Mamonowo
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Mamonowo
Heiligenbeil Мамоново
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Mamonowo ( Russian Мамоново , German Heiligenbeil , Polish Świętomiejsce or Święta Siekierka , Lithuanian Šventapilė ) is a city in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad . It has 7761 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010).
The city is the administrative seat of the urban district Mamonowo .
Geographical location
The city is located in the west of the historic East Prussia region at the confluence of the Bahnau in the Jarft , about 50 kilometers southwest of Königsberg ( Kaliningrad ) and 13 kilometers northeast of Braunsberg ( Braniewo ).
Place name
The word "Beil" in the German place name Heiligenbeil is based on the Prussian word bila : language and not, as the coat of arms suggests, the term bile, byle : Beil. The Lithuanian place name Šventapilė , which contains the Lithuanian word pile : castle, would allow the interpretation 'holy castle', but this has not been proven.
history
From 1819 to 1945 Heiligenbeil was the district town and in 1939 had 12,100 inhabitants. The inner city was completely destroyed in World War II.
Until 1272 there was a settlement of the Prussians called Swento mest (Prussian swentas, swints : holy / mestan : city), whose name can be interpreted as a “holy city” and pagan preaching place (Prussian bila : language). After 1272 the area was under the Teutonic Order .
The city was founded in 1301 under the name of Heiligenstadt by the Teutonic Knight Order with culmic law near the Prussian cult site Swentomest. In 1344 the name was changed to Heiligenbil and in 1349 a church was consecrated. The ending "Beil" comes from the old Prussian term "bila": language, sermon.
The first knights of the order had already landed on the shore at Balga by ship across the Fresh Lagoon in 1238 . Heiligenbeil itself was not on the Frischen Haff, but the port area Rosenberg developed here below the city.
In the years 1463, 1519, 1520, 1571, 1677 and also in the 19th century the city was affected by conflagrations. The inhabitants lived mainly from bourgeois trades or agriculture; Beer was also brewed in the city and delivered to the surrounding towns. There was a Latin school in the city as early as the 18th century, with three teachers teaching there.
At the beginning of the 20th century Heiligenbeil had a Protestant church, a Roman Catholic church, an agricultural school, a district court, a machine factory, a fruit processing company and mills.
In the Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 , the NSDAP and its affiliated DNVP in the district of Heiligenbeil achieved a share of 70% (Reich average 52%). From 1936 to 1945, the Heiligenbeil Air Base was east of Heiligenbeil . After 1939 an external labor camp of the Stutthof concentration camp was established.
Towards the end of the Second World War , the district became a theater of war in February and March 1945. The National Socialist Gauleitung led by Gauleiter Erich Koch failed to evacuate the population in good time and placed independent escape movements under severe punishment. In the winter weeks before, hundreds of thousands fled completely disorderly (among other things, hindered by the Wehrmacht ) from all parts of East Prussia - including most of the population of the Heiligenbeil district - over the ice of the lagoon to the Fresh Spit and from there to the rescue ships in Pillau or by land along the Spit to Gdansk . The Heiligenbeiler Kessel formed during the war . After weeks of defensive battles by the German 4th Army against several Soviet armies , Heiligenbeil fell. On March 29, 1945, the last German soldiers embarked from the Haffufer below the Balga castle ruins in the direction of Pillau .
Of the approximately 53,000 residents of the Heiligenbeil district , around 20 percent lost their lives as a result of war, flight, displacement , deportation, rape, hunger, illness or inhumane treatment in National Socialist or later Soviet forced camps.
After the occupation of the district by the Red Army, it was initially planned that the entire district of Heiligenbeil should become part of the Polish state. At the conference in Tehran , Stalin allegedly outlined his ideas for the border in the former East Prussia, according to which it should run from west to east directly south of Koenigsberg along the Pregel and Pissa rivers - about 30 km north of today's border. In fact, the entire district was initially transferred to the Polish authorities, with the Polish place name Świętomiejsce being used for the city of Heiligenbeil.
On October 17, 1945, East Prussia was provisionally divided into two occupation zones by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . Contrary to the original plan, the circle was split up. The northern half of East Prussia , to which the city of Heiligenbeil also belonged, came under Soviet administration, while the southern half, along with all of West Prussia , remained under Polish administration.
The demarcation line between these two occupation zones ran south of a horizontal line from Leisuhnen, Heiligenbeil, Deutsch Thierau , Hermsdorf-Pellen, Zinten, Schwengels and Robitten. Everything north of it came under Soviet administration . The last remaining Germans in the Soviet part were expelled in 1948. Numerous villages have been completely dissolved, houses and streets have disappeared. The city and region have been part of Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union .
The city of Heiligenbeil with its almost symmetrical old town was almost completely destroyed in 1945, as were many neighboring towns. Only Heiligenbeil itself, which has been called Mamonowo after the Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Nikolai Wassiljewitsch Mamonow (1919–26 October 1944 near Pułtusk ) since 1947 , has reached a certain size again and is now inhabited by around 8,000 people. The new center of the city is northwest of the old one in the area of the earlier Catholic church, which has not been preserved, while the old town is fallow land. The foundations and streets are barely recognizable, parts of the Protestant church tower next to a playground, a few blocks of flats from the 1960s or 1970s were built on the site of the old town. The only remaining building in the area of the former old town is that of the Heiligenbeiler brewery. The ruin is located in the south-western part of the area. Other municipalities in the neighborhood of Mamonowo have become completely insignificant. Because of its strategic importance, the place was just as ladushkin from the naval base Baltijsk administered from.
In the south of the old city area there is a German military cemetery , which was restored by the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge and inaugurated in 2002. On it lie 4700 fallen (as of 2002) v. a. the fighting over the cauldron of Heiligenbeil.
Village soviet / city soviet / city administration 1947–2004
The village soviet Mamonowski selski sovet (ru. Мамоновский сельский Совет) was established in June 1947 in Ladushkin district . With the (renewed) granting of city rights to Mamonowo in 1951, it became the city soviet Manomowski gorodskoi Sowet (ru. After the dissolution of Ladushkin Raion in 1962, the City Soviet came to Bagrationovsk Raion . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the City Soviet was dissolved and in 1992 the city administration Administrazija goroda Mamonowo was established (ru. Администрация города Мамоново). In 2004, the administrative area of the city of Mamonowo was transformed into the urban district of Mamonowo .
Associated places:
| Place name | Name until 1947/50 | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Baltijskoje (Балтийское) | German Bahnau | The place was renamed in 1950 and (apparently) lost its independence in 2004. |
| Bogdanowka (Богдановка) | Gnadenthal and Jürkendorf | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially classified in the Pjatidoroschny village soviet . |
| Krasnodonskoye (Краснодонское) | Auerswalde and Keimkallen | The place was renamed in 1950 and abandoned before 1988. |
| Krasnoflotskoje (Краснофлотское) | Rosenberg | The place was renamed in 1947 and incorporated into the city of Mamonowo before 1975. |
| Lipowka (Липовка) | Gallingen, Grünwalde and Rosocken | The places were renamed in 1950. |
| Mamonowo (Мамоново) | Holy ax | Administrative headquarters |
| Pokrovskoje (Покровское) | Steindorf | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1975. |
| Potjomkino (Потёмкино) | Schirten | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1975. |
| Prigorkino (Пригоркино) | Karben | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1975 |
| Shchukino (Щукино) | Leisuhnen | The place was renamed in 1947 and abandoned before 1988. |
| Zelenodolskoye (Зеленодольское) | Prussian Bahnau | The place was renamed in 1947. |
| Wawilowo (Вавилово) | Bregden | The place was renamed in 1950. |
The three places renamed in 1947 Losowoje (Kahlholz) , Rybakowo (Follendorf) and Wessjoloje (Balga) were also initially classified in the Mamonowski selski Sowet, but then (before 1975) came to the Pjatidoroschny selski Sowet .
On a map from 1972 the places Sapadny (Schettnienen) and Warmity (Wermten) are also drawn in the area, for which there are no official sources so far.
Population development
- until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 1,800 | in 335 households, excluding the garrison (one battalion of infantry ) |
| 1802 | 2.013 | |
| 1810 | 1,523 | |
| 1816 | 1,692 | 1,665 Protestants, 24 Catholics and three Jews |
| 1821 | 2.135 | |
| 1831 | 2,468 | |
| 1858 | 2,991 | including 2,878 Evangelicals, 77 Catholics, nine Mennonites and 27 Jews |
| 1864 | 3.224 | on December 3rd |
| 1875 | 3,354 | |
| 1880 | 3,430 | |
| 1890 | 3,760 | 162 Catholics and 30 Jews |
| 1905 | 4,553 | mostly evangelicals |
| 1910 | 4,821 | |
| 1925 | 5,180 | mostly Evangelicals, 240 Catholics |
| 1933 | 6,356 | |
| 1939 | 10,631 | thereof 9,135 Evangelicals, 1,113 Catholics and 79 other Christians (not Jews) |
- since 1945
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1959 | 5,459 |
| 1970 | 7,275 |
| 1979 | 8.001 |
| 1989 | 7,816 |
| 2002 | 7,393 |
| 2010 | 7,761 |
Note: census data
church
Church building
The church in Heiligenbeil was destroyed to the ground during the Second World War .
Russian Orthodox Church
Most of today's residents in the region are now members of the Russian Orthodox Church , provided they are religiously bound . Mamonowo is located on the territory of the Diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltiysk .
Protestant church
Already in the pre-Reformation period, Heiligenbeil was the parish seat of a parish . In predominantly Protestant population of the parish Heiligenbeil before 1945 is one of 15 parishes in was Kirchenkreis Heiligenbeil. Two pastors worked in the parish, which had more than 7000 members.
Protestant church members living in Heiligenbeil today, mostly Russian Germans, form a congregation again in Mamonowo and are assigned to the Church of the Resurrection in Kaliningrad ( Königsberg (Prussia) ). It belongs to the Kaliningrad provost within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia (ELKER).
Parish places
Before 1945, the following places belonged to the parish of Heiligenbeil (* = school location):
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Pastor 1538–1945
From the Reformation to the expulsion there were Protestant clergymen in Heiligenbeil:
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Church district Heiligenbeil
Until 1945, the city on the River Jarft was also the seat of the Heiligenbeil church district , headed by a superintendent. The church district Heiligenbeil belonged to the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union .
Church district parish locations
Fifteen parishes belonged to the Heiligenbeil parish, which today are separated from each other by the Russian (RUS) -Polish (PL) border:
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Roman Catholic Church until 1945
The Roman Catholic church members belonged to the diocese of Warmia .
Economy and Infrastructure
traffic
rails
Mamonowo is the terminus for local trains from Kaliningrad on the Kaliningrad – Mamonowo line , a section of the former Prussian Eastern Railway .
In Heiligenbeil a branch line branched off to the east via Rehfeld (today Polish: Grzechotki) and Deutsch Thierau (today Russian: Iwanzowo) to Zinten (Kornewo) before 1945 , where it connects to the Königsberg (Prussia) (Kaliningrad) - Allenstein (Olsztyn) railway. connected and also had a connection to Preussisch Eylau (Bagrationowsk). However, after 1945 the line ran through the Russian-Polish border area and was only operated on the section from Dolgorukowo to Bagrationowsk (see Kaliningrad – Bagrationowsk railway ).
Streets
The Russian trunk road A 194 (former German Reichsstrasse 1 , today also Europastrasse 28 ) runs through the city of Mamonowo and connects to the Polish state road 54 (border crossing Mamonowo I / Gronowo (Grunau) ).
The former “ Reichsautobahn Berlin – Königsberg ” planned Reichsautobahn from Elbląg ( Elbing ) to Kaliningrad ( Königsberg ) leads as Russian trunk road P 516 (on the Polish side expressway 22 , border crossing Mamonowo II / Grzechotki (Rehfeld) ) at a distance of ten kilometers the city, there is also a separate exit.
Attractions
- St. Georgshospital, neo-Gothic, on the former Hospitalstrasse / Feyerabendplatz (founded in 1563, expanded and remodeled around 1900, slightly modified after 1945; oldest preserved building in the city)
- Water tower (south of the former Lutherplatz)
- Former post and telegraph office from 1880 with an old post horn on the gable, is still used as a post office today (in the former Wermkestrasse)
- Station building, only slightly altered after 1945
- Building of the former district court and land registry office from 1929 on the former Wermkestrasse
- Remains of the city fortifications with the foundation walls of the bull tower on the banks of the Jarft (south of the former old town)
- western development on the former Feyerabendplatz (former official building)
- Fragments of the former Protestant church
- Memorial stone in memory of the no longer existing old town in its former center (today open space) at the level of the former town hall
- Ruins of the former Heiligenbeiler brewery in the south-western area of the old town (the only remaining structure within the former old town)
sons and daughters of the town
- Georg Mylius (* 1567; † 1626 in Königsberg), theologian
- Georg Johann Mattarnovi (* 1677; † 1719), architect
- Hans Reimar von Kleist (* 1736; † 1806), major general
- Daniel Jenisch (* 1762; † 1804), Protestant theologian, polyhistor
- Friedrich August Feyerabend (* 1809; † 1882), mayor from 1835 to 1882, member of the Prussian National Assembly.
- Curt Gagel ( 1865--1927 ), geologist
- Paul Atzler (* 1889; † 1972), lawyer
- Friedrich Doepner (* 1893; † 1965), politician ( GB / BHE , FDP ), Member of the State Parliament ( Schleswig-Holstein )
- Ernst Knorr (* 1899 - † 1945), criminal inspector and Untersturmführer of the SS
- Joachim Schulz (* 1901; † 1983), lawyer
- Alfred Treptow (* 1902; † 1962), writer and pastor
- Manfred Birth (* 1943), politician
- Werner Schröter (* 1944), politician ( SPD ) and former wrestler
Other personalities
- Rudolf von Auerswald (1795–1866), statesman, 1824–1834 district administrator in the Heiligenbeil district
- Oskar von Dreßler (1838–1910), district administrator in the Heiligenbeil district from 1869 to 1909
Special
Due to the almost complete destruction in 1945, only the foundations of the city plan remained. Even from the old church there is only a fragment of the wall. Until 1945 the regularly laid out city was quite well preserved. The suburb of Rosenberg, which was an independent fishing village until 1935, served as the harbor.
A specialty was the Heiligenbeiler toy box, a small wooden barrel filled with turned dollhouse furniture. The wood turning trade played a special role in the city well into the 20th century.
The archive of the 4th Army , which defended Heiligenbeil in 1945, was found in a forest near the city in 2004.
See also
- List of cities in East Prussia
- List of cities in Kaliningrad Oblast
- Augustinian monastery Heiligenbeil
literature
- in order of appearance
- Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt : Brief messages from all preachers who have admitted to the Lutheran churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Königsberg 1777, pp. 202-205.
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, pp. 15–16 ( full text, Google )
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 469, point 83.
- Emil Johannes Guttzeit : Heiligenbeil and his civil register from 1770 to 1918. Königsberg 1939.
- Emil Johannes Guttzeit: 100 years Kreissparkasse Heiligenbeil. Historical review of the founding and development of the savings bank in the Heiligenbeil district. Heiligenbeil 1942.
- Emil Johannes Guttzeit: The city register of the city of Heiligenbeil from 1770 to 1918. Hamburg 1969.
- Georg Jenkner: 700 years of Heiligenbeil 1301–2001. A journey through time from Swentomest via Heiligenbeil to Mamonowo . Published by the Heiligenbeil district community. Rautenberg, Leer 2001, ISBN 3-7921-0623-X .
- Friedwald Moeller: Old Prussian Evangelical Pastors' Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945. Hamburg 1968.
- Wulf D. Wagner : The goods in the district of Heiligenbeil in East Prussia. Leer 2005 ISBN 3-7921-0640-X .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ^ A b August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 469, point 83.
- ^ A b Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Marienwerder 1785, pp. 15-16.
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 9, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 72.
- ^ Election result of the Reichstag election in 1933
- ^ “Send ships” , ZEIT-Online 3/2005
- ↑ Granica polsko-radziecka w b. Prusach Wschodnich - Historia Wysoczyzny Elbląskiej. Retrieved March 21, 2020 .
- ↑ source?
- ↑ The Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 июня 1947 г. "Об образовании сельских советов, городов и рабочих поселков в Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 June 1947: On the Formation of village Soviets, cities and workers' settlements in Kaliningrad Oblast)
- ↑ However, the term village soviet can still be found in later years.
- ^ To 1920 Polish Bahnau
- ↑ only Jürkendorf was renamed
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 298–299, item 252.
- ↑ Adolf Schlott: Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg, based on official sources . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 101, paragraph 100.
- ^ Prussian Ministry of Finance: The results of the property and trade tax assessment in the Königsberg administrative district : Berlin 1966, Heiligenbeil district, p. 10, item 73 ..
- ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. East Prussia: District of Heiligenbeil. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ The Big Brockhaus . 15th edition, Volume 8, Leipzig 1931, p. 308.
- ↑ Koenigsberger Express The No Man's Land reveals a secret. Koenigsberger Express, Issue 7, 2004
| Cities |
Bagrationovsk R | Baltiysk R | Guryevsk R | Gusew R | Gwardeisk R | Kaliningrad S | Krasnosnamensk R | Ladushkin S | Mamonowo S | Neman R | Nesterow R | Osjorsk R | Pionerski S | Polessk R | Pravdinsk R | Primorsk | Zelenogradsk R | Slavsk R | Sovetsk S | Svetlogorsk R | Swetly S | Chernyakhovsk R |
|
| Urban-type settlements |
City: Mamonowo (Heiligenbeil) . Settlements: Bogdanowka ( Gnadenthal , Jürkendorf ) | Wawilowo (Bregden) | Selenodolskoje (Prussian Bahnau) | Lipowka (Grünwalde, Gallingen, Rosocken) .