Valhalla
In the Walhalla memorial in Donaustauf in the Bavarian district of Regensburg - originally at the instigation of the Bavarian King Ludwig I - important personalities “of the German tongue” have been honored with marble busts and memorial plaques since 1842 . It is named after Valhalla , the hall of the fallen in Norse mythology . The architect was Leo von Klenze .
At the opening in 1842, 160 people were honored with 96 busts and, in the case of missing authentic images or for acts such as the Rütli oath , 64 memorial plaques. The collection currently comprises 131 busts and 65 plaques commemorating people, deeds and groups. 13 of those honored are women. Anyone can propose a person to be honored from the Germanic language branch at the earliest 20 years after their death and then bears the costs of making and setting up the bust if necessary. The Bavarian Council of Ministers decides on new admissions .
History of origin
Political background
The idea of building the Walhalla has to be seen against the background of the political situation at the beginning of the 19th century. After defeats by Napoleon , the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation collapsed . Many German princes worked, out of necessity or for their own benefit, in the Rhine Confederation with the French. The Electorate of Bavaria had been allied with France since 1805, was elevated to a kingdom by Napoleon , and during the Fourth Coalition War 1806/1807, Crown Prince Ludwig I marched alongside the French against Prussia in Berlin.
The political fragmentation and weakening of Germany, the French occupation and the participation of many Germans in Napoleon's devastating Russian campaign in 1812 were viewed as deep humiliation (see Johann Philipp Palm ). One increasingly began to look for a common national identity in the past, which was based on the common mother tongue, and went back to the German era . The national monuments that were erected decades later, such as the Hermannsdenkmal in the Teutoburg Forest , which were mostly of the classicist style but took up Germanic themes, is a result of this search for identity.
In view of "Teutschlands deepest disgrace" in 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, a large part of Germany as the Confederation of the Rhine was under the direct influence of Napoleon and the left bank of the Rhine belonged to France , the then Crown Prince Ludwig had a series of busts as early as 1807 " laudable excellent Teutscher ”. “No class, not even women, is excluded. Equality exists in the Valhalla; Death cancels any earthly distinction. ”Only“ to be a German tongue is required in order to be able to become a Valhalla comrade ”, says Ludwig, because language“ is the great bond that binds everyone else would be destroyed immediately; in language there is a spiritual connection ”. Ludwig also counted among the Germans historical Germans such as B. Goths and Vandals .
Architectural history background
As noted in the first of the three inscriptions on the bottom, Ludwig had already made the decision in January 1807 to erect a temple of honor for fifty great Germans as soon as possible. Together with the Swiss historian Johannes von Müller , who also suggested the name Walhalla, he selected personalities, from emperors of bygone times to the recently deceased, like Friedrich Schiller , to contemporaries like Goethe and Joseph Haydn , and gave their busts at his own expense commissioned by sculptors like u. a. Johann Gottfried Schadow , his son Rudolf Schadow , Joseph Maria Christen or Christian Friedrich Tieck .
While the first busts were still being completed in 1807, the planning and completion of a suitable building was delayed by decades. Only after Napoleon's defeat could an ideas competition be announced in 1814. The call for tenders was entitled: “A building destined to the memory of great Germans.” Ludwig initially thought of the English Garden in Munich as the location for the magnificent classical building , only later did he switch to the execution on a mountain and outside the royal seat.
The design in the style of the Parthenon goes back to drawings by the architect and early archaeologist Carl Haller von Hallerstein , who traveled to Greece in 1810 on a grant from the Bavarian Royal Court and carried out building studies on the original. A close correspondence with Crown Prince Ludwig has been attested since 1811. His draft consisted of 26 drawings that are now in the Bavarian State Library in Munich , which he submitted in November 1815. After his early death in 1817, the architect Leo von Klenze acquired an extensive document of 175 sheets from Haller with studies on the Walhalla and the Glyptothek, also built by Klenze . For the Walhalla, he adopted some of Haller's essential ideas.
When Ludwig took office in 1825, 60 busts had already been completed, but no building site had yet been found. The Bräuberg above the Danube valley near Donaustauf was chosen together with Klenze.
Construction and opening
The foundation stone for the “Temple of Fame” was laid on October 18, 1830, the 17th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig . Klenze built the facility between 1831 and 1842. The Walhalla was Ludwig's most expensive project with construction costs of four million guilders. (Around 82 million euros (2018))
On October 18, 1842, the 29th anniversary of the Battle of Nations, Ludwig I opened the building with words that can be read on a stone in front of the Walhalla:
“Walhalla would like to be conducive to strengthening and increasing the German spirit! All Germans, regardless of their tribe, want to always feel that they have a common fatherland, a fatherland that they can be proud of, and that everyone contributes as much as he can to its glorification. "
Further development
Ludwig himself published a description of Valhalla's comrades . Heinrich Heine ridiculed this as "Valhalla-Wisch" and criticized the absence of Luther , who had not yet been accepted at the inauguration. It was not until 1847 that the bust of the reformer, completed in 1831, who had shaped the written German language with his translation of the Bible, was discontinued.
Also due to his affair with Lola Montez , Ludwig abdicated in the revolutionary year of 1848 in favor of his son Maximilian II . Just as the opening ceremony was kept rather sparse, the other new recordings were made in a simple manner in the presence of Ludwig, most recently the recording of Ludwig van Beethoven in 1866 . This year, meanwhile his grandson Ludwig II was on the throne, the 80-year-old Ludwig had to witness how the German fratricidal war put an end to the German Confederation after half a century.
Ludwig died in 1868, between the founding of the North German Confederation and its expansion into the German Empire . As early as 1862 he had bequeathed the Walhalla "Germany, his great fatherland" in his will and added that if the German Confederation was dissolved, Bavaria would take over possession, with the caveat: "If a federation were to reunite Germany later, Walhalla would again be the property of Germany." However, this was not implemented: Walhalla remained the property of the Kingdom and later Free State of Bavaria.
The first new addition of sculptures after the death of the founder took place only 22 years later and was for Ludwig I himself. "The grateful people" honored "Ludwig, King of Bavaria" in 1890 with a large statue.
Memorial plaque with the words of Ludwig I.
Walhalla around 1845, steel engraving
Walhalla around 1900
architecture
The Walhalla is the oldest example of a group of monumental memorial monuments in Germany , along with Louis Befreiungshalle , the Niederwald Monument at Rudesheim am Rhein , the Battle Monument in Leipzig , the Kyffhäuserdenkmal , the German Corner in Koblenz , the Hermann Monument in Detmold , the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial at the Porta Westfalica and the Berlin Victory Column .
The architect Leo von Klenze built the building made of Kelheim limestone, which was intended as a “temple of fame”, on behalf of King Ludwig from 1830 to 1842 high above the Danube near Regensburg . The entire system with substructure is 125 meters long and 55 meters high.
The Valhalla was given the shape of a marble Greek temple in the style of a Doric peripterus based on the model of the Parthenon in Athens . The roof is supported by an iron structure that was modern for the time. The length of the classical temple building is 66.7 meters, the width 31.6 meters, the height 20 meters. Inside, the Walhalla is 48.5 meters long, 14 meters wide and 15.5 meters high.
The fully plastic gable field on the north side shows the Teutons under Arminius in the battle in the Teutoburg Forest against the Romans charging from the west (right). The southern gable represents Teutschland's liberation in 1814 : In the middle Germania, from left and right the German states and federal fortresses approach, the border rivers Rhine and Moselle are symbolized in the gusset .
The surrounding inner frieze by Martin von Wagner depicts the early history of the Teutons, their departure from the Caucasus and their immigration into Central Europe. The last stage is the conversion to the Christian faith by Saint Boniface .
Exterior view of the Walhalla in black and white
Arcade along the Walhalla
Columns on the facade of the Walhalla
Facade, fully plastic gable field on the north side
Gallery with interior frieze
Inside view of the Walhalla
Rear view
One of the 12 marble armchairs by
Ernst Mayer
One of the three floor inscriptions: Started October 18, 1830
Exterior view in late afternoon light
Busts
General
At the opening in 1842, 96 of the busts made since 1807 were placed in the order of the date of death, i.e. the entrance to the mythological Valhalla, clockwise from the entrance door, in two rows one above the other:
- The first 70 busts, starting at the gate with King Heinrich I and ending at the gate with Archduchess Maria Theresa , were attached to the wall above head height on individual supporting stones.
- The other 26 busts of younger honorees were placed less prominently in a lower row next to each other on pedestals, starting at the gate with Lessing and ending first with Goethe, the youngest of the original members, who died in 1832.
Since the hall is divided into three compartments, there are six groups of busts on the side walls, each set up around a goddess of victory. Each of the goddesses created by Christian Daniel Rauch embodies a different way of creating a victory.
An exception in the order and execution is the large statue of King Ludwig, which was erected free-standing in 1890 at the front of the hall in front of the Opisthodom .
Five years after the opening, in autumn 1847, the first new addition was added with Luther, although his bust was completed in 1831. Therefore Luther stands next to Goethe, and both are towered over by Luther's contemporary Copernicus. A total of 34 busts have been added since 1847, one every five years on average. More recently women have been honored: since 1998, four female and four male busts have been added. A total of seven busts are dedicated to women.
In 2003 the bust of Sophie Scholl was placed in the last prominent place next to the door. No other bust should be placed next to her. A memorial plaque on the base of her bust honors the resistance against National Socialism : In memory of everyone who courageously resisted the injustice, violence and terror of the “Third Reich” .
On September 12, 2007, the bust of the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauß was added to the Walhalla and on June 25, 2009 the bust of the canonized Edith Stein . A bust for the writer and Valhalla critic Heinrich Heine followed on July 28, 2010 . Most recently, a bust of Käthe Kollwitz was erected on May 29, 2019. According to the installation plan, there are three more places available.
A bust of Max Planck was originally supposed to be erected in 2019, a date is not yet known.
For some people, like Tsarina Katharina , it is pointed out that it is not the place of work that is decisive, but German descent.
list
The numbers correspond to those in the accompanying booklet Walhalla - official guide from 2008, who numbered the exhibits in both series in a clockwise direction from 1 to 128. Numbers 129 to 131 have been added since then. The number is used in the Walhalla to find the location of the bust or the entry in the booklet and to call it up in the voice output device.
- Top row
| No. | Article - Inscription - Description (sculptor, year) |
|---|---|
| Busts in the upper row to the left of the entrance | |
| 001 | Heinrich I - Heinrich the Finkler, King of the Germans ( Schadow , 1809) |
| 002 | Otto I - Otto the Great, Teutscher Kaiser ( Schadow , 1809) |
| 003 | Konrad II. - Conrad the Salian, Teutscher Emperor ( Schadow , 1809) |
| 006 | Friedrich I - Barbarossa, Kaiser - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ( Franz Xaver Schwanthaler , 1838) |
| 007 | Heinrich the Lion - Duke of Saxony and Bavaria ( Schadow , 1811) |
| 008 | Friedrich II. - Kaiser - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ( Tieck , 1814) |
| 009 | Rudolph von Habsburg - Kaiser - German King ( Tieck , 1832) |
| 015 | Erwin von Steinbach - master builder ( Ohmacht , 1811) |
| 016 | Johannes Gutenberg - Hennes Genzschfleich, Johann von Guttenberg, inventor of the art of printing ( Matthiä , 1835) |
| 017 | Jan van Eyck - Iohann van Eyck, painter - Flemish painter ( Tieck , 1817–1842) |
| 018 | Friedrich - the Victorious, Elector Palatinate ( Lossow , 1842) |
| 024 | Johann Müller Regiomontanus - Scholar - Astronomer and Mathematician ( Lossow , 1842) |
| 025 | Niklaus von Flüe - Brother Nikolaus von der Fluee - Swiss hermit, ascetic and mystic ( Tieck , 1812) |
| 026 | Eberhard im Bart - Duke of Würtemberg, b. 1445 d. 1496 ( Wagner , 1830) |
| 027 | Hans Memling - Hans Hemling, painter ( Woltreck , 1841) |
| 028 | Johann XX. von Dalberg - Bishop of Worms - Chancellor of Heidelberg University (model: Halbig , execution: Lossow , after 1867) |
| 029 | HS von Hallwyl - Swiss officer ( Joseph Maria Christen , 1812) |
| 035 | Berthold von Henneberg - Elector of Mainz - Prince-Bishop ( E. Mayer , 1824) |
| 036 | Maximilian I - Kaiser - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ( P. Kaufmann , 1811) |
| 037 | Johannes von Reuchlin - Scholar - Philosopher and Humanist ( Heinrich Max Imhof , 1835) |
| 038 | Franz von Sickingen - Knight - leader of the Rhenish and Swabian knighthood ( Ernst von Bandel , 1827) |
| 039 | Ulrich von Hutten - I dared - Imperial knight and humanist ( Joseph Kirchmayer , 1811) |
| 040 | Albrecht Dürer - Painter ( Rauch , 1837) |
| 041 | Georg von Frundsberg - Landsknechtsführer ( Widnmann , 1841) |
| 047 | Peter Vischer the Elder - artist in ore - ore caster ( F. Müller , 1839) |
| 048 | Johannes Aventinus - Iohann Thurmayr, called Aventine, historian - chronicler (model: L. Schwanthaler , 1827; execution: Horchler , 1841) |
| 049 | Wolter von Plettenberg - Walther v. Plettenberg, Army Master in Liefland - Teutonic Order Master ( L. Schwanthaler , 1832) |
| 050 | Erasmus of Rotterdam - Scholar and Humanist ( Tieck , 1813) |
| 051 | Paracelsus - Theophrastus Paracelsus von Hohenheim, doctor ( E. Wolff , 1827) |
| 052 | Nicolaus Copernicus - astronomer ( Schadow , 1807) |
| 058 | Hans Holbein the Younger - Painter ( Lossow , 1840) |
| 059 | Carl V - Kaiser - King of Spain, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ( FX Schwanthaler , 1842) |
| 060 | Christoph - Duke of Württemberg ( Bissen , 1831) |
| 061 | Aegidius Tschudi - Swiss historian ( Tieck , 1817) |
| 067 | William of Orange - Dutch Free State founder ( Tieck , 1815) |
| Busts in the upper row to the right of the statue of Ludwig I. | |
| 069 | August I - Elector of Saxony ( Rietschel , 1840) |
| 070 | Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn - Bishop of Würtzburg ( Scholl , 1840) |
| 071 | Prince Moritz of Orange - Captain General of the Armed Forces of the United Netherlands ( Tieck , 1815) |
| 072 | Johannes Kepler - Iohann Keppler, astronomical expert - mathematician and astronomer ( Schöpf , 1842) |
| 073 | Albrecht von Wallenstein - Duke of Friedland - General in the Thirty Years War ( Tieck , 1812) |
| 079 | Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar - Duke Bernhard von Weimar - Army leader in the Thirty Years War ( Tieck , 1812/13) |
| 080 | Peter Paul Rubens - Rubens - Flemish Painter ( Lamine , 1809) |
| 081 | Anton van Dyck - Mahler - Flemish painter ( Rauch , 1812) |
| 082 | Hugo de Groot - called Grotius - Dutch legal scholar ( Tieck , 1814) |
| 088 | Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff - Count Max von Trauttmansdorff, peacemaker - Austrian politician ( Schaller , 1824) |
| 089 | Maximilian I. - Elector of Baiern, b. 1573, d. 1651 ( Imhof , 1832) |
| 090 | Amalie Elisabeth von Hanau-Münzenberg - Amalia, Countess of Hesse ( Tieck , 1817) |
| 091 | Maarten Tromp - Mart. Haperttson Tromp, Dutch admiral ( Kessels , 1825) |
| 092 | Paris by Lodron - Paris Lodron, Bishop of Salzburg ( Eberhard , 1814) |
| 093 | Frans Snyders - Mahler - Flemish painter ( Rauch , 1814) |
| 099 | Karl X. Gustav - King of Sweden ( Tieck , 1816) |
| 100 | Johann Philipp von Schönborn - Elector of Mainz - Prince-Bishop ( Tieck , 1818) |
| 101 | Ernst the Pious - Duke of Gotha ( Tieck , 1815) |
| 102 | Michiel de Ruyter - Michael Adrian Ruyter, Admiral - Dutch admiral ( Tieck , 1817) |
| 103 | Otto von Guericke - Otto de Guerice - natural scientist and engineer ( Rathgeber , 1811) |
| 104 | Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg - the Great Elector - Elector of Brandenburg ( Wichmann , 1828) |
| 105 | Charles V - Duke of Lorraine ( Tieck , 1817) |
| 111 | William III. - King of Great Britain ( Haller , 1816) |
| 112 | Ludwig Wilhelm of Baden - Ludwig Markg. v. Baden, Reichsfeldmarschall - called the "Türkenlouis" ( Widnmann , 1842) |
| 113 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - Wilhelm Gottfried Leibnitz - universal scholar ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 114 | Herman Boerhaave - Doctor - Dutch Medic ( Leeb , 1823) |
| 115 | Moritz v. Saxony - Mareschal de France - General and war theorist ( Tieck , 1813) |
| 116 | George Frideric Handel - Geor. Godf. Haendel, sound setter - composer ( R. Schadow , 1815) |
| 122 | Nicolaus Ludewig Graf von Zinzendorf - founder of the Brothers Congregation - theologian and song writer ( Tieck , 1818) |
| 123 | Burkhard Christoph von Münnich - Count Münich, Russ. Field Marshal - Engineer and Field Marshal General in Russian service ( Lossow , 1841) |
| 124 | Johann Joachim Winckelmann - Winkelmann - archaeologist and art historian ( R. Schadow , 1814) |
| 125 | Wilhelm Graf vd Lippe Schaumburg - the Portuguese - military leader in the Seven Years' War ( Schadow , 1809) |
| 128 | Albrecht v. Haller - Swiss naturalist and poet ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 129 | Anton Raphael Mengs - Raphael Mengs, Mahler ( Rauch , 1808) |
| 130 | Maria Theresa - Teutsche Kaiserin - Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia ( Eberhard , 1811/2) |
- Bottom row
| No. | Article - Inscription - Description (sculptor, year) |
|---|---|
| Busts lower row to the left of the entrance | |
| 004 | Gotthold Ephraim Lessing - Gotthold Ephr. Lessing - Poet ( Tieck , 1813) |
| 005 | Friedrich II of Prussia - Fridericus II. Rex ( Schadow , 1807) |
| 010 | Christoph Willibald Gluck - composer ( Dannecker , 1812) |
| 011 | Gideon Ernst von Laudon - Ernst Gideon Greyherr v. Loudon, oe. Field Marshal, boo. 1716 in Liefland d. 1790 ( Kiesling , 1813) |
| 012 | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - sound poet ( FX Schwanthaler , 1846) |
| 013 | Ferdinand - Hanover's Liberator - Prussian Field Marshal General ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 014 | Justus Möser - Advocatus Patriae - lawyer and publicist ( Schmidt von der Launitz , 1821) |
| 019 | Gottfried August Bürger - poet ( Tieck , 1817) |
| 020 | Catherine II - Empress of Russia, b. 1729, d. 1796 - called "Katharina the Great", Tsarina ( Wredow , 1831) |
| 021 | Klopstock - the holy singer - poet ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 022 | Wilhelm Heinse - poet and scholar - writer ( Haller / Mayer , 1826) |
| 023 | Johann Gottfried Herder - Herder - poet and philosopher ( Tieck , 1815) |
| 030 | Immanuel Kant - Imanuel Kant - philosopher ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 031 | Friedrich v. Schiller - poet ( Dannecker , 1794) |
| 032 | Joseph Haydn - Joseph Heyden, Doctor of Music ( Robatz , 1810) |
| 033 | Johannes von Müller - Johann Mueller, historian - Swiss historian ( Schadow , 1808) |
| 034 | Christoph Martin Wieland - poet ( Schadow , 1807) |
| 042 | Gerhard von Scharnhorst - Prussian General ( Rauch , 1830) |
| 043 | Prince Barclay de Tolly - Russ. Field Marshal - General in Russian service ( Widnmann , 1841) |
| 044 | Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher - Prince of Wahlstatt - Prussian Field Marshal General ( Rauch , 1817) |
| 045 | Fst. C. v. Schwarzenberg - Supreme General in the Rescue Struggle - Austrian Field Marshal - ( Schaller , 1821) |
| 046 | Wilhelm Herschel - Herschel, astronomical expert - astronomer ( Eberhard , 1816) |
| 053 | Size Diebitsch Sabalkanski - Russ. Field Marshal ( Rauch , 1830) |
| 054 | Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein - HF Carl Fhr. Vom Stein, the German liberation foundation stone - Prussian politician ( Leeb , 1825) |
| 055 | August Neidhardt von Gneisenau - August Wilhelm Graf v. Gneisenau, Prussia. Field Marshal ( Tieck , 1842) |
| 056 | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - Goethe - Poet ( Tieck , 1808) |
| 057 | Martin Luther - Doctor Martin Luther - Reformer ( Rietschel , 1831, photo taken in autumn 1847) |
| 062 | Karl von Österreich-Teschen - Archduke Carl, Generalissimo - Austrian general ( Zauner , 1809; photo: 1853) |
| 063 | Josef Wenzel Radetzky von Radetz - Count Joseph Radetzky, oest. Field Marshal ( Halbig , 1858) |
| 064 | Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling - Weltweiser - Philosopher (Model: Tieck 1809, Execution: Lossow 1859, Photo: 1860) |
| 065 | Ludwig van Beethoven - sound poet - composer (model: Dietrich 1822, executed by Lossow 1866) |
| 066 | Wilhelm I. - Wilhelm the Victorious, German Emperor a. King v. Prussia ( Knoll , listed on March 22, 1898) |
| Freeze frame: | |
| 068 | Ludwig I of Bavaria - Ludwig I, King of Bavaria. The grateful people ( Ferdinand von Miller the Younger , August 25, 1890) |
| Busts lower right of the statue of Ludwig I. | |
| 074 | Otto von Bismarck - Bismarck - German Chancellor ( Kurz , October 18, 1908) |
| 075 | Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke - Moltke - Prussian Field Marshal General ( Hahn , May 10, 1910) |
| 076 | Richard Wagner - composer ( Bleeker , May 29, 1913) |
| 077 | JS Bach - composer ( Behn , July 11, 1916) |
| 078 | Justus v. Liebig - chemist ( Georgii , June 9, 1925) |
| 083 | Friedrich Ludwig Jahn - Jahn - Turnvater ( G. Müller , list: October 14, 1928) |
| 084 | Franz Schubert - composer ( Weckbecker , listed on November 25, 1928) |
| 085 | Joseph Görres - Goerres - Publicist ( Mattes , September 5, 1931) |
| 086 | Anton Bruckner - composer ( Rothenburger , June 6, 1937) |
| 087 | Max Reger - Reger - composer ( G. Müller , March 19, 1948) |
| 094 | Adalbert Stifter - writer ( Hajek , September 26, 1954) |
| 095 | Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff - v. Eichendorff - Poet ( Knecht , October 13, 1957) |
| 096 | WC Röntgen - physicist ( Rothenburger , July 5, 1959) |
| 097 | Max von Pettenkofer - Pettenkofer - chemist and physician ( Fiedler , 23 September 1962) |
| 098 | Jakob Fugger - Augsburg merchant ( Ladner , July 7, 1967) |
| 106 | Jean Paul - writer ( Sonnleitner , July 14, 1973) |
| 107 | Richard Strauss - composer ( Mikorey , July 14, 1973) |
| 108 | Carl Maria von Weber - composer ( Schorer , June 12, 1978) |
| 109 | Gregor Mendel - Mendel, Johann Gregor - natural scientist ( Hafner , 23 September 1983) |
| 110 | Albert Einstein - A. Einstein (as his signature) - physicist ( Uhlig , May 23, 1990) |
| 117 | Karolina Gerhardinger - Theresia Gerhardinger - founder of the order ( Uhlig , September 3, 1998) |
| 118 | Konrad Adenauer - first Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Weiland , September 15, 1999) |
| 119 | Johannes Brahms - composer ( Knobloch , September 14, 2000) |
| 120 | Carl Friedrich Gauss - mathematician and astronomer ( Arfmann , September 12, 2007) |
| 121 | Edith Stein - as “Hlg. Teresia Benedicta vom Kreuz “a patroness of Europe , religious and philosopher, murdered in Auschwitz ( Brunner , June 25, 2009) |
| 126 | Heinrich Heine - poet ( Gerresheim , July 28, 2010) |
| 127 | Käthe Kollwitz - graphic artist, painter and sculptor ( Spiekermann , May 29, 2019) |
| 131 | Sophie Scholl - (on the pedestal) In memory of everyone who bravely resisted injustice, violence and terror of the “Third Reich”. - Resistance fighter ( Eckert , February 22, 2003) |
photos
Marble busts No. 6-14
Busts in the Walhalla
Albrecht Dürer
(No. 40)
Nicolaus Copernicus
(No. 52)
Ludwig van Beethoven , sound poet
(No. 65)
Wilhelm Graf zu Lippe-Schaumburg ,
the Portuguese
(No. 124)
Käthe Kollwitz
(No. 127)
_K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz%26Uwe_Spiekermann%262019.jpg)
Memorial plaques
The 64 memorial plaques for those people and actions for whom no models for making a bust have been handed down were installed at the opening in 1842, at a great height under the ceiling, in two rows one above the other.
The panels were also arranged chronologically according to the year of death in clockwise order, the top row starting above the entrance gate with Hermann, ending with Einhard , the bottom row starting with Rabanus Maurus and ending with Peter Henlein . However, the Official Guide describes several inscriptions as wrong and gives years of death according to the latest research. The number of the official Walhalla guide was assigned accordingly.
| No. | Name or subject | Inscription with year of death |
|---|---|---|
| top row, beginning in the middle above the entrance | ||
| 1 | Arminius | Hermann, the Roman conqueror, † XXI |
| 2 | Marbod | Marbod, the main marcomanni, † around XL |
| 3 | Veleda | Velleda, seer, died after LXV |
| 4th | Iulius Civilis | Cl. Civilis, General of the Batavians, † before C |
| 5 | Ermanarich | Hermannrich, King of the Eastern Goths, † CCCLXXV |
| 6th | Wulfila | Ulphila, bishop, Goth. Bible translator, † before CCCLXXX |
| 7th | Frying | Friediger, leader of the Visigoths, † after CCCLXXXX |
| 8th | Alaric I. | Alaric, King of the Visigoths, † CCCCX |
| 9 | Athaulf | Ataulf, King of the Visigoths, † CCCCXV |
| 10 | Theodoric I. | Theodoric, King of the Visigoths, † CCCCLI |
| 11 | Horsa | Horsa, Conqueror of Britain, † CCCCLI |
| 12 | Geiseric | Genserich, King of the Vandals, † um CCCCLXXVII |
| 13 | Hengest | Hengist, Conqueror of Britain, † CCCCLXXX |
| 14th | Odoacer | Odoacer, King of the Heruli and Gepids, † CCCCLXXXXVII |
| 15th | Clovis I. | Klodwig, King of the Franks, † DXI |
| 16 | Theodoric the Great | Theodoric the Great, Kings. d. Ostgothen, † DXXVI |
| 17th | Totila | Totila, King of the Ostrogoths, † DLII |
| 18th | Alboin | Alboin, King d. Lombards, † DLXXIII |
| 19th | Theudelinde | Theutelinde, Queen d. Lombards, † around DCXXVI |
| 20th | Emmeram from Regensburg | Emmeran the Saint, Bishop, † DCLXXX |
| 21st | Pippin the Middle | Pipin from Heristal, Hausmayer , † DCCXVI |
| 22nd | Beda Venerabilis | Beda d. V., abbot and historian, † DCCXXXV |
| 23 | Willibrord | Willibrord the Elder Heil., Bishop of Utrecht, † DCCXXXIX |
| 24 | Karl Martell | Karl d. Hammer, Duke, Prince d. Franconia, † DCCXLI |
| 25th | Boniface | Bonifacius the Elder Saint, Archbishop v. Maynz, † DCCLV |
| 26th | Pippin the Younger | Pipin d. Brief, King of the Franconian Empire, † DCCLXVIII |
| 27 | Widukind | Wittekind, General of the Saxons, † to DCCC |
| 28 | Paul Deacon | Paul Warnefried, historian, † according to DCCC |
| 29 | Alcuin | Alcuin, Abbot and Scholar, † DCCCIV |
| 30th | Egbert from Wessex | Egbert, First King of England, † to DCCCX |
| 31 | Charlemagne | Charlemagne, Rom. Kaiser, † DCCCXIV |
| 32 | Einhard | Eginhard, historian, † around DCCCXXXIX |
| lower row, starting in the middle above the entrance | ||
| 33 | Rabanus Maurus | Rhabanus Maurus, Bishop and Scholar, † DCCCLVI |
| 34 | Arnulf of Carinthia | Arnulph, Roman Emperor, † DCCCC |
| 35 | Alfred the Great | Alfred d. Great, King of England, † DCCCC |
| 36 | Otto I of Saxony | Otto the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, † before DCCCCXIX |
| 37 | Arnulf I. | Arnulph I, Duke of Bavaria, † DCCCCXXXVII |
| 38 | Mathilde the saint | Mechthilde d. Saint, Queen of Germany, † DCCCCLXVIII |
| 39 | Hrotsvit | Roswitha, poet, died before M |
| 40 | Bernward of Hildesheim | Bernward d. Heil., Bishop and sculptor, † MXXVIII |
| 41 | Heribert of Cologne | Heribert d. Heil., Archbishop v. Cologne, † MXXVIII |
| 42 | Henry III. | Henry the Third., Rom. Kaiser, † MLVI |
| 43 | Lampert from Hersfeld | Lambrecht v. Aschaffenburg, Gesch. Schreiber, † MLXXVII |
| 44 | Otto von Bamberg | Otto d. H., Bishop of Bamberg, † MCXXXIX |
| 45 | Otto von Freising | Otto, Bishop. v. Freysingen, Gesch. Schreiber, † MCLVIII |
| 46 | Hildegard von Bingen | Hildegard the Holy, Abbess , † MCLXXIX |
| 47 | Otto I of Bavaria | Otto d. Size von Wittelsbach, Duke v. Bavaria, † MCLXXXIII |
| 48 | Engelbert I of Cologne | Engelbert d. Heil., Archbishop v. Cologne, † MCCXXVI |
| 49 | Poet of the Nibelungenlied | The poet of the Nibelungenlied |
| 50 | Walther von der Vogelweide | Walther vd Vogelweide, minstrel, † MCCXXX |
| 51 | Elisabeth of Thuringia | Elisabeth d. Heil., Landgravine v. Thuringia, † MCCXXXI |
| 52 | Leopold VI. | Leopold the Glorious, heart. v. Austria , † MCCXXXIV |
| 53 | Hermann von Salza | Hermann von Salza, Teutschordenshochmeister, † MCCXL |
| 54 | Wolfram von Eschenbach | Wolfram v. Eschenbach, minstrel, † MCCLI |
| 55 | Master Gerhard | The builder of the Cologne Cathedral, † MCCLXXI |
| 56 | Arnold to the tower | A. v. Thurn, founder of the Rhine City Association , † MCCLXIV |
| 57 | Albertus Magnus | Albertus Magnus, Bishop and Scholar, † MCCLXXX |
| 58 | Rütli oath | The three men from Rütli, according to † MCCCVI |
| 59 | Friedrich the fair | Frederick the Handsome , Gegenkaiser, † MCCCXXX |
| 60 | Bruno from Warendorp | Bruno von Warendorp, leader d. Hanse, † MCCCLXIX |
| 61 | Arnold Winkelried | Arnold v. Winkelried, Ritter a. Farmer , † MCCCLXXXVI |
| 62 | Wilhelm of Cologne | Master Wilhelm, painter in Cologne, † MCCCLXXXVIII |
| 63 | Adrian I. von Bubenberg | Hadrian von Bubinberg, General, † MCCCCLXXIX |
| 64 | Peter Henlein | P. Henlein, inventor of the pocket watch, † MDXLII |
The memorial plaque for the resistance in the Third Reich on the base of the bust of Sophie Scholl is not part of this series.
Redevelopment
Between 2004 and 2014 the building had to be refurbished for 13.3 million euros . The renovation affected the entire substructure and the roof. The drainage also had to be renewed. Since the beginning of April 2015, it has been open to the public for tours again.
particularities
Surroundings
From the Valhalla plateau, the observer has a view that extends from the west over the Regensburg Danube valley to just before the neighboring town of Straubing in the east. On a clear day, you can see some of the mountains of the front Bavarian Forest with the Bogenberg and Straubing on the horizon; even the peaks of the Berchtesgaden Alps in the south-east on rare foehn days .
The "Hall of Expectation"
Originally, the "Hall of Expectation" was to be realized in the substructure of the Walhalla. Busts of people who are still alive should be placed there. After her death, they should have been carried in a solemn procession to "heaven", that is, the Valhalla itself. However, due to political concerns, this idea was never realized and Klenze converted the original hall into a staircase to the main hall. At least this is how the symbolic path from earth to "heaven" was carried out. Klenze was able to keep the basic idea as a formal motif and achieve that Walhalla remains alive. This staircase can still be seen today as a large door in the middle of the ramp stairs on the front.
The monumental substructure in the classicist-Egyptian style is based on the revolutionary architecture with its stereometric design language, the renunciation of ornamentation or lamination of the edges . The hall of expectation itself was never completed, it is still in the rough state . The further use is still unclear, but according to information from the Regensburg State Building Authority it will be made accessible to the public after the renovation work has been completed.
- Hall of Expectation
Entrance to the "Hall of Expectation"
Entrance inside the "Hall of Expectation" to the main hall, not open to the public
View into the “Hall of Expectation”, not open to the public
Side wing with domed vault, planned podium places for busts, incomplete shell
Side wing
Floor plan of the entire basement of the Walhalla including the "Hall of Expectation"
See also
- Liberation Hall on the Michelsberg above the town of Kelheim
- Hall of Fame above Theresienwiese in Munich
- Heldenberg Memorial in Heldenberg in Lower Austria
Valhalla Railway
On June 23, 1889, named after the Walhalla opened Walhalla train , popularly called "Walhallabockerl" of Regensburg- Stadtamhof to Donaustauf and breakpoint "Walhalla" . On April 30, 1903, the privately operated narrow-gauge railway was extended to Wörth an der Donau . As road traffic increased, passenger traffic was discontinued on October 1, 1960, and freight traffic on December 31, 1968 for reasons of profitability.
literature
- Leo von Klenze: Walhalla in an artistic and technical relationship , Munich 1842 ( PDF; 22MB digitized version ).
- Walhalla's comrades, portrayed by King Ludwig the First of Bavaria, the founder of Walhalla , literary-artistic establishment, Munich 1842 ( full view in the google book search).
- Adalbert Müller : Donaustauf and Walhalla. G. J. Manz 1838
- Joseph Anton Pangkofer: Walhalla and Stauf on the Danube . Pustet, Regensburg, 1852 ( full view in the Google book search). Pustet, Regensburg 1842 digitized version (title here only Walhalla )
- Horst Hanske , Jörg Traeger : Walhalla. Temple of fame on the Danube . Bosse, Regensburg 1998, ISBN 3-927529-05-2 (illustrated book).
- Ruprecht Stolz: The Walhalla. A contribution to the monument concept of the 19th century . Dissertation at the University of Cologne 1977, DNB 780830466 .
- Jörg Traeger (Ed.): The Walhalla. Idea, architecture, landscape . Bosse, Regensburg, 1979/1980, DNB 810650304 .
- Jörg Traeger: The way to Walhalla. Monument landscape and educational trip in the 19th century . Bosse, Regensburg 1987; second expanded edition 1991, ISBN 3-921114-71-3 .
- Emanuel Schmid: The planning history of the Walhalla gable fields 1809–1842. A contribution to the art policy of King Ludwig I of Bavaria . Part I (1809-1830) In: Ars Bavarica. Volume 49/50, Munich 1988, pp. 93-132. Part II (1830-1842) In: Ars Bavarica. Volume 67/68, Munich 1992, pp. 111-157.
- Horst Hanske, Jörg Traeger: Walhalla - temple of fame on the Danube. An illustrated book . Bosse, Regensburg 1992, ISBN 3-927529-05-2 .
- Annika Poloczek: The Walhalla: development and construction history, architectural design . Grin, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-67220-7 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- Andre Rank: The Walhalla in the age of romantic nationalism . Grin, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-638-90146-8 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- Landbauamt Regensburg (ed.): Walhalla. Official leader . Bosse, Regensburg 2006, DNB 1072421682 .
- Staatliches Bauamt Regensburg (Ed.): Walhalla 2004–2014: Work report on the restoration of the Hall of Fame , Pustet, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7917-2602-1 .
- Eginhard König: “He's having a marble skull built near Regensburg…” A booklet on Walhalla Morsbach, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-937527-68-0 .
- Simone Steger: The portrait busts of the Walhalla near Donaustauf: from the conception by Ludwig I of Bavaria to the execution (1807–1842) , Diss. Munich 2011, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 19-136900 .
Web links
- Walhalla website
- Cornelia Otto: Walhalla - History of the development of a building in the area of tension between architect and client (seminar paper)
- Aerial photos of the Walhalla
Individual evidence
- ↑ Valhalla. Bavarian State Ministry for Science, Research and the Arts, accessed on February 11, 2015 .
- ↑ notice Dreyer architectural Price tasks. II. A building dedicated to the memory of great Germans. In: Extra supplement to the Morgenblatt for educated stands. Eighth year, No. 1, April 1814.
- ^ Rudolf Bergau: Haller von Hallerstein, Carl Freiherr . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 438-440.
- ^ Hansgeorg Bankel (Ed.): Carl Haller von Hallerstein in Greece 1810–1817 architect, draftsman, building researcher. On the occasion of the exhibition Carl Haller von Hallerstein in Greece 1810–1817: Munich, Palais Preysing , February 14–15. March 1986; Nuremberg, Albrecht-Dürerhaus u. Fembohaus, March 22–11. May 1986; Berlin-Charlottenburg, Antikenmuseum SMPK, June 14–31. August 1986. Commissioned by the Carl Haller von Hallerstein Society. Reimer, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-496-00840-7 .
- ^ Emanuel Schmid: Festivals in Regensburg . Ed .: Karl Möseneder. Mittelbayerische Druckerei- und Verlags-Gesellschaft, Regensburg 1986, ISBN 3-921114-09-8 , The festivities on the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone for the Walhalla in 1830 (No. 83), p. 443-459 .
- ↑ Annika Poloczek: The Walhalla - development and construction history, architectural design . First edition. Grin, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-67220-7 , pp. 13 .
- ↑ Bundesbank: purchasing power equivalents-historical-amounts-in-German-currencies-data.pdf. Accessed in 2019 .
- ^ Emanuel Schmid: Festivals in Regensburg . Ed .: Karl Möseneder. Mittelbayerische Druckerei- und Verlags-Gesellschaft, Regensburg 1986, ISBN 3-921114-09-8 , The opening of the Walhalla 1842 (No. 87), p. 473-477 .
- ↑ Emanuel Schmid: The planning history of the Walhalla gable fields.
- ↑ Edith Stein in the Walhalla - The holy Nazi opponent. Süddeutsche Zeitung , May 17, 2009, accessed on September 14, 2013 .
- ↑ Eckhard Fuhr: Heinrich Heine is now also in the Walhalla. Die Welt , July 29, 2010, accessed September 14, 2013 .
- ↑ Käthe Kollwitz and Max Planck come to the Walhalla. Süddeutsche Zeitung , December 19, 2017, accessed on August 26, 2020 .
- ↑ Late arrival at the skull site - conclusion. Deutschlandradio , July 28, 2010, accessed on September 14, 2013 .
- ↑ Käthe Kollwitz comes to the Walhalla - the bust will be displayed on May 29, 2019. Käthe-Kollwitz-Museum Berlin , May 28, 2019, accessed on August 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Walhalla has a secure footing again. Mittelbayerische Zeitung , November 14, 2014.
- ^ Bavarian television: Walhalla in new splendor . Report in the evening show , April 15, 2015.
- ↑ Annika Poloczek: The Walhalla - development and construction history, architectural design . First edition. Grin, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-67220-7 , pp. 11 .
Remarks
- ↑ incorrect inscription, as Rudolf did not become emperor .
- ↑ Inventor of printing with movable letters
- ↑ wrongly Hemling instead of Memling
- ↑ d. H. on the 60th anniversary of her death
- ↑ imprecise, around A.D. 37
- ↑ wrongly Claudius
- ↑ wrongly, 376 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 381 AD
- ↑ wrongly. According to the current state of affairs, † 493 AD would be correct.
- ↑ wrongly, 572 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 628 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 715 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 714 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 754 AD
- ↑ inaccurate, 807 AD
- ↑ wrongly, AD 797
- ↑ wrongly, 839 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 840 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 899 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 899 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 912 AD
- ↑ inaccurate, after 975 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 1022 AD
- ↑ wrongly, 1225 AD
Coordinates: 49 ° 1 '53.4 " N , 12 ° 13' 26.7" E
