of Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg . In 1799 it was moved to Königsberg. Hagen became its president and made it a respected society even in non-academic circles.

Kant and Hagen were masterminds of Humboldt's educational reform . Current research results also show that Hagen, who was also a member of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg , influenced the development of education in Russia. Hagen himself had ceded his lectures to young scholars early on: botany to August Friedrich Schweigger , zoology to Karl Ernst von Baer , and mathematics to his future son-in-law Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel . As a result, the Königsberg University achieved a European reputation in mathematics, astronomy and natural sciences in the 19th century.

In 1812 Hagen founded the Königsberg archive for natural sciences and mathematics with Bessel, the physicians Remer and Schweigger . In 1820 he founded the University's Mineralogical Museum.

Scientific importance

KG Hagen bust, formerly in the senate room of the Albertus University in Königsberg, today in museums in Kiel and Heidelberg

Hagen founded scientific pharmacy and experimental laboratory work . Justus von Liebig set up a university laboratory in Gießen in 1825 based on his model . Hagen made the Albertus University the birthplace of the chemical investigation methods that made Germany the dominant force in chemistry within a few years. His textbooks received a lot of attention at home and abroad and became standard works in German-language teaching for over half a century.

family

Since 1784, Karl Gottfried Hagen was married to Johanna Maria Rabe (1764–1829). The couple had nine children, four of whom died young. Everyone stayed in Königsberg:

His brother Johann Heinrich Hagen (born December 1, 1738 in Schippenbeil , † November 30, 1775 in Königsberg (Prussia) ) was also a pharmacist who received his training from Valentin Rose the Elder in Berlin. On June 24th, 1768, when he returned to Königsberg, he became the owner of the pharmacy in the Kneiphof. On March 2, 1770 he married Henriette Louise Dorn ; the marriage remained childless.

Karl Gottfried's nephew was the hydraulic engineer Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen .

Honors

Coin for the establishment of the Hagen Bucholz Foundation in 1829

In 1776 Hagen was elected a member of the Leopoldina , in 1800 he was appointed to the Real Secret Council .

In 1825, on the 50th anniversary of his doctorate, he received the Order of the Red Eagle, 2nd Class with Oak Leaves. On the same occasion, the pharmacists of the Kingdom of Prussia had a silver medal struck in the Berlin mint based on a wax model by Karl Wichmann . The University of Wichmann had a marble bust made with the pharmacists of the province of East Prussia .

Finally, Hagen was honored with a medallion next to that of Friedrich Burdach at the New University .

An East African parent plant of the medicinally used Koso tree blossoms was named Hagenia abessynica . The name Galeopsis Hagenii also exists and in zoology Karl Ernst von Baer introduced the name Mytilus Hagenii for a shell . In 1829, the year Hagen died, the Hagen Bucholz Foundation was established in his honor . His wife died four months after him. Both were buried in the Altroßgärter cemetery. For the grave in the shadow of an oak, a granite cube with four classicistic urns on the corners was delivered from Berlin .

In the west, on the border with Mittelhufen, the city of Königsberg named an important road lined with red chestnut trees after the Hagen. In Soviet Kaliningrad, it was renamed Karl-Marx-Strasse.

Fonts (selection)

literature

  • Albert Ladenburg :  Hagen, Karl Gottfried . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, p. 340.
  • A. Wimmer: Kant and pharmacy . Süddeutsche Apotheker-Zeitung, vol. 89/16 (1949), pp. 263-265.
  • Georg Edmund Then:  Hagen, Carl Gottfried. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , p. 473 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • R. Schmitz: The German Pharmaceutical-Chemical University Institutes. CH Boehringer Sohn , Ingelheim 1969.
  • S. Hagen: Hagen'sche family chronicle. Three hundred years of Hagen family history . Self-published, 1938, 2 volumes.
  • Hans Vallentin: Important East Prussian pharmacists of the past . Pharmaceutische Zeitung , Vol. 73, No. 69 (1928), pp. 1053-1055.
  • H. Matthes: Pharmacy and pharmacists in East Prussia . Pharmaceutical Newspaper, Volume 73, No. 69 (1928), pp. 1041-1055.
  • EA Hagen: The Medical Councilor Dr. Hagen. A memorial to his hundredth birthday on December 24th, 1849. Dalkowski, Königsberg (Foreword by F. Ph. Dulk : About the scientific significance of KG Hagens )
  • H. Trunz: Pharmacists and pharmacies in East and West Prussia 1397-1945. Sources, materials, collections. Association for Family Research in East and West Prussia , self-published, Volume I, No. 5, Hamburg 1992 and Volume II, No. 5/2, 1996
  • Eberhard Neumann-Redlin von Meding : 250 years: Karl-Gottfried Hagen. Exhibition in the City of Königsberg Museum for the 250th birthday Reprint of the lecture on November 5, 1999 . Königsberger Bürgerbrief 53 (1999), pp. 86-90.
  • Eberhard Neumann-Redlin von Meding, J. von Meding: Karl Gottfried Hagen and the scientific pharmacy at the Albertus University in Königsberg / Prussia . History of pharmacy; DAZ supplement; Vol. 51 (1999), pp. 53-59.
  • Eberhard Neumann-Redlin von Meding: Immanuel Kant and the natural scientist Karl Gottfried Hagen . Yearbook Preußenland , vol. 42, no. 2 (2004), pp. 40–57.
  • N. Ermakowa: KG Hagen and the Königsberg University. Materials of the international scientific seminar, dedicated to the 250th anniversary of his birthday . Self-printing, Kaliningrad University, 2000.
  • N. Ermakowa: KG Hagen (1749-1829) - Professor of the University of Koenigsberg. The humanistic orientation and the peculiarity of the educational activity . Dissertation (Russian), Kant University, Kaliningrad 2005.
  • Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt : Carl Gottfried Hagen and his court pharmacy . In: Königsberg life in the Rococo. Important contemporaries of Kant . Writings from the JG Herder Library Siegerland, Vol. 7, Siegen 1981, pp. 53-72.

Web links

Wikisource: Karl Gottfried Hagen  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g H. M. Mühlpfordt, 1981
  2. ↑ Vorländer, Karl: Immanuel Kant. The man and the work. Hamburg 1924.
  3. ↑ Wimmer, p. 264; Schmitz, p. 221; Hagen family chronicle
  4. ^ E. Neumann-Redlin von Meding, J. von Meding: Karl Gottfried Hagen and the scientific pharmacy at the Albertus University in Königsberg / Prussia . History of pharmacy; DAZ supplement; Vol. 51, 1999, p. 100.
  5. ↑ a b Matthes 1928, p. 1041
  6. ↑ N. Ermakowa: KG Hagen (1749-1829) - Professor of the University of Koenigsberg. The humanistic orientation and the peculiarity of the educational activity . Dissertation (Russian), Kant University, Kaliningrad 2005
  7. ^ Family of scholars Hagen-Bessel-Neumann-Koenig
  8. ↑ Kinship Bessel – Hagen
  9. ↑ Agnes Miegel: From old Königsberg pharmacies. (PDF; 9.4 MB) In: The Ostpreußenblatt. Vol. 9, Volume 8 (1958) of February 22, 1958, p. 9
  10. ↑ Karl Gottfried Hagen: Brief biography of the king. privileged pharmacist Mr. Johann Heinrich Hagen zu Königsberg in Prussia. ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Activities of the Berlin Society of Friends of Nature Research. 3rd Vol. (1777), pp. 497-504 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de
  11. ↑ Trunz, p. 528
personal data
SURNAME Hagen, Karl Gottfried
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German polymath
DATE OF BIRTH December 24, 1749
PLACE OF BIRTH Koenigsberg i. Pr.
DATE OF DEATH March 2, 1829
Place of death Koenigsberg i. Pr.