Feather grasses
| Feather grasses | ||||||||||||
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Gray-silky feather grass ( Stipa pennata ) left; Hair awl grass ( Stipa capillata ) right |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Stipa | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The feather grasses and awl grasses ( Stipa ) are a genus of plants in the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The approximately 100 to 388 species are distributed worldwide.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The species are predominantly perennial , clump-forming grasses, they grow less often than annual plants . They usually have many non-flowering shoots that grow up outside the leaf sheaths . The stems are upright, simple or branched below. The stems have 2 to 4 (rarely 1 to 8) nodes . The leaf sheaths are open to the base. The ligule is a membranous border. The leaf blades are folded or rolled up, bristly. They are heavily ribbed on the top. In the bud position the leaves are folded.
Generative characteristics
Many flowers stand together in a spread to contracted, dense to loose, paniculate overall inflorescence. The spikelets are single-flowered and laterally compressed, an axillary process above the florets is missing. At maturity the florets fall out of the glumes, which remain standing. The glumes are three to five-nerved, rarely single-nerved, equal or unequal. Often they are drawn out into a point and are much longer than the flower without awn. They are membranous to translucent thin-skinned. The lemma is five-nerved, coarse, hairy and awned. The awn is up to 50 cm long, kneeled once or twice and with a twisted, bald to hairy lower awn . The upper awn is rough to densely feathery (hence the German name). The palea is almost as long as the lemma, thin-skinned to leathery. There are three, rarely two stamens . The ovary is bare and has two, rarely three, terminal styles with densely feathery scars .
The caryopsis is closely surrounded by the lemma and palea and, together with the drill point on the lemma, forms the spreading unit ( diaspore ). The drill tip or callus sits at the lower end of the lemma and is morphologically part of the spikelet axis. It is densely hairy, pointed to piercing, only rarely rounded. The embryo is one sixth to one third as long as the fruit. The umbilicus is line-shaped and extends almost the entire length of the fruit.
Flower and dispersal ecology
Kleistogamous flowers are often found in the genus .
The fruits are bored fruits: The under awn is twisted dry, when wet it turns up. As a result, the entire expansion unit straightens up through the kink in the awn and bores itself into the ground. The hair of the callus serves as an abutment.
The expansion takes place in the species with hairy awn by the wind (Anemochorie) where with rough awns by animals (Epizoochorie).
Systematics
The genus Stipa was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, pp. 78-79. Stipa pennata L. was introduced as a lectotype species in 1925 by Albert Spear Hitchcock in Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution , Volume 24, Issue 7, p. 216. Synonyms for Stipa L. are: Orthoraphium Nees, Stupa Asch. orth. var. The generic name Stipa is derived from the Latin stipa, stippa , the rod used to support amphorae; for this purpose the stalks of half grass ( Stipa tenacissima ) were used.
The genus Stipa belongs to the tribe Stipeae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family Poaceae . The species of the genus Achnatherum P.Beauv. , Celtica F.M. Vazquez & Barkworth , Macrochloa Kunth , Ptilagrostis Griseb. and Trikeraia bor are sometimes in the genus Stipa s. l. posed.
The genus Stipa comprises 100 to 388 species, depending on whether or not Achnatherum , Celtica , Macrochloa , Ptilagrostis and Trikeraia are included.
The species found in Central Europe are:
- Sand feather grass ( Stipa borysthenica Klokov ex Prokudin ); Homeland: from Central and Southern Europe to Central Asia and Mongolia: Some authors call it the subspecies Stipa pennata subsp. sabulosa (Pacz.) Tzvelev viewed.
- Hairy awlgrass ( Stipa capillata L. ); Home: from Europe to the Middle East to northern China and the Himalayas.
- Soft-haired feather grass ( Stipa dasyphylla (Czern. Ex Lindem.) Trautv. ); Home: from Central Europe to Siberia and the Caucasus.
- Little-haired yellow scabbard feather grass ( Stipa epilosa Martinovský ), occurs in northern Italy and in south-eastern Europe. It is also used by some authors as a synonym for Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch .
- Delicate feather grass ( Stipa eriocaulis Borbás ); Home: Algeria, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. It is also used by some authors as a synonym for Stipa pennata subsp. pennata viewed.
- Real feather grass or gray silk feather grass ( Stipa pennata L. ); Home: from France through Central, Southern and Eastern Europe to Iran, Central Asia and Eastern Siberia
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Yellow-sheathed feather grass ( Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch ); Homeland: from Morocco and Algeria to Southern and Central Europe to the Caucasus, Central Asia and Western Siberia, plus the subspecies:
- Bavarian feather grass ( Stipa pulcherrima subsp. Bavarica (Martinovský & H. Scholz) Conert ), which occurs only in Neuburg an der Donau. Some authors also regard it as an independent species, Stipa bavarica Martinovský & H.Scholz .
- Styrian feather grass ( Stipa styriaca Martinovský ); Home: Styria and Carinthia. It is also used by some authors as a synonym for Stipa pennata subsp. pennata viewed.
- Horse tail feather grass ( Stipa tirsa Steven ); Home: from Europe (except Northern Europe) to the Caucasus.
Other species of the genus Stipa are (selection):
- Heron feather grass ( Stipa barbata Desf. ): It occurs from the Mediterranean area to the western Himalayas.
- Stipa grandis P.A. Smirn. : It occurs from Siberia to northern and eastern China.
- Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr. : It occurs from Greece to Iran and to Mongolia.
- Shiny Raugras ( Stipa splendens Trin. ): It occurs from southern European Russia to China and the Himalayas and is otherwise naturalized in Europe.
- Turkestan feather grass ( Stipa turkestanica Hack. ): It occurs in two subspecies and one variety from Afghanistan to Central Asia and the western Himalayas.
- Ukraine feather grass ( Stipa ucrainica P.A. Smirn. ): It occurs from northern Macedonia to southern Ukraine and the Caucasus.
The following are no longer included in the genus Stipa :
- Stipa avenacea L. => Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi
- Short-awned awl grass ( Stipa bromoides (L.) Dörfl. ) => Achnatherum bromoides (L.) P.Beauv.
- Silver ragweed or silver ear grass ( Stipa calamagrostis (L.) Wahlenb. => Achnatherum calamagrostis (L.) P.Beauv. ): It occurs mainly on rocks in the mountains of southern Central Europe and southern to southeastern Europe.
- Stipa capensis Thunb. (Syn .: Stipa tortilis Desf. ) => Stipellula capensis (Thunb.) Röser & Hamasha
- Stipa elegantissima Labill. => Austrostipa elegantissima (Labill.) SWLJacobs & J.Everett
- Giant feather grass ( Stipa gigantea Link ) => Celtica gigantea (Link) FMVázquez & Barkworth
- Chinese feather grass ( Stipa pekinensis Hance ) => Achnatherum pekinense (Hance) Ohwi
- Halfagras ( Stipa tenacissima L. => Macrochloa tenacissima (L.) Kunth ): It occurs in Spain, Portugal, on the Balearic Islands and in North Africa.
- Stipa viridula Trin. => Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth : Origin: Canada and USA.
meaning
In many steppe areas, feather grasses play an important role as fodder plants. Some species are grown as ornamental plants .
supporting documents
literature
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- Jan Otakar Martinovský: Stipa L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 5, pages 247-252. Cambridge University Press 1980. ISBN 0-521-20108-X
- Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ Stipa at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 16, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Stipa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
- ↑ Zhen-lan Wu & Sylvia M. Phillips: Stipa , p. 196 - the same text online as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006. ISBN 1-930723-50-4
- ↑ Zhen-lan Wu & Sylvia M. Phillips: Stipeae , p. 188 - the same text online as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22 - Poaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006. ISBN 1-930723-50-4
- ↑ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Stipa. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed January 30, 2020.
