Heiligenbeil district

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Location of the district (red) in the Königsberg district (pink) in East Prussia (gray), borders from summer 1939
Coat of arms of the district of Heiligenbeil

The Heiligenbeil district was a Prussian district in East Prussia . It existed with its predecessor, Zinten, from 1818 to 1945.

On January 1, 1945, the Heiligenbeil district comprised:

overview

Weßlienen manor around 1860, Alexander Duncker collection

The district of Heiligenbeil was in the western part of East Prussia on the Frischen Haff . It was in the shape of an acute triangle. Of its 1137 km² total area, 229 km², that is one fifth, was made up of the lagoon. The westernmost point of the circle lay west of Alt Passarge , the easternmost eastward from Robitten , the northernmost point was northeast of Dümpelkrug and the southernmost point southeast of Schönborn . Since 1819, when the district with Heiligenbeil was founded as the district town, the district had the above shape and dimensions. At the census in May 1939 there were 53,207 inhabitants in the district. That was around 59 people per square kilometer. They lived in two cities and 111 rural parishes. The 113 places belonged to 17 parishes ( parishes ). The names of the parishes and their rural parishes were:

  1. Balga with the rural communities of Balga, Follendorf, Groß Hoppenbruch , Kahlholz , Wolitta.
  2. Bladiau with the rural communities of Bladiau, Bolbitten, Fedderau, Groß Rödersdorf , Grünwiese , Jürkendorf , Klein Rödersdorf, Königsdorf, Lank , Partheinen , Pottlitten , Quilitten , Schölen , Schönrade, Windkeim, Wolittnick .
  3. Brandenburg with the rural communities of Brandenburg , Pinnau, Pokarben, Schoschen.
  4. German Thierau with the rural communities Deutsch Thierau , Freudenthal, Gallingen, Hanswalde, Herzogswalde, Lönhöfen.
  5. Eichholz with the rural communities of Eichholz , Kildehnen, Kölmisch Gehdau, Lichtenfeld , Müngen , Perbanden , Schönborn, Wilknitt mit Bartken, Wohlau.
  6. Eisenberg with the rural communities Eisenberg , Grunenfeld, Hohenwalde, Rödersdorf, Schönlinde.
  7. Grunau - Alt Passarge with the rural communities Alt Passarge , Grunau , Hammersdorf, Rossen.
  8. Heiligenbeil -Land and Heiligenbeil-Rosenberg with the rural communities Deutsch Bahnau, Grünwalde, Karben , Leisuhnen , Prussisch Bahnau , Schirten, Steindorf, Thomsdorf, Wangnicken, Wermten.
  9. Hermsdorf - Pellen with the rural communities Hasselpusch, Hermsdorf , Lauterbach, Pellen , Schönwalde, Stolzenberg.
  10. Hohenfürst with the rural communities of Bönkenwalde, Groß Hasselberg, Hohenfürst , Lüdtkenfürst , Rauschbach.
  11. Lindenau with the rural communities Breitlinde, Kirschdorf, Lindenau , Sonnenstuhl, Vogelsang.
  12. Pörschken with the rural communities Barsen , Groß Klingbeck, Konradswalde, Laukitten , Ludwigsort , Patersort , Perwilten, Poplitten , Pörschken , Rippen , Schwanis , Sollecken , Wargitten .
  13. Tiefensee with the rural communities of Arnstein, Sargen, Schönfeld, Tiefensee .
  14. Waltersdorf with the rural communities of Birkenau, Kleinwalde, Rehfeld , Waltersdorf .
  15. Zinten city ​​and the rural communities of Bombitten, Dosen, Jäcknitz, Klaussitten, Kukehnen, Kumgarben, Kuschen, Langendorf, Maraunen, Nemritten, Plössen, Robitten, Schwengels, Wesselshöfen .

In February and March 1945, the district became a theater of war. The military "Heiligenbeiler Kessel " was formed. After the heaviest defensive battles of the 4th German Army against several Soviet armies that lasted for weeks, the final fall took place in the last days of March. At dawn on March 29, 1945, the last German soldiers embarked from the Haffufer below the Balga castle ruins in the direction of Pillau . In the previous winter weeks, hundreds of thousands of East Prussians fled from all parts of the province, including most of the population of the Heiligenbeil district, over the ice of the lagoon to the Fresh Spit and from there to the rescue ships in Pillau or by land to the Spit Danzig .

Of the approximately 53,000 residents of the Heiligenbeil district, around 20% lost their lives through war, flight, displacement, deportation, rape, hunger, illness or inhuman treatment in East Prussian forced camps.

Administrative history

Kingdom of Prussia

After the Prussian administrative reforms after the Congress of Vienna, which was created on 1 February 1818 Circle Zinten in the administrative district of Kaliningrad in the Prussian province of East Prussia .

This included the parishes:

The district office was in Zinten.

As early as April 1, 1819, the following changes were made to the district boundaries:

  • Integration of the parishes of Brandenburg and Pörschken from the Kreuzburg district into the Zinten district ,
  • Incorporation of the parishes of Albrechtsdorf, Borken, Buchholz, Canditten, Eichhorn, Gutenfeld, Landsberg, Peisten, Petershagen and Reddenau from the district of Zinten into the district of Kreuzburg .

At the same time the name of the district changed to Heiligenbeil .

From December 3, 1829, after the merger of the previous provinces of Prussia ( not : East Prussia) and West Prussia, the district belonged to the new province of Prussia with its seat in Königsberg i. Pr.

North German Confederation and German Empire

From July 1, 1867, the district belonged to the North German Confederation and from January 1, 1871 to the German Empire . On October 13, 1876, the district office was relocated from Zinten to Heiligenbeil after the city of Heiligenbeil had erected a building for it. On February 16, 1878, the previously communal- free Vorwerk Banditten from the Preussisch Eylau district was incorporated into the Heiligenbeil district. After the province of Prussia was divided into the new provinces of East Prussia and West Prussia, the district of Heiligenbeil became part of East Prussia on April 1, 1878. On September 30, 1929, a regional reform took place in the Heiligenbeil district, as in the rest of Prussia, in which all previously independent manor districts were dissolved and assigned to neighboring rural communities.

Under Polish and Soviet administration

From January and February 1945, the district was gradually occupied by the Red Army . After the complete occupation in spring 1945 at the latest, the entire district was initially placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power . The Polish administration introduced the name Święta Siekierka for the district and district town , the Polonized (and previously used in Poland) name for the town of Heiligenbeil.

In the late summer or early autumn of 1945, the Soviet occupying power revised the previous zoning and moved the border of the Soviet administrative zone considerably south, so that the larger northern part of the district, including the district town of Heiligenbeil, came under Soviet administration. The Polish migrants who had already immigrated and who had already begun their displacement and expulsion , including the Polish civil administration, were expelled from the now Soviet-administered northern part again at short notice. The small southern part of the district remained under Polish administration and was attached to the Braniewo (Braunsberg) district. The German population still resident there was subsequently expelled , unless they had already fled .

District administrators

Memorial stone in Burgdorf (Hanover region)

District administrators in the Brandenburg district

  • 1800–1818: Johann von Podewils

District administrators in the Zinten district

  • 1818 -9999: Ernst von Brandt
  • 1818–1819: Ritter Meyn ( provisional )

District administrators in the district of Heiligenbeil

Districts 1874–1945

In addition to the two cities of Heiligenbeil (now Russian: Momonowo) and Zinten (Kornewo), administrative districts were formed in the district of Heiligenbeil, in which several rural communities and manor districts were united . The places are today on both Russian (RUS) and Polish (PL) territory:

German name Today's name German name Today's name
Arnstein Jarzeń (PL) Karben Prigorkino (RUS)
Belga Wesjoloje (RUS) Keimkallen
from 1929: Schirten		 Krasnodonskoye (RUS)
Potjomkino (RUS)
Bladiau Pyatidorozhnoye (RUS) Kukhnen Ladozhskoye (RUS)
Brandenburg Ushakovo (RUS) Laukitten
from 1929: Ludwigsort 		Bolshevikshnoe (RUS)
Ladushkin (RUS)
Bregden Wawilowo (RUS) Lindenau Lipowina (PL)
German Thierau Ivanzovo (RUS) Maraunen Mikhailovskoye (RUS)
Oak wood Dębowiec (PL) Peeling Piele (PL)
Eisenberg Żelazna Góra (PL) Poerschken (RUS)
Fresh Haff Official
seat:
Alt Passarge
or Pillau

Stara Pasłęka (PL)
Baltijsk (RUS)		 Pohren
from 1929 Wind germ		 Rasdolnoye (RUS)
(RUS)
Great Klingbeck (RUS) Pokarben (RUS)
Groß Rödersdorf Novosjolovo (RUS) Quilting Zhukovka (RUS)
Grunau Gronowo (PL) Ribs
since 1929 Ludwigsort 		Sovkhoznoye (RUS)
Ladushkin (RUS)
Grunenfeld Gronówko (PL) Rossen Rusy (PL)
Hermsdorf Pogranichny (RUS) Stuthenen
from 1929 Wolittnik 		(RUS)
Primorskoye-Novoye (RUS)
Hohenfürst Wyszkowo (PL) Waltersdorf Pęciszewo (PL)
Jacknitz Usornoje (RUS) Wesselshöfen Pushkino (RUS)

Local constitution

The district of Heiligenbeil was divided into urban communities, rural communities and - until they were almost completely eliminated - in independent manor districts.

With the introduction of the Prussian Municipal Constitutional Law of December 15, 1933 and the German Municipal Code of January 30, 1935, the leader principle was enforced at the municipal level on April 1, 1935 .

A new district constitution was no longer created; The district regulations for the provinces of East and West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia and Saxony from March 19, 1881 continued to apply .

Place names

Minor name corrections were made as follows:

  • Brandenburg: 1935: Brandenburg (Fresh Lagoon)
  • Carbene: 1931: Karben
  • Royal Rödersdorf: 1931: Rödersdorf
  • Kuyschen: 1938: Kuschen
  • Polish Bahnau: 1920: German Bahnau

Personalities

literature

  • Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 17-18, item 11.
  • Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, according to official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, pp. 98-108.
  • Prussian Ministry of Finance: The results of the property and trade tax assessment in the Königsberg administrative region : Berlin 1966, Heiligenbeil district, pp. 1–43.
  • Adolf Rogge : The office of Balga. Contributions to a history of the Heiligenbeiler Kreis. In: New Prussian Provincial Papers . Fourth episode. Volume 5, Königsberg i. Pr. 1868, pp. 115-140 ; Volume 6, Königsberg i. Pr. 1869, pp. 116-141 and pp. 463-508 ; Volume 7, Königsberg i. Pr. 1870, pp. 97-139 and pp. 603-647 ; Volume 8, Königsberg i. Pr. 1871, pp. 315-336 and pp. 701-718 ; Volume 9, Königsberg i. Pr. 1872, pp. 97-112.
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit : 100 years Kreissparkasse Heiligenbeil . Historical review of the founding and development of the savings bank in the Heiligenbeil district. Heiligenbeil 1942
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: The district of Heiligenbeil. An East Prussian homeland book. (Ed .: Kreisgemeinschaft Heiligenbeil), Leer 1975
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: The Ordensburg Balga . Heiligenbeil 1925
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: The church in Bladiau and its family history monuments. Heiligenbeil 1930
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: 600 years of Grunau, Heiligenbeil district. Heiligenbeil 1931
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: 600 years of Hohenfürst. Heiligenbeil 1932
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: 700 years of Balga. Heiligenbeil 1939
  • Emil Johannes Guttzeit: Jäcknitz: Roses and Woyditten. The story of an East Prussian manor. Kiel 1957
  • Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. East Prussia - district of Heiligenbeil. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).

Web links

Commons : Kreis Heiligenbeil  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

supporting documents

  1. ↑ http://historia-wyzynaelblaska.pl/granica-polsko-radziecka-wb.-prusach-wschodnich.html
  2. ^ Rolf Jehke, cities and administrative districts in the district of Heiligenbeil