Kantiana
Kantiana (neuter plural from Latin, kantianus': 'belonging to Kant') are the legacies of the philosopher Immanuel Kant . In addition to writings, book originals and utensils , this also includes his grave, monuments , memorial plaques , memorials and anecdotes . The examination of them ranges from research on Kant to the veneration of relics . As a Latin adjective, the word 'kantianus' is found for the first time in the name of the Stoa Kantiana, Kant's first burial place at the Königsberg Cathedral . He found scientific use for the reception of Kant's writings first with Rudolf Reicke . The Baltic Federal University Immanuel Kant in Kaliningrad calls itself "Kantiana".
House in Judtschen
From 1747 to 1750 the young Kant lived as a student in the village of Judtschen (between 1938 and 1946 Kanthausen , today Wessjolowka ) with Pastor Daniel Ernst Andersch and with the schoolmaster Johann Jacob Challet. He worked there as a tutor for their sons and formulated his nebular hypothesis on the formation of the solar system, which he presented in 1755 in his book General Natural History and Theory of Heaven . After the building had remained dilapidated for a long time, it was reconstructed after a visit by Russian President Vladimir Putin to Kaliningrad University in 2013. The Immanuel Kant Museum (rectory) (Musej Immanuila Kanta. Dom pastora) has been located in the building since August 16, 2018 .
House in Koenigsberg
In the 17th century, the property was called "old country costumer's house" and was given by the tax authorities to Hans Albrecht von Barfus , who in turn sold it to Huguenots. It remained in the possession of a refugee for a long time. Through the mediation of the Lord Mayor Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel , Kant acquired the Alte Landhofmeisterei at the age of almost 60 from the heirs of the portrait painter Johann Gottlieb Becker. The house was located between Princess Square 87/86 (later Princess Street, from 1924 Kant Street) and Schloßgraben. According to the testimony of the purchase contract formerly kept in the Königsberg City Library in the Old University, Kant bought the house on December 30, 1783 for 5500 guilders from the widow of the portrait painter Johann Gottlieb Becker (see picture portrait of Kant). The house stood on a slope, the front was higher, the back was lower, right next to the moat. The back of the house had a cellar. The house had a garden and, for a time, a chicken coop. The hallway (vestibule), the lecture hall, the cook's apartment and the kitchen were on the ground floor. A summer room was built on the side. The dining room, the library, the study, a visiting room and Kant's bedroom were on the upper floor. From the study room Kant had a view of the gardens and the Königsberg castle . In the late afternoon when he was reading, when dusk was slowly falling, Kant used to look out of his window at the Löbenicht church - in the course of time, however, the poplars of his neighbor Nicolovius grew too tall. At Kant's request, he felled the poplar. The servant Martin Lampe had his room under the roof . The walls were whitewashed, the furniture plain. The household items were not plentiful. Whenever he had a larger company, Lampe and the cook Louise Nitzschin were supported by Lampes' wife and daughter. Because his servant had become addicted to alcohol, Kant separated from him in 1802. Johannes Kaufmann became the new servant. Kant left any repairs or purchases to the pastor, god of honor Andreas Wasianski . The philosopher lived in this house until his death.
“For the last seventeen years, Kant had his own house, which was in the middle of the city near the castle, but on a small side street through which a car rarely drove. The house itself, which contained eight rooms, was comfortably furnished for his way of life. On the lower floor there was his lecture hall on one wing and his old cook's apartment on the other; on the upper floor on the one wing his dining-room, his library and his bedroom. On the other is his visiting room and his study. His servant lived in a small attic room. The study faced east and had an open view over several gardens. It was a pleasant stay where the thinker could indulge his ideas calmly and undisturbed. He would have been even more satisfied with his study if he could have opened the windows more often in summer; but the incessant singing of the prisoners in the nearby castle bailiwick prevented him from doing so. He often complained to Hippel about this mental outburst of boredom, but the matter could not be changed. "
Everything that disturbed the calm of his daily routine had to be removed. After all, Kant had already moved several times because he could not find peace in the previous apartments - about a few years earlier, when it was a neighbor's rooster who regularly disrupted his rest from work. The castle moat was by the house and not far from it was the city prison, the inmates of which were encouraged to sing sacred songs that were expected to get better. Desperate, Kant appealed in vain to the castle bailiff Schützen, who promised the prisoners good testimony for their vocal performances. Even when Kant went to his friend Hippel, the city's first mayor and police director, to turn off the singing, nothing happened.
When Kant died, the house was bought by the merchant Johann Christoph Richter for 10,110 guilders and immediately sold to the innkeeper Johann Ludwig Meyer, who built an inn with a pool table and a bowling alley.
“Kant's house has been sold, sold to a coffee animal. Among all the wealthy, rich and very rich inhabitants of my native town there was not one who would have honored the memory of the wise man by buying and using this house in a noble way; who [...] would have dared the small sum for which the house was sold to erect a monument to the compatriot, for whom better times envy us and will always envy [...] Now beer glasses are clinking, bacchanalian chants are being heard the hall, from the very hall that young men and men otherwise entered with awe, and it is more visited than ever! [...] Above the door of the house there is, instead of a marble plaque, the words: Kant lived here: Au Billiard royal - and nobody suspects or punishes the shame of this desecration! "
On August 30, 1836, the government councilor Karl Friedrich Schaller from Berlin bought the Kanthaus in a foreclosure auction for 130 thalers and sold it to the dentist Karl Gustav Doebbelin the following day for 2900 thalers. He restored the house and converted it into a practice. He also put up a memorial plaque made of dark gray marble, the inscription of which read: "Immanuel Kant / lived and taught here / from 1783 to February 12, 1804". Karl Rosenkranz , appointed to the chair of philosophy in Königsberg in 1833 and, together with Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert, editor of Kant's works, were the most ardent advocates of its use as a Kant museum.
“This house should have been bought for the university and given to each time the holder of the philosophical chair as a free apartment [...] In this house one should have arranged a room for the works of Kant in all editions, his writings and letters left behind as manuscripts Translations of his works into foreign languages, the writings on Kant's philosophy, enough, a Bibliotheca Kantiana, also a bust of Kant, all of his portraits and relics, e.g. B. his braid and walking stick, ... to set up. "
On the opposite side, the Langewang building was acquired by the post office and the main post office was built in 1849 . In 1881, Doebbelin's heirs sold the house, which had meanwhile been changed through multiple renovations and was integrated into a row of houses, in which shops with shop windows were last set up. It was demolished in 1893 against the objection of the Gesellschaft der Freunde Kant's in order to build an extension to the Liedtke company’s department store and coffee shop. Fritz Gause comments on the work of destruction as follows:
“The biggest loss was the demolition of Kant's house ... Although the house had been spoiled by renovations, it could have been restored to its old condition and made as a memorial, if only one had wanted it. Unfortunately, the business acumen of a company that wanted to expand its department store triumphed over the commandment of piety . "
In 1931, when the Gehlhaar confectionery expanded its company, which became famous for shipping real Königsberg marzipan around the world , with a new building on Kantstrasse, it set up an oriental coffee salon on the opposite side of the street. Kurt Gehlhaar recognized the attention that Kant directed to Königsberg worldwide. Business-minded, he immediately referred to the successor house to Kant's house. Through the sliding window of his café one could read the sign on the opposite side of the street in 1924: "At this point was the house in which Immanuel Kant lived and taught from 1783 to 1804."
Ground floor and 1st floor
Kant's daily routine
In old age, Kant adopted a strict daily routine in order to divide up and conserve his strength. This must have been at the time when he moved into his house. This did not apply to the young Kant.
- At 4:45 am, his servant Lampe woke him up with the stereotype: "It's time!" He had strict instructions to urge the philosopher to get up even if he would have liked to go back to sleep.
- At exactly 5 o'clock Kant drank two cups of tea and smoked a pipe tobacco and began to prepare his lectures.
- His lectures took place from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. After he owned his own house in the lecture hall on the first floor.
- From 9 a.m. to 12.45 p.m. Kant worked on his publications.
- The dinner party began at 12:45 p.m. He was eagerly awaiting his guests and was quite angry about being unpunctual. It was the only full meal that day.
- At 7 p.m. his walk followed. Before and after: the evening - until 10 p.m. - was dedicated to reading.
- From 10 p.m. there was bed rest.
Kant's dinner party
As legendary as the round tables of Frederick the Great in Potsdam were the table parties of Kant in Königsberg, to which he invited his friends at lunchtime. As a rule, the guests who had been ordered arrived shortly before one in the visitors' room or in the study of the Kanthaus. Punctually, with the knock of the bell of the castle tower , the servant Martin Lampe entered the reception room and informed the guests: "The soup is on the table". For Kant the table company was an important point in his daily routine and called it himself: "... giving honor to the body."
“One of the principles of the invitation was this: The number of those invited must not be less than the number of Graces and not more than the number of Muses, that is, not less than three and not more than 9. And in this society, the Kant were with had invited, never women and the conversations in this table company were never about philosophy. It was always about a chat about the city and the university. (..) And of course - they were all elderly people, we mustn't forget that - illness stories were also discussed in detail. That is why the most popular guests at this dinner party were doctors. "
The meal always started with soup. This was mostly interspersed with tender beef, for which Kant always consumed English mustard prepared himself. Then follow the main course. At the end there was fruit or a light dessert, depending on the season. There was always butter and English cheese on a small table next to it. Just as the meal was eaten in three courses, the topic of the table discussions was also given by the courses.
"Kant replied:" With a full table, where the multitude of dishes is only aimed at keeping the guests together for a long time, the conversation goes leisurely through three stages: 1. Telling (news, letters, newspapers), 2. Responding (disputes) When the first appetite is satisfied, the company becomes livelier, and a noble competition arises as a result of the difference in judgments about the same subject; this stimulates the appetite for bowl and bouteille. 3. Jokes (anecdotes, loud, happy laughter Because reasoning always requires a kind of exertion of strength, which is finally weighed down by honest enjoyment, the transition naturally takes place in a mere play of jokes. So the meal ends with laughter, which nature completely through movement of the diaphragm and the bowels actually intended for the stomach for digestion. "
Kant's table parties were always a composition of favorite dishes and favorite wines, favorite guests and favorite topics. Among Kant's favorite dishes were cod , Teltower turnips , thick peas with pork claws , etc. Grünstädter Wein was one of his favorite wines. His friend Johann Conrad Jacobi , who came from a local host and wine merchant family in the distant Königsberg, probably got this wine for him . But he also valued the Médoc from Bordeaux ; He hated beer. A close friend and great supporter was Joseph Green . Christian Jakob Kraus , with whom Kant set up a joint lunch table at Easter 1787, but which was closed again sometime in 1789 by Kraus, much to Kant's regret; Johann Gottlieb Fichte , who followed Kant's idealism in the beginning, and Johann Friedrich Gensichen . In order to make the table discussions varied and interesting, Kant chose the daily table friends from different ages, but they were always younger than himself. Some of his favorite subjects were the etymologization of words, which he especially liked to do with Johann Christian Hasse , then anecdotes and politics, especially about Friedrich the single , as he called him, especially with Johann Friedrich Schultz . The general practitioner William Motherby was invited to discuss health and illness . Contrary to the popular prejudice that Kant pedantically adhered to a rigid and inflexible daily routine, it should be noted here that when a cheerful, informal and harmonious atmosphere set in, the philosopher was not reluctant to see this cheerful chatter up to four, five, yes even went on until six o'clock. After picking up the blackboard, which seemed to be a real feast for all participants, he always said goodbye to his guests and retired to his study to meditate and work.
Kant's walk
At seven o'clock sharp, Kant got up every day for his famous walk, which brought him into daily contact with the common people in Konigsberg. Many anecdotes have been passed down about it. He did this with such regularity and punctuality that the Königsbergers were able to set their watch accordingly. The fact that this was perceived in this way is also due to the fact that strangers and travelers were given the opportunity to see the famous professor if they did not have the honor of being invited to his dinner party. The so-called "Kantists" matched the exact moment when Kant had to walk past on his daily walk and greeted the professor, who also returned the greeting each time, because not only the time was usually kept correctly, but also the way . The walk also opened up the possibility of having another company. In his middle years, Kant always liked to take friends or students with him, as did Martin Heidegger centuries later on his field path. He especially enjoyed doing it in the company of Christian Jakob Kraus , with whom he discussed topics that were as remote as possible. The old Kant then only went for the walk alone, on the one hand to be able to pursue his thoughts better, and on the other hand to take care of his health so that he did not have to draw air through his mouth while breathing. He usually wore a brown skirt, always sat in his three-cornered hat on his blond, powdered hair bag wig and grabbed his gold-buttoned cane, which his servant Martin Lampe handed him every time , and left the house on Prinzessinnenplatz. First his way led him over the Schlossgrabenbrücke past the Königsberg Castle , the ruling and administrative seat of East Prussia with the officials and judges. Then he turned into the narrow and steep Danziger Kellergasse , the descent to the old town . Here he walked along the old town Langgasse , where the banks, insurance companies and trading offices were represented, to the Krämerbrücke and crossed the Samland Pregel to get to the Kneiphof river island. Now he walked along the elegant Kneiphöfische Langgasse with its fine patrician houses with the typical accessories . Here he met mainly dealers and merchants. At the end of it he came through the Green Gate and crossed the Green Bridge , the Natangian Pregel. On the left he saw the goings-on of the people of Rieder in and around the old stock exchange at the Grüner Tor . There in the Vorderen Vorstadt he was walking along the Lastadie on the Pregel. The shipyards and the seaman's bars were located here, and here he met craftsmen and seamen. On the opposite side of the Pregel he could take a look at the Hundegatt , the port and warehouse with the warehouse workers and stevedores of the Hanseatic city of Königsberg. At the Holländer Baum , in front of the fortress Groß Friedrichsburg with the soldiers on duty, Kant then turned left into the later named Philosophendamm , which was already partially outside the city walls. Kant especially loved this dam street. Along the trenches of the citadel to the west stood willows with their branches protruding into the water. According to legend, the basic features of the Critique of Pure Reason are said to have originated there. Then Kant walked back to his house in reverse order. If you look at Kant's walk topologically, then it is a daily walk from the hilltop of the Schlossberg down into the Pregel lowlands to the periphery of the city walls near the fortress Groß Friedrichsburg. Connected with this, however, was a decline through all social classes of the city: starting with the castle, where the government and its apparatus were institutionalized, then the institutions of the city, the bourgeoisie, the craftsmen, the day laborers, the traveling people of seafarers and the harassed Soldiers at the city gates. If he had only wanted to see the great outdoors, the way to Steindammer Tor would have been shorter and less arduous. In a certain way, he paid his hometown the honor of a visit from all classes and classes of the population every day. It was only in the last years of his life that he switched the walk to the shorter route to Königsplatz , or the walks around the castle pond, which was his favorite short route .
Pictures in lifetime
Countess Keyserling
After Kant had finished his university studies, he was forced to earn his living as a tutor. According to tradition, from 1753 he taught in the family of Count von Keyserling in the Majorat Rautenburg. After doctorate and habilitation in 1755, the contact did not break off. He also took care of the upbringing of her two nephews, who grew up on the Capustigall estate near Königsberg. The drawings are from Countess Karoline Charlotte Amalie von Keyserling, b. Imperial Countess von Truchseß-Waldburg taught in whose house Kant. It is believed that it originated in 1755. The picture is now in the possession of the Museum City of Königsberg.
Becker
The picture was either painted by Johann Gottlieb Becker (1720–1782), from whose widow he bought the house, or by Heinrich Becker. Three copies were known. Kant owned one himself. At the auction of the estate, it was bought by the innkeeper Meyer, who bought Kant's house; By inheritance, it finally came into the possession of the rentier Kinze in Dresden, from whom the Königsberg city councilor Walter Simon bought it back for the Königsberg City History Museum . The second painting in this group was owned by the Königsberg bookstore Gräfe und Unzer. On August 28, 1768 Georg Hamann mentioned in a letter to Johann Gottfried Herder that the bookstore was now collecting pictures of great intellectuals and that Kant was already represented. The picture was dated from this letter. He gave a third smaller one to his brother Johann Heinrich Kant , who was the pastor of Alt-Rahden in Courland. The picture is now in the possession of the Schiller National Museum and German Literature Archive in Marbach am Neckar .
Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld
It was only known from engravers' engravings that Veit Hanns Schnorr von Carolsfeld Kant had drawn from life in 1789. The original was not found again until 1909. It is a pencil drawing on parchment of oval shape with the inscription: “Königsberg 1789. v. H. Schnorr v. K. nd life. ”On the back, Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder noted :“ Extraordinarily similar! ... Hippel a. May 13, 1989. “From Schnorr's handwritten report it is known that Hippel arranged the meeting with the artist. The drawing remained in the possession of Schnorr until 1836, who used it to produce graphic reproductions.
Gottlieb Doebler
The painting by the Berlin painter Gottlieb Doebler belongs to the oldest representation of Kant. It was originally owned by the Masonic Lodge Zum Todtenkopf and Phoenix in Königsberg and went missing in 1945. In 1795 a second version of this was made for the philosopher Johann Gottfried Kiesewetter , which has still been preserved. The attribution of this painting to the painter Döbler is again based on tradition. Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert states in his biographical textbook on Kant that Doebler was a pupil of the Scots Edmund Francis Cuningham . In 1791 he is said to have painted Kant while passing through Königsberg and given the picture to the skull box. In 1795 he is said to have committed suicide in Berlin. Otherwise Döbler remains unknown in art history. The picture was the property of the Museum Stadt Königsberg in Duisburg. The museum was closed on January 10, 2016. The most important exhibits (including this portrait by Immanuel Kant) are to be exhibited on permanent loan in the East Prussian State Museum in Lüneburg in the future.
Elisabeth von Staegemann
In 1896 another picture appeared in the Dresden art trade and was acquired by the city of Königsberg. All inquiries into the origin of the picture remained inconclusive. It was created around 1790 and has the dimensions 38 × 53 cm. The restoration by the Berlin restorer Hauser revealed the time of origin and the person of the sitter. The inscription: "Immanuel Kant." In the upper left corner turned out to be quite contemporary. The painter is unknown, it is unsigned and undated. It is possible that it was created by Elisabeth von Staegemann, a student of Anton Graff . First discussed and illustrated and by Karl Lubowski in 1899
Carle Vernet
Antoine Charles Horace Vernet was one of the traveling painters of that time, as Schubert describes it, who emerged from Anna Dorothea Therbusch's school of painting . He stayed in Königsberg when he was young. He seemed to be very business-minded, for his miniature portraits are available in a whole series of copies and served the engravers of that time as a model, which again led to the illustration of books and magazines. Many of these small miniature portraits can also be found in Kant's circle of friends, which vary only slightly. Which of these many was the original, which served as a model for all others, can no longer be determined. The only dated copy is from 1795 and has the following inscription: “Immanuel Kant, nat, MDCCXXIV. D.XXII April (day of death is released) Vernet pinx. MDCCXCV “.
Busts in lifetime
With Kant, no canonical pictorial work has developed over the centuries. All in all, there are only three plastic representations of Kant that were made during the philosopher's lifetime.
Mattersberger
The oldest comes from Joseph Mattersberger , which he probably made in Königsberg in 1795. It is true that nothing has been recorded about it, it can be assumed that he saw Kant. However, this bust was never made of valuable material, it is only preserved in plaster. David Minden remarks that the bust "cannot claim attention either in artistic terms [!] Or in terms of resemblance."
Emanuel Bardou
A depiction also made during Kant's lifetime has been preserved by Emanuel Bardou . The bust is made of white marble and bears the inscription in front: Imanuel Kant; and on the back the inscription: "E. Bardou fecit. 1798". It shows slight traces of weathering on the surface of the stone. It comes from Christian Rauch's workshop and was installed outdoors for years to furnish the villa of his son-in-law Joseph Eduard d'Alton in Halle. All dispensable models (over 60 in total) from Rauch's workshop were set up there. Rauch didn't seem to appreciate the sculpture, otherwise he would never have set it up outdoors. It must be noted that neither Rauch nor Schadow used the representation of Bardou in their portrayals of Kant. The bust is exhibited today in the Bode Museum .
Carl Friedrich Hagemann
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Johann Gottfried Schadow did not want to travel to Königsberg himself and sent his student Carl Friedrich Hagemann to Königsberg in 1801. He was supposed to immortalize the famous, 77-year-old philosopher while he was still alive. Hagemann started the journey on January 7, 1801. It is said that Kant was reserved about the company and wanted to be compensated by pleasant entertainers during the model meetings. So he asked his old friend Robert Motherby to keep him company.
When Hagemann asked whether he should replicate it “very faithfully”, Kant replied: “You mustn't make me as old and ugly as I am now!” Hagemann shows in his famous 1801 how old and frail Kant was Drawing of how Kant grinds mustard seeds in a mortar. This 8 cm high pen drawing shows Kant standing in full figure. The following inscription was added to the 9 × 16 cm sheet by an unknown hand: "The figure of Emanuel Kant, how he prepares mustard for his table companions, drawn by the sculptor Hagemann at the time he was modeling his bust in 1801." Clothing: breeches with gaiters, a skirt, and a wig with a plait and bow.
For his clients, notables of the city, Hagemann created the classic Kant bust in two versions:
The Königsberg copy was first placed in the Stoa Kantiana at the cathedral and came to the Auditorium Maximum of the Old University in 1820 and in the Senate Chamber of the New University in 1862. In 1945 the surgeon Oskar Ehrhardt rescued it from the rubble and kept it in his room in the Elisabeth Hospital until he was removed in 1948. While the Königsberg marble original is thought to be lost, the plaster model made by Hagemann in Königsberg in the Friedrichswerder Church and a plaster cast of the Königsberg version in the portrait collection of the Berlin State Library are preserved.
The Hamburg specimen in marble has been in the Hamburger Kunsthalle since its existence . The Hamburg version shows the crooked position of the head that is characteristic of Kant, the age lines running through the face are drawn more sharply. It can therefore be assumed that the "adaptation" of the Königsberg marble version took place after the more realistic model was criticized by the Königsberg clients and Kant. Schadow was supposed to create a posthumous Kant bust for the Walhalla and used Hagemann's bust and death mask as templates.
"Immanuel Kant is best introduced by my assistant Hagemann, who made the trip to Königsberg for this reason, and was able to recreate the head of this worldly wise man in his life."
Hagemann's work was used as the basis for numerous other Kant representations, e.g. B. in Max Liebermann (1915).
Kant house in Moditten
A place of worship for the philosopher was the Kant house in Moditten , northwest of Königsberg. It was the secretary's house of the head forester of Moditten, not far from the forester's house. Kant lived and worked in the little house during his frequent stays in the forester's house, where he received guests. At the suggestion of the Society of Friends of Kant , the secretary's house was expanded and converted into a small memorial. The inventory was moved to the Königsberg Castle in 1944. The forester's house and the Kant house were in the outer defensive ring of Königsberg and did not survive the end of the city.
Kant's estate
The notarial opening of the will took place three days after death, on February 15, 1804. Kant made two wills: The older one, laid down at the city court on August 29, 1791, the content of which is not known to posterity, was replaced by the later on August 26, 1791 Replaced February 1798. Kant left behind a rather significant fortune of 42,930 guilders, plus the debt-free house with courtyard and garden. Half went to the sister and sister children, the other half to the brother and brother children. The employees received a pension or a severance payment. Kant's library (around 400 books) was inherited by the librarian Johann Friedrich Gensichen (1759–1807). A first addendum dated December 14, 1801, used Wasianski as "curator funeris and executor testamenti" and bequeathed him 2000 thalers, as well as 2000 guilders to the cook Louise Nitzschin. A second, dated February 22, 1802, made the change regarding Lampes and increased the sister's pension. Two further short handwritten declarations dated May 3, 1802 and February 7, 1803 determine a sum for Lampe's successor; the last one, Wasianski bequeathed a twentieth of the total estate in addition to the 2,000 thalers that had already been suspended for him.
The auction of the furniture and inventory left behind took place between March 12 and 14, 1804. The financial assets, which were partly with the trading house Green and Motherby with 21,500 guilders, partly as a mortgage on the Garbenimken manor with 18,000 guilders, partly with the Königsberg sugar refinery with 12,000 guilders, and 500 guilders in cash. Kant had therefore invested his fortune in trade, agriculture and industry and had increased from 42,930 guilders to 52,987 guilders in the last six years. The house with garden - he had bought it for 6000 guilders and invested 2000 guilders - with an estimated value of 5589 guilders was owned by the merchant Johann Christoph Richter (1768-1853), who at that time had an open wine trade in the castle cellars with Johann Koch and later with the widow of David Schindelmeißer, who came from Salzburg, ran the famous wine taverns and wine store Blutgericht , bought it for 10,110 guilders and immediately sold it to the innkeeper Johann Ludwig Meyer. The rest of the estate was scattered to the wind.
Kant's death
From autumn 1803 it became apparent that Kant would not live long. His life forces were exhausted. His biological sister, his brother's son and god of honor Andreas Wasianski looked after him in the last months of his life until he was barely able to eat and drink at the beginning of 1804. He no longer recognized close confidants. When Wasianski gave him wine mixed with water to drink on February 11th, he uttered his last words: "It's good!" Immanuel Kant died of "old age" on February 12, 1804 at around 11:00 am. The painter Andreas Knorre took a plaster cast of Kant's head, and the private lecturer in medicine and prosector at the anatomical theater in Königsberg, Wilhelm Gottlieb Kelch, examined the characteristics of the philosopher using the physionomy of the head with the aid of Franz Joseph Galls ' skull theory . Many of Königsberg's citizens now took the opportunity to visit with condolence .
"... this man whom the world honors and whose corpse the whole city pilgrims by the thousands every day ..."
Kant's grave
Kant's burial place has hardly changed locally; only the modifications have been adapted over time. From 1804 to 1880, Kant's grave was at the eastern end of the lobby of the Stoa Kantiana, which had been redesigned from the professorial vault. From 1880 to 1924 a small Gothic burial chapel was built over Kant's grave. From 1924 a pillared hall with a cenotaph was built.
Stoa Kantiana (1804-1880)
Sixteen days after his death on February 28, 1804, Immanuel Kant was buried in the professor's grave in the northeast corner of the Königsberg cathedral choir . The long period of time between death and burial was due to the severe frost that prevailed in Königsberg at the time, which barely allowed digging a grave in the frozen ground. The professors vault was an open arcade hall donated by Professor Krüger in 1587, under which the professors of the Albertina were buried. In 1809, Kant's grave was marked by a stone donated by his friend Johann Georg Scheffner and bearing the inscription:
SEPULCRUM IMMANUELIS KANT
NATI A. D. X CALEND. MAJI A. MDCCXXIV
DENATI PRIDIE ID. FEBRUAR A. MDCCCIV
HOC MONUMENTO SIGNAVIT AMICUS SCHEFFNER MDCCCIXKant was one of the last professors to be buried there. The professors' graves on both sides of the cathedral were soon closed because there was no more space; Kant's grave already extended beyond the side wing of the cathedral. Kant's friend Johann Georg Scheffner had a 135 foot (42.2 m) long and 15 foot (4.7 m) wide walkway built over all the professors' graves on the north side of the cathedral. This new professorial vault became a walking hall for students and professors from the university opposite and students from the adjacent Kneiphöfisches Gymnasium . At the suggestion of Johann Georg Scheffner, Kant's grave was separated by a grid. Soon the walkway was called “STOA KANTIANA”, based on the model of the στοὰ ποικίλη (“painted vestibule”), a pillared hall on the Agora in Athens , from which the Stoic School of Philosophy takes its name. On April 22, 1810 the birthday of Kant, the grave lay was a head bust of Carl Friedrich Hagemann in Carrara - marble decorated and inaugurated. The French soldiers who flooded back from the Russian campaign used the Stoa in 1812 as a carriage remise , which was received with indignation in the heated atmosphere at the beginning of the wars of liberation . In 1871 a “Comité for the restoration of Kant's grave” was formed at Königsberg Cathedral. The chapel-like room at the east end of the Stoa Kantiana, built in 1809, had become dilapidated. On this occasion the painter Johannes Heydeck exhumed Kant's bones from June 22nd to 24th, 1880. He made a “report on the investigation of Kant's grave” and a chalk drawing that shows Heydeck Kant's skull in the grave reaching out with both hands to the Kant researcher Emil Arnoldt , who kneels at the edge of the grave, surrounded by the gentlemen of the committee. The problem was that the professor of theology and court preacher Johann Ernst Schulz had been buried in the immediate vicinity of Kant . But one could assign the bones of Kant by means of the serpentine metal handles of his coffin and an oval metal plate with the inscription: "Cineres mortales immortalis Kantii" ("The mortal remains of the immortal Kant"). Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer , professor of anatomy and medicine at the Albertina, also compared the found skull with Kant's death mask together with the then candidatus medicinae and later professor of surgery Fritz Karl Bessel-Hagen . In their report of September 14, 1880, it says: “The comparison of the skull with the plaster cast showed full agreement on two sides, first in terms of the dimensions, then with regard to the individual peculiarities of the skull formation, not least of the only remaining tooth. of the protruding right canine of the lower jaw, which corresponds to the protruding lip on the death mask. "Kant's skull capsule shows a medium length and height with considerable width and uniform curvature; their volume exceeds 1700 cm³, while the mean of male European skulls is between 1,400 cm³ and 1,500 cm³. During the investigation, the eastern part of the old Stoa Kantiana was demolished and the new burial chapel was built.
Death mask (knorre)
Stoa Kantiana (right)
Johannes Heydeck: exhumation of Kant (1880)
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Sepulchral Chapel (1880-1924)
On November 21st (Sunday of the Dead) 1880 the bones were buried again, this time in a metal coffin and in their own brick tomb. A sealed glass tube containing an anatomical examination report written on hemp paper was enclosed with the coffin . A neo-Gothic brick chapel with a double stepped gable rose above the crypt , which was based on the architecture of the Teutonic Order , the brick Gothic . Behind the Kant bust (Hagemann) a fresco was created that was based on the school of Athens by Raphael . But due to this closed construction, the tomb was used again: Over time, the burial chapel degenerated into a place of refuge for the homeless. The foyer, the former professor's vault, had to be demolished in 1898 because it was dilapidated.
Chapel and stoa
Burial chapel
Contemporary grave view
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Cenotaph at Königsberg Cathedral (since 1924)
For the cathedral renovation and the centenary of Kant's death in the years 1904–1907, consideration was given to moving the grave inside the cathedral. The Lord Mayor Hans Lohmeyer expressed the opinion that the burial chapel "did not fit into our East." In 1924 - the 200th year of Kant's birth - the architecture professor at the Königsberg Art Academy Friedrich Lahrs was commissioned with the redesign of the tomb, financed by Hugo Stinnes . He combined the straight lines of the Bauhaus with the patterns of the Gothic Order to create a successful concept. The grilles and the free columns made of Rochlitz porphyry were supposed to prevent the grave from being used again by the homeless. Kant's grave place was not adapted to the new building, so that the actual grave lies somewhat to the left and in front, but within the rows of columns, so that the stone castrum doloris of the Lahrs building is a cenotaph . That is why the Lahrsbau protrudes over the Königsberg Cathedral to the east. At the same time, the art historian Karl-Heinz Clasen tries to evaluate all Kant portraits. During the Second World War , the entire Kneiphof was destroyed and demolished, only the cathedral remained in ruins. The fate of the Königsberg Palace did not overtake him because the Communists considered Kant to be the forerunner of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . Kant's tomb became the first point of contact between the new Kaliningrad population and the history of the old Königsberg . The tradition developed that the Kaliningrad bride and groom placed their wedding jewelry at Kant's grave. For this reason, the cathedral was the first historical building to be reconstructed after the fall of perestroika in Kaliningrad.
Kant monument by Rauch (1864)
On October 18, 1864, the Kant monument by Christian Daniel Rauch was erected on the Kantberg behind Kant's garden with a view of the old town church square. Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert gave the commemorative speech. Even if Rauch was still a lackey of Queen Luise in June 1798 and stayed with the ruling couple on his homage journey in Königsberg and lived across from Kant and therefore saw him, it can still be assumed that he used a template: The The figure of Kant was part of the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great , which was erected in Berlin Unter den Linden in 1851. With this in mind, Rauch was asked to model the same statue, enlarged to six feet, again and unchanged. The almost eighty-year-old Rauch modulated the statue to a figure eight feet high, that is, exactly after its life-size at the Friedrichsdenkmal. Under the supervision of his pupil August Kiss , it was cast by Hermann Gladenbeck in Berlin in 1857 - shortly before Rauch's death . The Königsberg Kant statue stood at the confluence of Prinzessinenstrasse in Altstädtische Bergstrasse for twenty-one years, not far from his last house on Princessstrasse, until it had to give way in 1885 to the uncovering of the castle and the expansion of Schloßstrasse. The red granite plinth in front of a pergola was designed with round arches based on a design by Friedrich August Stüler . The statue has now been rebuilt on Paradeplatz southwest of the university. The memorial remained there until the last months of the Second World War. The Königsberg cultural supervisor worried about the valuable monument and asked Marion Countess Dönhoff to hide it safely. It was then set up in the park of Schloss Friedrichstein , the headquarters of the Dönhoffs 20 kilometers away, and buried before the arrival of the Red Army . When they wanted to bring it back in 1947, it was not found despite an intensive search. It is thanks to the Countess, the ZEIT Foundation and Friedrich Wilhelm Christians that the replica was created by the sculptor Harald Haacke . The old base was still there and in the meantime had served as a bust by Ernst Thalmann . On June 27, 1992, at a meeting of some German and Russian Kantians, the new monument was erected opposite its old square, on the right in front of the New Albertina . In the background of the monument there is no longer the removed former city theater, but a prefabricated building . In 2018 the monument was smeared with pink paint. Nationalist activists initiated several actions after plans became known to name the Kaliningrad airport after Kant. In 2019, the choice fell not on Kant, but on Tsarina Elisabeth .
Kant memorial plaque in Königsberg (1904–1945)
On February 12, 1904 - the 100th anniversary of the death of Kant - was at Königsberg Castle an executed in bronze plaque, designed by Friedrich Lahr , at the Cyclopean right handed from the west entrance (Gesekus Square) to the public. It contained a sentence from the resolution of the Critique of Practical Reason :
"Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and more persistently the reflection occupies itself with it: the starry sky above me and the moral law in me."
Like so much else, the original plaque went missing in 1945. In 1955, on the occasion of the 700th anniversary of the city of Königsberg in the sponsored city of Duisburg, a replica of the Kant table was unveiled in the fountain courtyard of the Duisburg town hall. In 1994 a bilingual Kant board was installed in Kaliningrad in the northern end of the new bridge over the Pregel towards the Hotel Kaliningrad.
Museums
Kant Museum in the City History Museum of Königsberg (1928–1944)
At the Königsberg Kant celebration (1924) , a Kant room with a memorial to the philosopher was set up as the basis of a museum Kant memorial in the Königsberg city library . In 1928 the pieces were transferred to the City History Museum . Museum director Eduard Anderson and from 1938 his successor Fritz Gause put the Kantiana together with great effort. In 1938, the collection was reorganized as the Kant Museum in five rooms on the ground floor. Lenders were the Königsberg State and University Library , the City Library, the Prussia Museum , the Albertus University of Königsberg and the Society of Friends of Kant . The museum showed Kant's personal items, such as his hat, walking stick and gloves, silver spoons, the table bell, his desk, from Kant's earliest letter to his last stroke of the pen, the death mask, numerous portraits, busts, the Bible with handwritten entries and Manuscripts from Kant's estate. A catalog from 1936 shows how richly the museum was equipped. Most of the artifacts were lost in the Second World War.
Kant Museum in Königsberg Cathedral (since the 1990s)
In the 1990s, a Kant Museum was set up in the cathedral on several floors, which was equipped with exhibits that had previously been shown in the Kaliningrad University.
Planned Kant Museum in Lüneburg (from 2024)
In 2018 it became known that an extension of the East Prussian State Museum in Lüneburg would house a permanent exhibition on Kant. A new building is to be built on a parking lot next to the previous building, in which the first and so far only permanent exhibition on Kant in Germany is to be realized on approx. 700 square meters from 2024.
Posthumous events
- 1822: Kant Foundation, annual Kant celebration of the Albertus University in Königsberg on the day of Kant's death: February 12th
- 1864 (October): Kant monument by Christian Daniel Rauch in Königsberg
- 1880: Exhumation of Immanuel Kant
- 1893: Demolition of Kant's house
- February 12, 1904 (anniversary of the 100th anniversary of death): Unveiling of the panel "The starry sky ..." at Königsberg Castle with a Kant exhibition in Königsberg
- April 22, 1924: Anniversary of the 200th birthday with the new Kant tomb of Friedrich Lahrs and a ceremony in Königsberg
- 1927–1929: Kant room in the City History Museum in Königsberg [building up the collection], 1938 extension to the Kant Museum
- 1929: The "Kant House" in Moditten as a memorial
- 1944: Destruction of all buildings in the center of Königsberg that had a connection to Kant during the British air raids in August 1944 (cathedral, old university, Kneiphöf's town hall). Only the cenotaph on the cathedral remained.
- 1944 Relocation of the Kant monument to Friedrichstein Castle (East Prussia) , lost since 1945
- 1954: 150th anniversary of the death of Kant, unveiling of a replica of the plaque "The starry sky ..." in Duisburg (godfather city for Königsberg / Pr.)
- 1969: Inauguration of the Kant monument by Knud Knudsen in Rüsselsheim , Immanuel-Kant-Gymnasium
- April 22, 1974 (anniversary of the 250th birthday): First Kant conference and opening of a new Kant museum in Kaliningrad
- June 27, 1992: Reconstruction of Rauch's Kant monument (replica made in Germany) in Kaliningrad
- September 1, 1993: Unveiling of a German-Russian memorial plaque “The starry sky…” in Kaliningrad
- February 22, 1997: Name giver for the asteroid (7083) Kant
- July 8, 2005: Kant becomes the namesake of the Kaliningrad State University , since 2012 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Bean meal
In 1804, the Friends of Kant decided to hold a commemorative festival on April 22nd for his birthday. From this the Society of Friends of Kant developed . In 1814, the astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel suggested that whoever would give the speech before the dinner the following year should be determined by a bean that was hidden in the cake that was served as dessert. Whoever received the piece of cake with the bean became the bean king and had to deliver the next speech. This tradition has continued to this day: after 1945 in Göttingen and later in Mainz. "Friends of Kants and Königsbergs" have been celebrating since 2008, from which in 2011 the Society of Friends of Kants and Königsbergs e. V. emerged , the birthday of the philosopher together with Russian Kant friends in what is now Kaliningrad.
Remarks
- ↑ Königsberg, July 9, 1784. Ew. Wellborn were so kind as to want to remedy the complaint of the residents at Schloßgraben about the stentoric devotion of the hypocrites in the prison. I do not think that they would have cause to complain, as if their salvation were in danger, although their voice would be tempered while singing so that they could hear themselves with the windows closed (without then also screaming with all their might). The testimony of the archer, which they seem to be doing as if they were very God-fearing people, they can nevertheless get; for he will hear them, and basically they will only be tuned down to the tone with which the pious citizens of our good city feel awakened enough in their homes. A word to the Sagittarius, if you want to have him called to you and to make the above a constant rule for him, will remedy this mischief for ever, and relieve those of an inconvenience, whose retirement you have tried several times to promote and who always with you the most complete respect is Ew. Well-born, most obedient servant of I. Kant., Kant on July 9, 1784 to A Schützen
- ↑ The Liedtke company still exists today "Ewald Liedtke in Sinsheim-Dühren Ewald Liedtke
- ↑ The Gelhaar company still exists in Wiesbaden: Werner Gehlhaar Marzipanfabrikation - Konditorei GmbH, Wiesbaden Gelhaar Marzipan
- ↑ In England, mustard was not bought as a ready-mixed paste for a long time, but at home made independently from mustard flour and water. The addition of turmeric provided a particularly intense yellow color. After waiting around ten minutes, this mixture, prepared using the so-called Colman method, unfolds its full aroma.
- ↑ Kant had forced Kraus to write a critical review of Herder's ideas on the philosophy of human history. Kraus tormented himself very much because Kant tried to urge him in a certain direction - which was not entirely his. The review was finished, but Kant changed it again before going to press. This hurt Kraus very much. So he finally signed off for the lunch parties with Kant. That happened pretty brusquely. He neither sought a conversation with Kant nor wrote to him, but merely communicated his decision orally to Kant's servant Martin Lampe
- ↑ The epitaph gives Kant's date of birth as a Roman date as May 23, 1724; in fact he was born on April 22, 1724.
- ↑ Easy to recognize by the sloping roof that attaches to the cathedral and protrudes east of the building.
- ↑ Johannes Heydeck hands the skull to Emil Arnoldt , to the left of him, standing with his legs apart, Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer . On the right, Prosector Paul Albrecht , who holds the lower jaw with the tooth in his hand; to the right of him Fritz Bessel-Hagen. In the foreground the handles and the metal shield of the coffin at the bottom right, Scheffner's tombstone in the middle right, the word: SEPULCRUM can still be read .
- ↑ Even Albrecht of Brandenburg had the square between the cathedral and Albertinum assigned to the homeless.
- ↑ Chapel built in 1880, the Stoa Kantiana demolished in 1898, drawing by Johannes Heydeck probably shortly after completion
- ↑ In front of the column with Hagemann's bust you can still see Scheffner's tombstone. There is the exact grave of Kant. The cenotaph of Lahrs is on the outer wall of the Königsberg Cathedral, so in this picture in the front right.
- ↑ According to a statement by Ludwig Ernst von Borowski, Kant is said to have hardly come out of Königsberg in old age. He hadn't even seen Danzig. Most often and for the longest time he stayed in the forester's lodge Moditten. The head forester and landlord Wobser, a simple man, wanted him to stay. It is there that the work about the beautiful and the sublime (“Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime”) is said to have been created.
Web links
- University of Mainz
- Book about Kant's life
- The work of Kant
- Pictures of the Kant Museum in Kaliningrad
- Werner Stark: Kant's grave in Königsberg
literature
- Fritz Gause , Jürgen Lebuhn: Kant and Königsberg until today, Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg, Leer 1989.
- Marion Gräfin Dönhoff : “Coming home after fifty years” in: Die Zeit No. 28 of July 3, 1992.
- Hans Graf von Lehndorff (1961): East Prussian Diary. Notes by a doctor from 1945–1947. 3rd edition (Munich).
- Rudolf Malter , Ernst Staffa, Peter Wörster (1983): Kant in Königsberg since 1945. A documentation (Wiesbaden) (Writings of the Mainz Philosophical Faculty Society, No. 7).
- Michael Wieck (1988): Testimony to the fall of Königsberg. A “valid Jew” reports (Heidelberg).
- Gerhard von Glinski, Peter Wörster (1990): Königsberg. The East Prussian capital in the past and present (Bad Münstereifel) [East German city pictures, vol. 7].
- Yuri Nikolajewitsch Ivanov ( ru ) (1991): From Kaliningrad to Königsberg. In search of lost treasures (Leer).
- Gerhard von Glinski / Wörster, Peter (1992): Königsberg. The East Prussian capital in the past and present, 2nd revised edition (Bad Münstereifel) [Ostdeutsche Städtebilder, Vol. 7].
- Rudolf Malter : Let us think of ourselves as obligated ... - Königsberg Kant speeches 1804–1945. Fischer-Verlag, Erlangen 1992. ISBN 3-89131-027-7 .
- Leonhard Kalinnikov (1992): Kant in Königsberg - Kant in Kaliningrad , in: Ostsee-Akademie 1992, 73-100.
- Ostsee-Akademie (ed.) / Bucholz, Arnold (arrangement) (1992): Kant and peace in Europe. Approaches to the spiritual foundation of future East-West relations . Report on a conference of the Baltic Sea Academy. Organized in Travemünde from May 12th to 15th, 1991 (Baden-Baden).
- Wilfried Böhm , Ansgar Graw (1993): Königsberg tomorrow. Luxembourg on the Baltic Sea (Asendorf).
- Juri Nikolajewitsch Iwanow (1993): Königsberg and surroundings (Dülmen).
- Bernhart Jähnig , Silke Spieler (Ed.) (1993): The Königsberg area at the intersection of German history and in its European references . Cultural Foundation of the German Expellees (Bonn).
- Norbert Weis (1993): Königsberg. Immanuel Kant and his city . (Braunschweig).
- Wladimir Bryuschinkin (1994): Kant's Philosophy and Modern Logic. A conference in Svetlogorsk , in: KS 85/1994 / 085-087.
- Friedemann Kluge (Ed.) (1994): “A chic place”? Königsberg / Kaliningrad as seen by residents and neighbors (Osnabrück).
- Christian Graf von Krockow / Bellenhaus, Alexander-Pascal Graf von (Mb) (1994): Encounter with East Prussia (Stuttgart).
- Ulla Lachauer (1994): The Tilsit Bridge. Encounters with East Prussia and West Russia (Reinbek / Hamburg).
- Peter Wörster (1994) exhibition.
- Lorenz Grimoni (2009) “Immanuel Kant 1724–1804” Catalog for the exhibition on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of his death. Husum Verlag ( Museum City of Königsberg ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Adolf Boetticher: Architectural and artistic monuments in Königsberg, Königsberg 1897, S102-103
- ↑ Reinhold Bernhard Jachmann : Immanuel Kant described in his letters to a friend, Königsberg 1804
- ↑ Heinrich Lange: Kant's “poor Sanssouci” . Bookmark, luise-berlin.de
- ↑ Kant's entire works, 12 vol., Leipzig 1838–1842
- ^ Königsberg sketches, Danzig 1842, quoted from Heinrich Lange: Kant's “poor Sanssouci” . Bookmark, luise-berlin.de
- ^ Fritz Gause : Kant and Königsberg to this day . Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg, Leer 1989.
- ^ Wilhelm Weischedel: The philosophical back stairs: 34 great philosophers in everyday life and thinking, Munich 2005 ISBN 3-423-30020-5 , p. 214
- ↑ Ursula Pia Jauch: Friedrichs Tafelrunde and Kant's Tischgesellschaft , ISBN 978-3-88221-589-2
- ↑ Immanuel Kant: Eine Biographie, Reclam 2003, ISBN 3-379-00806-0 .
- ↑ In the city of pure reason, two cultural history chapters from Alt-Königsberg, Kant's round table, Kant's walk to Philosophendamm, Insterburg 1932, pp. 12-13
- ^ Friedrich Christian Matthiä: about Kant's wine from Grünstadt. archive.org
- ↑ Meet Mr Green (The Economist, 2001)
- ↑ Walter Becker: In the city of pure reason, two cultural history chapters from Alt-Königsberg, Kant's round table, Kant's walk to Philosophendamm, Insterburg 1932, p. 13
- ^ Walter Becker: In the city of pure reason, two cultural history chapters from Alt-Königsberg, Kant's round table, Kant's walk to Philosophendamm . Insterburg 1932, p. 25.
- ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert : History of the Kantian philosophers . Leipzig 1840.
- ↑ Inv. No. 74
- ↑ Kant Studies 3, 1899, 160–167. Illustrated and discussed by Karl Lubowski in Kant-Studien 3, 1899, 160–167
- ↑ David Minden: About portraits and illustrations of Immanuel Kant . Königsberg 1868, p. 11.
- ↑ Image number XKH151920 Original size: 23 × 52 cm.
- ^ The Ostpreußenblatt / Preussische Allgemeine Zeitung . Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen e. V., June 22, 2002
- ^ Heinrich Lange: Kant's death mask rediscovered in Berlin (Schadow - The Sculptor's Workshop) . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 4, 1999, ISSN 0944-5560 , p. 4–10 ( luise-berlin.de ).
- ↑ Wilhelm Gottlieb Kelch: About the skull of Kant: a contribution to Gall's brain and skull theory . Nicolovius, 1804 ( online in the Google book search).
- ↑ Friedrich Kaulbach , Joachim Ritter , Heinz Heimsoeth : Critique and Metaphysics , 1966
- ^ Luise-Berlin
- ^ Karl-Heinz Clasen: Kant portraits. With the support of the city of Königsberg , ed. v. of the Königsberg local group of the Kantgesellschaft Königsberg, Pr .: Gräfe und Unzer, 1923, 30 pages Uni-Mainz (PDF)
- ↑ The Kantdenkmal zu Königsberg / Pr. (PDF) In: Yearbook of the Albertus University (Berlin / Würzburg) 20 . 1970. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
- ↑ Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt : The Kantdenkmal zu Königsberg / Pr. , 1970.
- ↑ AA, V, 161
- ↑ Rudolf Malter : But let us think of ourselves as obliged ... - Königsberger Kant speeches 1804–1945. Fischer-Verlag, Erlangen 1992. p. 19. ISBN 3-89131-027-7
- ↑ Hans-Joachim Waschkies: Physics and Physikotheologie des young Kant. The prehistory of his general natural history and theory of heaven (Amsterdam: Grüne, 1987), p. 28.
- ↑ Lost Legacy: Kant's Traces Disappear in Kaliningrad - derStandard.at. Retrieved June 17, 2020 (Austrian German).
- ↑ Manor house of the rectory in Judtschen, connected with the life and work of the philosopher Immanuel Kant, XVIII-XIX centuries (rectory) . Information from the official travel portal Kaliningrad, accessed on June 24, 2020.
- ↑ Roland Mischke. In: Mitteldeutsche Zeitung , February 5, 2004
- ^ Museum of the City of Königsberg. (No longer available online.) In: stadtgemeinschaft-koenigsberg.de. Stadtgemeinschaft Königsberg (Pr), archived from the original on December 28, 2017 ; accessed on December 28, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Trouble with a dead philosopher. Retrieved June 18, 2020 .
- ^ The Immanuel Kant Museum. Retrieved June 20, 2020 .
- ↑ BKGE. Retrieved June 20, 2020 .
- ^ History. Retrieved June 19, 2020 .
